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PubMed1999

Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology.

This paper summarizes the current views on coping styles as a useful concept in understanding individual adaptive capacity and vulnerability to stress-related disease. Studies in feral populations indicate the existence of a proactive and a reactive coping style. These coping styles seem to play a role in the population ecology of the species. Despite domestication, genetic selection and inbreeding, the same coping styles can, to some extent, also be observed in laboratory and farm animals. Coping styles are characterized by consistent behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics, some of which seem to be causally linked to each other. Evidence is accumulating that the two coping styles might explain a differential vulnerability to stress mediated disease due to the differential adaptive value of the two coping styles and the accompanying neuroendocrine differentiation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Effect of hemoglobin status on humoral immune response of weanling pigs differing in coping styles.

The effects of hemoglobin (Hb) status and coping style of pigs on performance and humoral immune response were studied. Twenty-four, 4-wk-old crossbred barrows were assigned to groups of three pigs based on weight and litter origin. Groups were allotted according to a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement: two blood Hb concentration classes (low vs high) and two immunization procedures (control vs immunized). Immunized pigs received an antigen cocktail containing keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), ovalbumin (OA), and tetanus toxoid (TT) at weaning. Additionally, pigs were stratified according to behavioral coping style in response to exposure to a stressor. During 41 d after weaning (approximate time of immunization), blood Hb concentration, ADG, and ADFI were measured weekly and serum antibody titers to KLH, OA, and TT twice weekly. Average Hb concentration differed between low and high Hb pigs (P < .001; 10.0 vs 12.0 g/dL), but this difference declined with time after weaning. Neither immunization procedure nor coping style affected Hb concentrations. In addition, ADG and ADFI were unaffected by any of the treatments. However, ADG was slightly greater in high Hb status pigs (586 vs 633 g/d) and was paralleled by a slightly greater ADFI in high Hb status pigs (812 vs 899 g/d). Antibody responses were negatively or not related to Hb status at weaning. Antibody responses (depending on isotype and antigen) were or tended to be lower in pigs with high blood Hb concentrations. Behavioral coping style strongly affected humoral immune responsiveness; enhanced or accelerated antibody responses were found in pigs that had a passive coping style.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Personality disorders, depression, and coping styles in Argentinean bulimic patients.

This study investigates the coping styles of bulimic patients with personality disorders (PDs) and the effects of the level of depression on the relations between PDs and coping. The sample consisted of 75 Argentinean bulimic outpatients engaged in treatment. Patients completed the SCID II (Structural Interview for DSM IV-Personality Disorders), COPE (Coping Inventory), and the SCL-90-R (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised). No differences in the coping styles of bulimic patients with or without a PD were found. However, when three specific PDs were considered-Avoidant, Obsessive-Compulsive, or Borderline PDs-clear differences in the coping styles of the bulimics were found. However, the differences disappeared when depression was controlled. Regarding the severity of the three specific PDs, coping styles were only found to be associated with the Avoidant PD. Depression showed to affect the relations between coping styles and two specific PDs-Avoidant and Borderline PDs-in bulimic patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Psychological coping style versus disease extent, tumour treatment and quality of life in successfully treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.

OBJECTIVES: To study self-reported coping style by the COPE questionnaire and the association to tumour node distant metastasis (TNM) stage, received treatment and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a population of successfully treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. DESIGN: Disease free HNSCC patients were interviewed during a regular outpatient visit to the Department. SETTING: All patients <80 years who had been diagnosed with HNSCC, in Western Norway, in the period from 1992 to 1997 and who were disease free in the year 2000 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The HNSCC patients were studied by the European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life (QoL) questionnaire and by the COPE questionnaire from which coping styles profiles were extracted. Clinical and socio-demographic variables were also gathered. RESULTS: Level of problem focused coping style was associated with the T stage and whether or not the patient was given neck radiotherapy. An avoidance-focused coping style was generally associated with lowered HRQoL. Employment of emotional focused coping was associated with low HRQoL among the patients treated with surgery only, and associated with increased HRQoL among patients treated with radiation therapy only. The associations between HRQoL and coping style levels were stronger for HRQoL indexes reflecting cognitive/emotional function than for HRQoL indexes reflecting physical function. CONCLUSIONS: In former HNSCC patients, level of problem focused coping style was associated with the T stage and if given neck radiotherapy. Level of avoidance coping was inversely associated with the HRQoL, and level of emotional coping was associated with HRQoL in a complex manner.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol outcome expectancies and coping styles as predictors of alcohol use in young adults.

