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PubMed2005

Normal male childhood and adolescent sexual interactions: implications for sexual orientation of the individual with intersex.

Data provided by 24 adult men, 20 heterosexual and four homosexual, concerning parental, religious, geographic and explicit sexual innuendos, comments and childhood experiences are presented and discussed in an attempt to consider some of the multiple factors impacting the development of sexual orientation. All of the study subjects were normally developed males and were presumed to have been exposed to normal male levels of androgens prenatally. Since the experiences and perceptions reported are conditioned by a unique social environment that has been superimposed on a normal male typical prenatal CNS differentiation, the experiences of these men suggest that affirmation of masculinity, and openness in the realm of social and sexual interaction, may enhance the formation of a heterosexual orientation. Conversely, sexually explicit feedback with critical implications occurred commonly among the homosexual men, which they interpreted as implying an insufficient masculinity. Both innate factors and social influences impact sexual orientation; in some instances males appear to have been homosexual from early childhood onward, while in other cases there appears to have been some degree of conditioning and choice in sexual orientation. Regarding the intersexed male, this suggests that social interactions, particularly those provided by parents, have a major influence on the development of sexual orientation in the child, while all persons involved in these children's lives and particularly those who nurture must be prepared for any sexual orientation that develops.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Electric-field-induced symmetry breaking of angular momentum distribution in atoms.

We report the experimental observation of alignment to orientation conversion in the 7D3/2 and 9D3/2 states of Cs in the presence of an external dc electric field and without the influence of magnetic fields or atomic collisions. Initial alignment of angular momentum states was created by two-step excitation with linearly polarized laser radiation. The appearance of transverse orientation of angular momentum was confirmed by the observation of circularly polarized light. We present experimentally measured signals and compare them with the results of a detailed theoretical model based on the optical Bloch equations. The effect is odd under time reversal and should be taken into account in ever more sensitive searches for an electron electric dipole moment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

The orbital shell: an aid in positioning the ocular component and verifying margin contours for oculofacial prostheses.

The correct location of the orientation (conversational gaze) of the ocular component is vital to esthetically pleasing oculofacial prostheses. This location should be verified before time and energy are spent on sculpturing the oculofacial prosthesis. A technique is described that uses a clear acrylic resin shell as a matrix and Play-doh material as a support medium to position and support the ocular component to verify the orientation. In addition, the thin acrylic resin shell can be used to refine border inaccuracies that may exist clinically.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Evoked activity in the hypothalamus and amygdala of the cat in conditions of food-related motivation and emotional tension.

The amplitude-time characteristics of potentials evoked by clicks were analyzed in bilateral leads from the lateral hypothalamus and amygdala in cats in conditions of food-related motivation, emotional tension (presentation of dogs), and orientational reactions. In conditions of food-related motivation, as compared with the satiated state, there were decreases in the latent periods and changes in the amplitudes of the P1 and N2 components in the hypothalamus and P1, N2, and N3 in the amygdala. The most marked changes occurred on the left side in both structures. Presentation of dogs induced decreases in the latent periods of all components (including N1) of evoked potentials in the hypothalamus and amygdala, the most marked changes in the hypothalamus occurring on the right side and the most marked changes in the amygdala occurring on the left side. Conversely, orientational reactions to emotionally neutral stimuli induced increases in the latent periods of evoked potentials. It is concluded that there is an increase in sensory reactivity in the hypothalamus and amygdala in motivational-emotional states. It is suggested that the side of dominance in these structures may be associated both with the factor of the activity/passivity of the behavior in conditions of fear and the genesis of the emotion (motivational or informational).

Amygdala↗
PubMed2004

The effectiveness of physical activity counseling in a work-site setting. A randomized, controlled trial.

Voluntary employees (N = 155) from nine different companies were screened by questionnaire for the study. They were randomized into three study groups: counseling (n = 52), counseling + fitness testing (n = 51) and control group (n = 52). The counseling was based on a goal-oriented conversation session for each participant and three follow-up appointments with an occupational nurse over a period of 1 year. The fitness tests were adapted from the UKK Health-related Fitness Test Battery. The outcome measures were the changes in the amount of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) assessed by diary, pedometer and questionnaire at baseline and at 6 and 12 month follow-up visits. As a result, no statistically significant differences were detected between the three groups at either of the follow-up visits. It seemed, thus, that the two PA counseling methods implemented had no direct mid- or long-term effects on the LTPA of voluntary employees with no specific disease-related indication to increase LTPA.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Health professionals' patterns of communication: cross-purpose or problem solving?

