Comparative studies on tomato aspermy and cucumber mosaic viruses. V. Purification and properties of a cucumber mosaic virus inducing severe chlorosis.
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Antigens, Viral↗
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Sorbic acid as a selective agent in cucumber fermentations. I. Effect of sorbic acid on microorganisms associated with cucumber fermentations.
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Acids↗
Sorbic acid as a selective agent in cucumber fermentations. II. Effect of sorbic acid on the yeast and lactic acid fermentations in brined cucumbers.
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Cucumis sativus↗
[CHANGES OF THE CYTOCHROME OXIDASE AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN CUCUMBER LEAVES INFECTED WITH THE CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS].
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Cucumis↗
The effect of inoculum concentration on virus multiplication in cucumber cotyledons. II. Cucumber mosaic and tobacco mosaic viruses.
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Plant Viruses↗
[Effects of root exudates of squash grafted with cucumber shoot on seed germination].
Cucumber (Cucumis statirus L.) is commonly cultivated by grafting on squash (Cucurbita moschata) in commercial production. The effects of root exudates of squash grafted with cucumber on seed germination rate of cucumber and squash were tested. In this study, the exudates of cucumber-grafted squash roots were continuously collected with XAD-4 resin, and were further diluted with distilled water to make 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% concentrations. Cucumber and squash seeds were used for bioassay. The seeds were germinated in glass petri dishes with 2 filter papers at bottoms and containing 5 mL the diluted root exudates. The results showed that the exudates of cucumber-grafted squash roots significantly inhibit germination rate, radicel and hypocotyl elongation in cucumber and squash, and the inhibitory rate positively correlate with the concentration of the grafted cucumber root exudates. So grafted cucumber still have allelopathy. The exudates of cucumber-grafted squash roots significantly stimulated IAA oxidase activity in cucumber and squash. As a result, they decrease IAA level in cucumber and squash, and restrained their growth. The exudates of cucumber-grafted squash roots also decrease significantly the activities of amylase and alpha-amylase in cucumber and squash, and this decrease effects were strengthening with the increasing of the concentration of the grafted cucumber root exudates. So the exudates of cucumber-grafted squash roots can inhibit the hydrolysis and utilization of starch in cucumber and squash, and thereby suppress germination and seedling growth.
Cucumis sativus↗
Efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water for microbial decontamination of cucumbers and strawberries.
An examination was made of the efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AcEW, 30 ppm free available chlorine), ozonated water (5 ppm ozone), and a sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl, 150 ppm free available chlorine) for use as potential sanitizers of cucumbers and strawberries. AcEW and NaOCl reduced the aerobic mesophiles naturally present on cucumbers within 10 min by 1.4 and 1.2 log CFU per cucumber, respectively. The reduction by ozonated water (0.7 log CFU per cucumber) was significantly less than that of AcEW or NaOCl (P < or = 0.05). Cucumbers washed in alkaline electrolyzed water for 5 min and then treated with AcEW for 5 min showed a reduction in aerobic mesophiles that was at least 2 log CFU per cucumber greater than that of other treatments (P < or = 0.05). This treatment was also effective in reducing levels of coliform bacteria and fungi associated with cucumbers. All treatments offered greater microbial reduction on the cucumber surface than in the cucumber homogenate. Aerobic mesophiles associated with strawberries were reduced by less than 1 log CFU per strawberry after each treatment. Coliform bacteria and fungi associated with strawberries were reduced by 1.0 to 1.5 log CFU per strawberry after each treatment. Microbial reduction was approximately 0.5 log CFU per strawberry greater on the strawberry surface than in the strawberry homogenate. However, neither treatment was able to completely inactivate or remove the microorganisms from the surface of the cucumber or strawberry.
Bacteria↗
Shelf life extension of minimally processed cabbage and cucumber through gamma irradiation.