This study was designed to examine the pattern and strength of relationships among coping styles and alcohol outcome expectancies with regard to drinking behavior in young adult social drinkers. Quantity and frequency of weekly consumption were used as criterion measures, and alcohol outcome expectancies/valences (CEOA: Fromme, Stroot & Kaplan, 1993) and coping styles (COPE: Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989) were used as predictor variables. For males, the expectancy of risk and aggression, and the valence of cognitive and behavioral impairment, were predictive of drinking behavior. For females, sociability valence and the expectancy of negative self-evaluation positively predicted the alcohol-use measures. With regards to coping styles, alcohol and drug disengagement and suppression of competing activities uniquely predicted alcohol use in males, whereas alcohol and drug disengagement, turning to religion, and behavioral disengagement were predictive of female alcohol use. In general, coping styles were more predictive of the alcohol-use measures than were alcohol-outcome expectancies. Practical implications of these results are highlighted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Coping styles among Japanese women with breast cancer.

In order to investigate changes in coping styles before and after diagnosis of cancer, and the relationship between coping styles and emotional states among Japanese women, we conducted a study using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Dealing With Illness-Coping Inventory. Coping methods such as active-cognitive, active-behavioral and avoidance were found to be more frequently used after the women were diagnosed with cancer than before (p < 0.001). There were also positive correlations between active-reliance behavior and tension-anxiety and depression, between cognitive-passive behavior and depression and lack-of-vigor, between passive-resignation behavior and anger-hostility and confusion, and between avoidance-solitary behavior and anger-hostility, fatigue, depression, lack-of-vigor and confusion. In conclusion, a diagnosis of cancer causes a patient to use more frequently avoidance behavior as well as active coping styles, and these passive/avoidance coping styles are often correlated with negative emotions. These results imply that patients with breast cancer need support considering the relationship between passive/avoidance coping styles and negative emotions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

The role of coping resources and coping style in quality of life of patients with asthma or COPD.

OBJECTIVE: Sufficient psychosocial coping resources and an adequate coping style may have a beneficial influence on quality of life in patients with a chronic disease. Until now little research has been directed at these associations and particularly not among patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of this study is to examine the association between psychosocial coping resources and coping style with HRQoL, for asthma and COPD separately. METHODS: Fourteen general practitioners in The Netherlands recruited 273 adult patients with asthma (n = 220) or COPD (n = 53). Data were collected by a pulmonary function assessment, a face-to-face interview and validated questionnaires about psychosocial coping resources (self-efficacy, mastery, self-esteem, and social support), coping style (avoidant, rational and emotional), and health related quality of life (HRQoL). RESULTS: A more emotional coping style (p < 0.01) was independently associated with poor HRQoL in both asthma and COPD patients. Furthermore, in asthma patients, less self-efficacy feelings (p < 0.01), less mastery feelings (p = 0.05), a more avoidant coping style (p = 0.04) and poor pulmonary function (p < 0.01) were independently associated with poor HRQoL. In COPD patients, a more rational coping style (p = 0.02) was independently associated with poor HRQoL. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that psychosocial coping resources and coping style are independently associated with HRQoL in patients with asthma or COPD. Further research should explore the possibilities of intervening on these factors, aiming to improve HRQoL in patients with asthma or COPD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Satisfaction with communication, medical knowledge, and coping style in patients with metastatic cancer.

Interviews were conducted with 77 patients aged 19-84, admitted to a medical oncology ward for assessment and modification of treatment. Satisfaction with information provided about tests, symptoms and treatment was assessed, together with satisfaction with care in general, factual knowledge concerning cancer and other medical conditions, and anxiety. Habitual style of coping with stress by information-seeking vs avoidance was measured using the Miller Behavioral Style Scale. Satisfaction levels were generally high. Patients reporting the highest level of satisfaction with information were more avoidant in their coping style than the remainder, and were also less anxious. Factual knowledge about cancer was in contrast greater among patients who were less satisfied with communication. These patterns were not dependent on age or education. It is argued that satisfaction with communication in medical settings is not a simple function of communication skills and the provision of adequately structured information, but that patients' tendencies to cope with stress by seeking out or avoiding information need to be taken into account.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Reducing distress during invasive medical procedures: relating behavioral interventions to preferred coping style in pediatric cancer patients.