Problem-solving communication is characterized by a high quality and mutually acceptable solutions where facts and feelings are reported and feedback given without judgment and accusation. Problem solving is an ideal model in a helping relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the interactions between parents of handicapped children and health professionals are conducive to problem solving. Clinical data were obtained during regularly scheduled appointments in the form of audiotaped interviews using 37 parent-allied health professional dyads and 37 parent-physician dyads. A 6-minute sample was selected from each interview tape, coded at 3-second intervals, transcribed into the class of communication behavior, and analyzed by professionally trained coders, using the Sequential Analysis of Verbal Interaction (SAVI). The major finding was that parents of handicapped children displayed different messages and verbal behaviors from physicians and allied health professionals. The communication for all three groups was not of a problem-solving pattern that could be described as interpersonal and goal oriented talk, but was of a cross-purpose pattern that may be described as noninterpersonal and non-goal oriented conversation. The conclusion was that efforts must be directed toward early practical training in interpersonal skills for allied health professionals and physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Retrospective self-reports of changes in homosexual orientation: a consumer survey of conversion therapy clients.

We present the results of a survey of 882 dissatisfied homosexual people whom we queried about their beliefs regarding conversion therapy and the possibility of change in sexual orientation. There were 70 closed-ended questions on the survey and 5 open-ended ones. Of the 882 participants, 726 of them reported that they had received conversion therapy from a professional therapist or a pastoral counselor. Of the participants 779 or 89.7% viewed themselves as "more homosexual than heterosexual," "almost exclusively homosexual," or "exclusively homosexual" in their orientation before receiving conversion therapy or making self-help efforts to change. After receiving therapy or engaging in self-help, 305 (35.1%) of the participants continued to view their orientation in this manner. As a group, the participants reported large and statistically significant reductions in the frequency of their homosexual thoughts and fantasies that they attributed to conversion therapy or self-help. They also reported large improvements in their psychological, interpersonal, and spiritual well-being. These responses cannot, for several reasons, be generalized beyond the present sample, but the attitudes and ideas are useful in developing testable hypotheses for further research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Autologous peripheral nerve grafting into murine brain as a model for studies of regeneration in the central nervous system.

Autologous sciatic nerve was grafted into rat brain by (i) passing an 8-mm segment of nerve tied to a straight surgical needle through two craniotomy holes ("through-and-through" model); (ii) inserting a small tube of polyethylene containing the 8-mm nerve piece ("nerve-within-tube" model). Longitudinally oriented neurofilament-positive fibers were consistently observed within the graft. Compared with the through-and-through model, axonal sprouting in the nerve-within-tube model followed a slow-motion pattern so that a growing front of regenerating axons could be easily identified and more easily related to the cellular events occurring in Wallerian degeneration. In the through-and-through model, regenerated axons at the brain-nerve interface followed a disorganized, tortuous course so that direct continuity between brain and graft was difficult to demonstrate. The reverse was true in the nerve-within-tube model, i.e., axons penetrated directly into the graft. The difference in orientation of axonal growth at the brain-graft interface appeared to be related to the glial reaction. In the through-and-through model, reactive astrocytes formed a mesh of randomly oriented fibers in the damaged brain tissue facing the graft (anisomorphic gliosis). Conversely, longitudinally oriented fibers extended directly from the brain to the graft in the nerve-within-tube model, where brain damage was substantially reduced (isomorphic gliosis). A different type of glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein-positive fibrous structures was identified in the graft. Compared with reactive astrocytes, these structures were more elongated, more uniform in diameter, and less brightly immunofluorescent. Moreover, they were present throughout the graft, whereas astrocytes were confined to the distal end of the transplant, i.e., the part of nerve close to the brain-graft interface. Based on previous reports in the literature we interpret these GFA protein-positive structures as reacting Schwann cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Remembering the "golden years" of patient-oriented clinical research: a collective conversation.