The influence of irradiation of minimally processed cabbage and cucumber on microbial safety, texture, and sensory quality was investigated. Minimally processed, polyethylene-packed, and irradiated cabbage and cucumber were stored at refrigeration temperature (5 degrees C) for 2 weeks. The firmness values ranged from 3.23 kg (control) to 2.82 kg (3.0-kGy irradiated samples) for cucumbers, with a gradual decrease in firmness with increasing radiation dose (0 to 3 kGy). Cucumbers softened just after irradiation with a dose of 3.0 kGy and after 14 days storage, whereas the texture remained within acceptable limits up to a radiation dose of 2.5 kGy. The radiation treatment had no effect on the appearance scores of cabbage; however, scores decreased from 7.0 to 6.7 during storage. The appearance and flavor scores of cucumbers decreased with increasing radiation dose, and overall acceptability was better after radiation doses of 2.5 and 3.0 kGy. The aerobic plate counts per gram for cabbage increased from 3 to 5 log CFU (control), from 1.85 to 2.93 log CFU (2.5 kGy), and from a few colonies to 2.6 log CFU (3.0 kGy) after 14 days of storage at 5 degrees C. A similar trend was noted for cucumber samples. No coliform bacteria were detected at radiation doses greater than 2.0 kGy in either cabbage or cucumber samples. Total fungal counts per gram of sample were within acceptable limits for cucumbers irradiated at 3.0 kGy, and for cabbage no fungi were detected after 2.0-kGy irradiation. The D-values for Escherichia coli in cucumber and cabbage were 0.19 and 0.17 kGy, and those for Salmonella Paratyphi A were 0.25 and 0.29 kGy for cucumber and cabbage, respectively.
Brassica↗
[Effects of sunlight and temperature on ultrastructure and functions of chloroplast of cucumber in solar greenhouse].
Studies on the effects of sunlight and temperature on the ultrastructure and functions of leaf chloroplasts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in solar greenhouse showed that the size of cells, chloroplasts, and starch grains and the number of chloroplast, grana, grana lamella and grana thickness of leaf chloroplast of cucumber increased with lowering leaf position. The microstructure of leaves and the ultrastructure of chloroplast of cucumber leaves were different because of the difference of temperature and sunlight among different months. In January, the light intensity was lower, and the cell size of cucumber leaves was larger than that in May, but the number of chloroplasts was less than that in May. The relationships between photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ultrastructure of chloroplast of cucumber leaves were not direct and very close. The Pn of the fourth leaf of cucumber was the highest, that of the first spreading out leaf was the second, and the near ground leaves had the lowest Pn. The primary reasons of the difference of Pn among different position leaves were that the leaf age and accepted light intensity were different. If different position leaves of cucumber accepted the same sunlight intensity, the difference of Pn among leaves of different positions would be smaller. Less efficient light hours and lower light intensity were the main factors influencing cucumber growth and yield in solar greenhouse. Comparatively, under sunny circumstance, the restriction of temperature on cucumber growth was very small, but in cloudy days, lower temperature induced by low light intensity became a key factor that restricted cucumber growth.
Chloroplasts↗
NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in cucumber is encoded by a single gene and its expression is transcriptionally enhanced by illumination.
NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyzes the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide a in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. Recently, two POR genes, the expressions of which were differently regulated by light, were isolated in barley and Arabidopsis, and it is suggested that in angiosperms, the chlorophyll synthesis is controlled by the differential action of the two distinct POR isozymes. Meanwhile, we have isolated POR cDNA from cucumber, and reported that its expression was enhanced by illumination. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression and organization of cucumber POR in more detail. Northern blot analysis with 5'- or 3'-noncoding gene-specific and full length probes and RNase protection assay revealed that cucumber POR mRNA is transcribed from a single gene. Run-on assay revealed that the transcript level of isolated nuclei from illuminated cotyledons was 6-fold that of dark control, indicating that the light-enhanced expression of cucumber POR is caused by transcriptional activation. Using degenerated primers and the genomic DNA of cucumber as template, PCR showed the presence of only one type of fragment encoding cucumber POR. The PCR product was hybridized with the genomic Southern blot from cucumber and only one band was detected under low stringency conditions. From these results, we conclude that there is a single POR gene in cucumber and PORs are organized by different gene families among higher plants, and in cucumber the single POR may play the roles of two POR genes, which are present in other higher plants such as Arabidopsis and barley.