The hypothesis that matching childrens' preferred coping styles (repression, sensitization) with behavioral interventions (distraction, sensory information) during invasive medical procedures will reduce self-reports of fear and pain, anticipatory heart rate, and observable signs of distress was tested in 28 children with cancer. A significant coping style by intervention interaction for the self-report of experienced pain was found. However, those groups using an intervention that matched their preferred coping style actually reported higher experienced pain ratings. Trends for differences between coping style on factors indicative of the chronicity of the disease were found. Chronicity, which reflects the degree of past experience with invasive medical procedures, may be a more important factor than preferred coping style in pain management of these patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Coping style and situational appraisals as predictors of coping strategies following stressful events in sport as a function of gender and skill level.

The purpose of this study was to examine links between coping style, situational appraisals and the subsequent use of coping strategies in response to acute stress among competitive Australian basketball players (N = 190, 93 men and 97 women, ranging in age from 18 to 44 years). Regression analyses indicated that participants' approach and avoidance coping responses varied across four sport-related stressful situations. In addition, both personal and situational factors accounted for significant variation in players' approach coping responses, with situational factors better predictors of approach coping than personal dispositions. For avoidance coping, situational appraisals (i.e. perceived stress and controllability) were again better predictors than personal dispositions. The results lend credence to the interactional (contextual) model of coping in which participants' use of coping strategies is at least a partial function of situational demands.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

[Correlation between psychopathological symptoms, coping style in adolescent and childhood repeated physical, emotional maltreatment].

OBJECTIVE: To study possible relationship between psychopathological symptoms, positive and negative coping styles in adolescents who experienced repeated serious childhood physical abuse (CPA), moderate CPA, and childhood emotional abuse (CEA). METHODS: A total of 5453 students were recruited as subjects from 9 middle schools at grades 7, 8, 10, and 11. They provided informed consent and participated in the self-administered anonymous survey on their frequencies of serious or moderate physical abuse and emotional abuse by his/her parents or other caregivers about average times of experiencing maltreatment every year during primary school. The Symptoms Checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used to rate general mental problem and 9 special psychopathological symptoms. The trait positive and negative coping styles were assessed with the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ). Totally 5141 respondents substantially completed surveys. It was defined as repeating childhood maltreatment that the adolescent reported he/she had suffered 3 or more episodes of one or more forms of serious CPA, moderate CPA, and CEA. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of the types and quantities of repeating childhood experiences on mental health when the positive, negative coping styles, and both of them entered the statistics model, taking the demographic variables as covariates. RESULTS: Of respondents, 9.1 percent were rated as having general mental health problem. The rates of somatization, obsession, interpersonal susceptivity, depression, anxiety, phobia, paranoia, and psychotic symptoms were 1.3%, 3.6%, 3.6%, 2.8%, 2.2%, 4.0%, 2.1%, 2.8% and 1.6%, respectively. Dose-response trend existed between the number of items of repeating serious CPA, moderate CPA, CEA, and rates of general mental problems, 9 kinds of psychopathological symptoms, number of positive items of psychopathological symptoms. Compared with the respondents without serious CPA, moderate CPA or CEA, those with repeating childhood maltreatment had higher scores of negative coping styles. In the respondents with repeating childhood maltreatments, the prevalence of general mental problems and number of positive psychopathological symptoms increased with the rising of scores of negative coping styles. The results from multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that negative coping style decreased the odds ratio (OR) of repeating serious CPA, moderate CPA, and CEA with general mental health problems, but positive coping style did not. CONCLUSIONS: The experiences of repeating childhood physical or emotional maltreatment are associated with a wide variety of psychopathological symptoms and general mental health problems. Negative coping strategies may moderate the links of childhood abusive experiences and mental problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Preparing adult patients for cardiac catheterization: informational treatment and coping style interactions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the interacting effects of coping style and type of preparatory informational treatment on cardiac catheterization patient anxiety. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest randomized control group design. SETTING: Canadian, university-affiliated, large urban hospital. SUBJECTS: 145 adult patients (107 men and 38 women) scheduled for their first cardiac catheterization. Age range was from 34 to 78 years. Mean educational level was 10.72 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: Subject's coping style (monitoring [information seeking] or blunting [information avoiding]) was assessed by means of Miller's Behavioral Style Scale. Subject's anxiety was assessed by means of Speilberger's A-Trait and A-State Inventory. INTERVENTION: After coping style assessment, monitors and blunters were randomly assigned to receive one of three preparatory informational treatments: (1) videotaped procedural modeling information; (2) videotaped procedural-sensory modeling information; and (3) procedural-sensory information booklet. RESULTS: Subjects' anxiety was assessed before and after intervention (Time 1 and Time 2) and before and after catheterization (Time 3 and Time 4). Analysis of variance techniques applied to the anxiety data largely confirmed the hypothesized interaction between subjects' coping style and type of preparatory informational treatment. Monitors who received the procedural-sensory modeling video treatment and blunters who received the procedural modeling video treatment reported significant reductions in A-state anxiety at Time 2 and maintained that decrease at Time 3. In contrast, monitors and blunters who received the other preparatory informational treatments reported a significant increase in A-state anxiety or a nonsignificant change in A-state anxiety at Time 2 and Time 3. At Time 4 monitors and blunters in each of the treatment groups reported a significant decrease in A-state anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Two unexpected findings emerged from the study: (1) female monitors and blunters reported significantly higher A-state anxiety levels than their male counter-parts at preintervention, and (2) significant differences were observed among the preintervention A-state anxiety means of male monitors in the three preparatory treatment groups. These findings limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the study but provide direction for future research in the preparatory area.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