The period from the end of World War II to the early 1960s has been characterized as the "golden years" of patient-oriented clinical research in the United States, a period catalyzed and fostered by advances in biology and medicine, changes in the organization and financing of research units, and strong moral and political convictions growing out of the war about the importance and possibilities of the scientific enterprise. This account of some of the salient themes, phenomena, and issues in clinical research during that era draws primarily on the proceedings of an oral history conference whose core participants were a number of emeritus physician-investigators who had played major roles in shaping patient-oriented research. The topics that they and the other conferees discussed included the factors that had led the emeritus physician-investigators into clinical research; the organizational attributes of the units where they had trained and worked, focusing particularly on Boston's Peter Bent Brigham Hospital; the vital role played by private and federal funding for research and training; and some of the changes in the nature of clinical research, research training, and their relationships to the care of the sick in the decades since the golden years.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are neurons in cat posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual cortex orientation sensitive? Tests with bars and gratings.

There is controversy in the literature concerning whether or not neurons in the cat's posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) visual cortex are orientation selective. Previous studies that have tested cells with simple bar stimuli have found that few, if any, PMLS cells are orientation selective. Conversely, studies that have used repetitive stimuli such as gratings have found that most or all PMLS cells are orientation selective. It is not known whether this difference in results is due to the stimuli used or the laboratories using them. The present experiments were designed to answer this question by testing individual PMLS neurons for orientation sensitivity with both bar and grating stimuli. Using quantitative response measures, we found that most PMLS neurons respond well enough to stationary flashed stimuli to use such stimuli to test for orientation sensitivity. On the basis of these tests, we found that about 85% of the cells with well-defined receptive fields are orientation sensitive to flashed gratings, and a similar percentage are orientation sensitive to flashed bars. About 80% of the cells were orientation sensitive to both types of stimuli. The preferred orientations typically were similar for the two tests, and they were orthogonal to the preferred direction of movement. The strength of the orientation sensitivity (measured as the ratio of discharge to the preferred and nonpreferred orientations) was similar to both types of stimuli. However, the width of the orientation tuning curves was systematically broader to bars than to gratings. Several hypotheses are considered as to why previous studies using bars failed to find evidence for orientation sensitivity. In addition, a mechanism for the difference in orientation tuning to bars and gratings is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of electric fields on fibroblast contractility and cytoskeleton.

We used silicone rubber substrata and fluorescent staining of cytoskeletal components to study the mechanisms by which electrical voltage gradients cause reorientation of embryonic chick fibroblasts in tissue culture. No evidence was found for a direct stimulation of cell contractility, either parallel or perpendicular to the voltage gradient. Instead, there was a gradual weakening in cell contractility in the axis parallel to this gradient, accompanied by progressive retraction of lamellae oriented along this axis, apparently due to selective weakening of cell-substratum adhesions. The cells then elongated perpendicular to the electric field, and strengthened their contractility in that axis. Fluorescence microscopy showed that cytoplasmic actin stress fibers and microtubules oriented perpendicular to the imposed voltage gradient. Many more cases were observed in which cell morphology had reoriented, but the actin fibers had not, as compared to the converse (cytoskeleton oriented, but no morphology). This disparity further supports the interpretation that the redirection of cell contractility is a consequence of morphological reorientation, rather than its cause. We also studied the effects of reversing the polarity of the electric fields at constant intervals (of as long as 1 minute). Fibroblasts failed to orient in response to such alternating fields, even after long exposure, but these same cells did reorient in response to pulsed currents in a consistent direction separated by "rest periods" (with no current). This combination of results is more consistent with an electrophoretic mechanism than with one depending on voltage-induced changes in membrane permeabilities.

Actins↗
PubMed1989

[A examination of conversation process in social context].

The purpose was to reveal a set of conversation rule and to examine the effect of social context on the importance of the rule. We collected 51 items concerning conversation rule from 29 male and female undergraduates. Another 128 male and female undergraduates were asked to rate the importance of each item in given social contexts. We manipulated three factors of (a) goal orientation in conversation, (b) intimacy of a dyadic relationship, and (c) combination of sex, in the descriptions of the social contexts. Factor analysis of the rating scores led to identification of six factors of conversation rule: 1) acceptance rule, 2) rule for partner, 3) rule for accomplishment of speech, 4) rule for intention of speech, 5) emotion-directed expression rule, 6) comprehension-directed expression rule. The results of ANOVA indicated that the importance of each factor varies with social context.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Illusory 3-D rotation induced by dynamic image shading.