Journal Article↗
The ethylene-regulated expression of CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS genes in cucumber plants and their possible involvement with sex expression in flowers.
It has been reported that ethylene production by cucumber plants is strongly related to the sex expression of their flowers. It has also been shown that both CS-ACS2 gene expression and ethylene evolution are much greater in gynoecious cucumber plants than monoecious ones. To investigate the action mechanism of ethylene in the induction of femaleness of cucumber flowers, we isolated three ethylene-receptor-related genes, CS-ETR1, CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS, from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Of these three genes, CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS mRNA accumulated more substantially in the shoot apices of the gynoecious cucumber than those of the monoecious one. Their expression patterns correlated with the expression of the CS-ACS2 gene and with ethylene evolution in the shoot apices of the two types of cucumber plants. Accumulation of CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS mRNA was significantly elevated by the application of Ethrel, an ethylene-releasing agent, to the shoot apices of monoecious cucumber plants. In contrast, the accumulation of their transcripts was lowered when aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, was applied to the shoot apices of gynoecious cucumber plants. Thus, the expression of CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS is, at least in part, regulated by ethylene. The greater accumulation of CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS mRNA in gynoecious cucumber plants may be due to the higher level of endogenous ethylene, which plays a role in the development of female flowers.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The M locus and ethylene-controlled sex determination in andromonoecious cucumber plants.
Sex determination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants is genetically controlled by the F and M loci. These loci interact to produce three different sexual phenotypes: gynoecious (M-F-), monoecious (M-ff), and andromonoecious (mmff). Gynoecious cucumber plants produce more ethylene than do monoecious plants. We found that the levels of ethylene production and the accumulation of CS-ACS2 mRNA in andromonoecious cucumber plants did not differ from those in monoecious plants and were lower than the levels measured in gynoecious plants. Ethylene inhibited stamen development in gynoecious cucumbers but not in andromonoecious ones. Furthermore, ethylene caused substantial increases in the accumulation of CS-ETR2, CS-ERS, and CS-ACS2 mRNA in monoecious and gynoecious cucumber plants, but not in andromonoecious one. In addition, the inhibitory effect of ethylene on hypocotyl elongation in andromonoecious cucumber plants was less than that in monoecious and gynoecious plants. These results suggest that ethylene responses in andromonoecious cucumber plants are reduced from those in monoecious and gynoecious plants. This is the first evidence that ethylene signals may influence the product of the M locus and thus inhibit stamen development in cucumber. The andromonoecious line provides novel material for studying the function of the M locus during sex determination in flowering cucumbers.
Arabidopsis Proteins↗
Comparison of electric and growth responses to excision in cucumber and pea seedlings. I. Short-distance effects are a result of wounding.