A naturalistic study of ambulatory asthma severity and reported avoidant coping styles.

OBJECTIVE: To examine how the use of dispositional avoidant coping traits prospectively predicts ambulatory asthma severity in daily life. METHODS: An ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design enabled examination of stable coping styles across dynamic daily changes of ambulatory peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), asthma symptoms and stress in the natural environment of patients with asthma. A community sample of 61 adults with asthma reported their typical use of avoidant coping styles and carried palmtop computers that alerted them to record their stress and symptoms five times per day for 1 week. RESULTS: Some aspects of dispositional avoidant coping predicted more asthma symptoms and worse PEFR. Denial and behavioural disengagement as typical coping styles predicted more symptoms and worse PEFR. Mental disengagement was unrelated to symptoms and PEFR. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that individuals with asthma who report typically utilizing avoidant coping may have worse health parameters in momentary reports when examined in their natural environments. Differences between avoidant coping styles emerged, suggesting the existence of moderating factors of coping effectiveness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Repressive coping style, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder after myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the associations between repressive coping style, acute stress disorder (ASD) and subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after myocardial infarction (MI) to ascertain the efficacy of repressive coping style in immediate and long-term adjustment to stress. METHODS: A total of 116 MI patients were examined twice: within a week of their MI (time 1) and 7 months later (time 2). At time 1, repressive coping style, perceived threat, and ASD were measured by self-report questionnaires. In addition, medical measures indicative of the severity of the MI were obtained from patients' hospital records. At time 2, PTSD was assessed. The distribution of the repressive coping style was compared with that of 72 matched control subjects. RESULTS: Findings revealed the adaptiveness of repressive coping style both in the immediate and longer-term aftermath of MI: repressors endorsed less ASD and PTSD than nonrepressors. In addition, the contribution of repressive coping style to PTSD was unique and beyond the implications of severity of MI, perceived threat, and immediate ASD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the role of repressive coping style as a stress-buffer; several mechanisms that explain this role are suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Information needs and coping styles of primary family caregivers of women following breast cancer surgery.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To determine the information needs and unmet needs of primary family caregivers of women with breast cancer, their informational coping styles, and the relationships among needs, coping styles, and caregiver and patient variables in the first three weeks after surgery. DESIGN: Descriptive, correlational survey. SETTING: Three surgical inpatient units at one private and two public hospitals in Perth, Western Australia. SAMPLE: 141 primary family caregivers of women having surgery for breast cancer. METHODS: Modified Family Inventory of Needs-Husbands and the Miller Behavioral Style Scale administered within one week after surgery and repeated one to two weeks later, after the postoperative visit with the surgeon. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Information needs, unmet needs, informational coping styles. FINDINGS: All 30 needs were rated as important by the majority of participants. A reduction in the median percentage of unmet needs occurred between time 1 (22%) and time 2 (10%) (p = 0.00004). Caregivers with children younger than 20 had a greater number of needs than the remaining sample (p = 0.001). Caregivers who received information from the breast nurse counselor and medical staff had the lowest percentage of unmet needs compared with those reporting any other source of information (p = 0.007). Caregivers of private patients had more unmet needs compared with public patients' caregivers (p = 0.035). Most caregivers displayed a high monitoring coping style, but further analysis of composite monitoring and blunting profiles revealed that 11%-16% were low monitors as well as low blunters and another 22%-26% displayed an apparently conflicting style of both high monitoring and high blunting. CONCLUSIONS: Western Australian caregivers have a similar range and priority of needs as those previously reported internationally. Caregivers in the private system, where breast centers are not established, are at risk for not having their needs met. Further studies are needed to determine how informational coping styles may affect family caregivers' need for and response to education given by nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Breast nurse counselors and other nursing staff play an important role in caregiver support. Caregivers with young children need additional support. Caregivers' coping styles indicate the need for high levels of information, which, paradoxically, may lead to increased distress. Therefore, nurses should consider assessing caregivers' informational coping styles to balance the amount of information given with appropriate strategies for assisting caregivers to cope with stressful information.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