Observers' perceptions of the three-dimensional structure of smoothly curved surfaces defined by patterns of image shading were investigated under varying conditions of illumination. In five experiments, observers judged the global orientation and the motion of the simulated surfaces from both static and dynamic patterns of image shading. We found that perceptual performance was more accurate with static than with dynamic displays. Dynamic displays evoked systematic biases in perceptual performance when the surface and the illumination source were simulated as rotating in opposite directions. In these conditions, the surface was incorrectly perceived as rotating in the same direction as the illumination source. Conversely, the orientation of the simulated surfaces was perceived correctly when the frames making up the apparent-motion sequences of the dynamic displays were presented as static images. In Experiment 6, moreover, the results obtained with the computer-generated displays were replicated with solid objects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The role of pattern outline in bilateral symmetry detection with briefly flashed dot patterns.

Experiment 1 demonstrates that, while the outline shapes of bilaterally symmetrical dot patterns play a role in symmetry detection, the removal of the outline by a surrounding random-dot annulus merely reduces performance by a fixed amount. It does not affect the relative salience of different symmetry-axis orientations. The converse is also true: performance is almost as good when the symmetrical dot pattern is confined to the surrounding annulus but is disrupted similarly when the central area is filled with random dots (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, any one or more of three areas--a central circular area and two surrounding annuli--could be filled with vertically symmetrical or random dots and symmetry was detected reliably only when the central circular area contained the symmetrical dots. A new paradigm was explored in Experiment 4: subjects judged the orientation--left or right of vertical--of 20-dot symmetrical patterns oriented 1-4 deg left or right of vertical and with or without surrounding random-outline masks. Surprisingly, the orientation judgments were extremely precise, with JNDs of the order of 1 deg or less, and outline masking dots made no difference. Experiment 5 showed that performance was even better with just two dots and it made no difference whether these were separated by just under 4 deg or just over 20 deg. It was concluded that while pattern outline plays some role in dot symmetry detection, the major mechanisms are located near the fovea. It is suggested that the relative salience of vertical and horizontal symmetry only in central vision is related to the preponderance of foveal cells tuned to those orientations (Mansfield, Science 186, 1133-1135, 1974; Mansfield and Ronner, Brain Res. 149, 229-234, 1978) but that attentional factors and scanning strategies also boost the salience of oblique symmetry and the salience of vertical over horizontal symmetry (Wenderoth, Perception 23, 221-236, 1994).

Form Perception↗
PubMed1975

Effect of phospholipids on the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxapatite in vitro.

The conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) was studied in vitro in the presence or absence of phosphatidyl serine (PS) and other phospholipids. ACP transformation and HA crystal growth were monitored by electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction, and by measuring supernatant calcium and phosphate. PS, and other acidic phospholipids, had a significant stablizing effect on ACP. With performed ACP at ratios of only 1 lipid molecule per 30-50 Ca atoms, PS markedly delayed HA crystal formation. When PS was present during ACP precipitation, inhibition of conversion to HA was less pronounced, but crystal habit and aggregation were greatly altered resulting in stacks of thin, membrane-like sheets approximately 38-42 A thick. PS appeared to be most effective in blocking ACP to HA conversion when oriented primarily on the surface; it most affected subsequent crystal formation when distributed throughout the amorphous precursor. Phospholipids possessing anionic, and hence Ca-binding properties, were effective in stabilizing ACP; neutral zwitterion lipids, which have amphipathic properties but do not bind Ca, were not. In view of the presence of anionic lipids in matrix vesicles and their association with early mineral deposits, the current findings add further evidence that lipids may play a role in the control of normal mineralization in vivo.

Calcification, Physiologic↗
PubMed2001

Structure and function in extracellular matrices depend on interactions between anionic glycosaminoglycans.

Connective tissue extracellular matrices define and maintain shape. Collagen fibrils transmit and resist pulling forces and soluble interfibrillar carbohydrate-rich polymers (anionic glycosaminoglycans AGAGs) resist compressive forces. This article shows that AGAGs (chondroitin, dermochondan and keratan sulphates) form supramolecular organisations which take tensile stresses as well, helping to maintain shape as part of 'shape modules'. Specific interactions with collagen fibrils tie down the AGAGs but conversely they orientate and maintain the organisation of collagen fibrils by forming interfibrillar bridges. The shapes of the AGAG chains in solution, shown by NMR to be two-fold helices, are completely complementary, allowing duplexes and higher aggregates to form spontaneously, providing participating AGAGs are oriented head-to-head i.e. antiparallel to each other. These tertiary structures are exact analogues of the beta-sheets are the basic structure of the interfibrillar bridges in the shape modules. In the absence of key shape module components, in a genetic disorder, extracellular matrices do not form an ordered tissue.

Anions↗