The local electric response to stem excision in both pea epicotyls and cucumber hypocotyls is a depolarization of the cells in the wound area. If we define wound area as the region of local depolarization, we find that it extends for approximately 10 mm from the cut or wound site in pea epicotyls, whereas it can reach up to 40 mm in cucumber hypocotyls. The wound-induced depolarization in pea cells is transient, reaching its maximal amplitude within 1-2 min, whereas in cucumber cells this depolarization is more sustained. A third difference between wound responses in pea and cucumber is the intermittent appearance of spikes, i.e. very short, rapidly reverted depolarizations which frequently accompany the basic depolarization in cucumber but not in pea cells. These spikes can propagate in both directions along the hypocotyl axis. The cause of the different responses of pea and cucumber cells is unknown. A possible explanation might be found in different degrees of electrical cell coupling in the two species. This possibility was investigated in cucumber hypocotyls by measuring the cell input resistance (R(in)) of epidermal cells at various axial distances from the cut. Shorter distances increase the likelihood of shunting the cell membrane resistance through the shortened symplastic path to the cut surface. With a series of cuts made at decreasing distances from the measured site, cell depolarization increased without comparable changes in R(in). Two conclusions were drawn. Firstly, wound-induced depolarizations are not brought about by shunting of the cell resistance in the wound area. Secondly, the depolarization is probably not carried by ion channels but may be caused by an inhibition of proton pump activity. Parallel to its depolarization effect on the membrane potential, excision led to a severe and sustained decline in the cucumber hypocotyl growth rate only when carried out sufficiently close to the growing region (45 mm from the hook). Similar excision in pea epicotyls failed to change the growth rate. Both electrical and growth data support the concept that the high and sustained responsiveness of cucumber seedlings to wounding is caused by a particular sensitivity of their proton pump mechanism.
Cell Polarity↗
Entrance and growth of lactic Acid bacteria in gas-exchanged, brined cucumbers.
Entrance of lactic acid bacteria into the interior of brined cucumbers was found to be greatly influenced by gas composition of the cucumbers before brining. Exchange of the internal gas of fresh cucumbers with O(2) resulted in absorption of bacteria into the subsequently brined fruit within a few hours. Bacteria were absorbed into nonexchanged cucumbers to a lesser extent. Little bacterial absorption occurred in N(2)-exchanged cucumbers. Stomata of the cucumber skin appeared to be a likely port for bacterial entry. When Pediococcus cerevisiae or Lactobacillus plantarum cells were added to the brine of O(2)-exchanged cucumbers, the respective cell types colonized in large numbers within intercellular spaces and vascular elements of mesocarp tissue during fermentation of the cucumbers. Implications of these observations, particularly with regard to bloater formation in brined cucumbers, are discussed.
Journal Article↗
Monitoring cucumber beetles in sweetpotato and cucurbits with kairomone-baited traps.
Seven kairomone formulations (Trécé, Inc., Salinas, CA) were evaluated for their effectiveness as attractants for luring three species of cucumber beetles into Pherocon CRW traps (Trécé, Inc.) in cucurbit and sweetpotato fields. The spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber; the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte; and the striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), were captured in this study. TRE8276 (TIC mixture: 500 mg of 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, 500 mg of indole, and 500 mg of trans-cinnamaldeyde) and TRE8336 (500 mg of 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, 500 mg of trans-cinnamaldeyde, 500 mg of 4-methoxyphenethanol) were the most effective lures for spotted and striped cucumber beetles. None of the kairomone lures was very effective for attracting banded cucumber beetles. Three population peaks of spotted cucumber beetles were observed in cucurbit and sweetpotato fields at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (Charleston, SC). The efficacy of TRE8276 declined rapidly after 2 wk in the field. An improved design of the Pherocon CRW trap, with a yellow bottom and more-tapered top section, was more effective for capturing cucumber beetles than the original trap design made entirely of clear plastic. Banded cucumber beetles were not captured in sweetpotato fields at inland locations in North Carolina or South Carolina.
Animals↗
Ca(2+ )transport by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase in sea cucumber (Ludwigothurea grisea) muscle.