The use and efficacy of coping strategies and coping styles in a Swedish sample.

This paper presents Swedish reference values for the Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS-60), a questionnaire measuring the use and efficacy of coping strategies. The strategies are grouped in eight coping styles. The sample used was randomly selected from a Swedish urban population. The sample consisted of 268 individuals (135 men and 133 women), divided into three age-groups, 26-40, 41-55 and 56-70 years. There were no significant differences between the three age-groups or between men and women when comparing the total scores for use and efficacy on the JCS-60. No significant differences were found between the genders within each age-group. The most commonly used coping styles were the confrontational, the optimistic and the self-reliant. The least used style was the fatalistic. Men, as compared with women, used the confrontational and self-reliant coping styles more while women used the supportive coping style more than men. The youngest age-group used the emotive coping style more, compared with the other age groups. Cronbach's alpha for the total scores indicates acceptable reliability. The results of this study may be useful as Swedish reference values for comparison with the research results of studies on patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life and coping styles in Chinese nasopharyngeal cancer patients after hospitalization.

The objective of the study was to describe the quality of life (QOL) and coping style of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients after hospitalization and to explore the relationship between coping style and health-related QOL of NPC patients. A descriptive correlational design was used in this study. Ninety-eight NPC patients were investigated by a convenient sampling method. Three instruments were employed for data collection. Demographic Information Sheet was used to collect the subjects' demographic characteristics. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck (FACT-H & N) was used to measure health-related QOL. The Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS) was used to measure coping styles. Descriptive analysis and Spearman correlation analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 10.0. Data collection was done from September 2002 to December 2002. The standard score of FACT-H & N for subjects was 67.83%. Patients scored lowest on the Head and Neck subscale. With a mean score of 2.09 +/- 0.53, patient scored the "optimistic" highest on JCS. Some other coping styles scored were "self-reliant"(1.68 +/- 0.49), "palliative" (1.51 +/- 0.60), "emotive"(0.84 +/- 0.59), "fatalistic"(0.92 +/- 0.70), and "evasive"(1.27 +/- 0.44). There were positive correlations between "optimistic," "palliative," and QOL; the coefficient r were 0.456 and 0.324, respectively. There were negative correlations between "emotive," "fatalistic," "evasive," and QOL; the coefficient r were -0.465, -0.427, and -0.271, respectively. No significant correlations were found among "confrontative," "self-reliant," "supportive," and QOL, P > .05. The adverse effects of radiation remain the major problems that affect the health-related QOL of NPC patients posttherapy. Positive emotion-focused coping styles were positively correlated to QOL, and negative emotion-focused ones negatively correlated. Problem-focused coping styles were not statistically correlated to QOL among NPC patients posttherapy. The findings of this study suggest that nurses need to pay attention to the QOL of NPC patients posttherapy, including appropriate education to minimize ongoing adverse effects and support the use of effective coping styles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping styles and quality of life in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The authors examined the relationship between coping style and perceived quality of life in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients (N=123) and nondiabetic comparison patients (N=124) treated at a Portuguese health center completed the Nottingham Health Profile, a quality-of-life measure. The diabetic patients also completed the Coping Responses Inventory, a measure of coping styles. In both groups, female subjects had poorer quality-of-life ratings than male subjects. Diabetic patients were more likely to regard diabetes and the consequent changes in lifestyle as a threat than as a challenge. A greater proportion of diabetic patients used avoidance coping styles, which overall were related to worse quality of life, than used active confrontation coping styles. Coping style was significantly correlated with several dimensions of quality of life in diabetic patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