In muscle cells, the excitation-contraction cycle is triggered by an increase in the concentration of free cytoplasmic Ca(2+). The Ca(2+)-ATPase present in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) pumps Ca(2+) from the cytosol into this intracellular compartment, thus promoting muscle relaxation. The microsomal fraction derived from the longitudinal smooth muscle of the body wall from the sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea retains a membrane-bound Ca(2+)-ATPase that is able to transport Ca(2+) mediated by ATP hydrolysis. Immunological analyses reveal that monoclonal antibodies against sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA1 and SERCA2a) cross-react with a 110 kDa band, indicating that the sea cucumber Ca(2+)-ATPase is a SERCA-type ATPase. Like the mammalian Ca(2+)-ATPase isoforms so far described, the enzyme also shows a high affinity for Ca(2+) and ATP, has an optimum pH of approximately 7.0 and is sensitive to thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, specific inhibitors of the SERCA pumps. However, unlike the mammalian SERCA isoforms, concentrations of ATP above 2 mmol l(-1) inhibit Ca(2+) transport, but not ATP hydrolysis, in sea cucumber vesicles, suggesting that high ATP concentrations uncouple the Ca(2+)-ATPase. Another unique feature observed with the sea cucumber Ca(2+)-ATPase is the high dependence of maximal activity on K(+) or Na(+). Similar activation promoted by these cations was observed with various mammalian Ca(2+)-ATPase preparations when they were incubated in the presence of low concentrations of sulphated polysaccharides. In control experiments, K(+) and Na(+) have almost no effect on Ca(2+) transport, but in the presence of heparin or fucosylated chondroitin sulphate, the activity of the different mammalian Ca(2+)-ATPases is inhibited and they are activated by either K(+) or Na(+) in a manner similar to the native sea cucumber ATPase. These results led us to investigate the possible occurrence of a highly sulphated polysaccharide on vesicles from the SR of sea cucumber smooth muscle that could act as an 'endogenous' Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor. In fact, SR vesicles derived from the sea cucumber, but not from rabbit muscle, contain a highly sulphated polysaccharide. After extraction and purification of these polysaccharide molecules, their effect was tested on vesicles obtained from rabbit muscle. This compound inhibited Ca(2+) uptake in rabbit SR vesicles, at concentrations lower than heparin, and restored the dependence on monovalent cations. These results strongly suggest that the sea cucumber Ca(2+)-ATPase is activated by monovalent cations because of the presence of endogenous sulphated polysaccharides.
Animals↗
A case study of human migration and the sea cucumber crisis in the Galapagos Islands.
The sea cucumber fishing crisis in Galapagos is an example of the potential consequences of rapid migration, growing economic competition, and weak regulatory mechanisms. In a short period of time sea cucumber fishing has become the most inflammatory issue in the Galapagos. The key factors that allowed for the efficient exploitation of the new resource were not the fishermen themselves but rather the new fishing techniques and access to credit and markets. This suggests that the annual sea cucumber crisis is due to factors more complex than simply more fishermen generating greater sea cucumber catches. This paper examines census data and fisher registries to analyze population growth in the islands. A public opinion survey is used to determine the population's attitudes toward sea cucumber fishing and regulations. Qualitative interviews explore the history of the sea cucumber boom. Information from the sea cucumber monitoring program provides estimates for the annual sea cucumber catches.
Animals↗
Comparative mapping of ZYMV resistances in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and melon (Cucumis melo L.).
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) routinely causes significant losses in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) and melon ( Cucumis melo L.). ZYMV resistances from the cucumber population 'TMG1' and the melon plant introduction (PI) 414723 show different modes of inheritance and their genetic relationships are unknown. We used molecular markers tightly linked to ZYMV resistances from cucumber and melon for comparative mapping. A 5-kb genomic region (YCZ-5) cosegregating with the zym locus of cucumber was cloned and sequenced to reveal single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels distinguishing alleles from ZYMV-resistant (TMG1) and susceptible (Straight 8) cucumbers. A low-copy region of the YCZ-5 clone was hybridized to bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones of melon and a 180-kb contig assembled. One end of this melon contig was mapped in cucumber and cosegregated with ZYMV resistance, demonstrating that physically linked regions in melon show genetic linkage in cucumber. However the YCZ-5 region segregated independently of ZYMV resistance loci in two melon families. These results establish that these sources of ZYMV resistances from cucumber TMG1 and melon PI414723 are likely non-syntenic.
Chromosome Mapping↗