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PubMed2003

The origin of ecological divergence in Helianthus paradoxus (Asteraceae): selection on transgressive characters in a novel hybrid habitat.

Diploid hybrid speciation in plants is often accompanied by rapid ecological divergence between incipient neospecies and their parental taxa. One plausible means by which novel adaptation in hybrid lineages may arise is transgressive segregation, that is, the generation of extreme phenotypes that exceed those of the parental lines. Early generation (BC2) hybrids between two wild, annual sunflowers, Helianthus annuus and Helianthus petiolaris, were used to study directional selection on transgressive characters associated with the origin of Helianthus paradoxus, a diploid hybrid species adapted to extremely saline marshes. The BC2 plants descended from a single F1 hybrid backcrossed toward H. petiolaris. The strength of selection on candidate adaptive traits in the interspecific BC2 was measured in natural H. paradoxus salt marsh habitat. Positive directional selection was detected for leaf succulence and Ca uptake, two traits that are known to be important in salt stress response in plants. Strong negative directional selection operated on uptake of Na and correlated elements. A significant decrease in trait correlations over time was observed in the BC2 population for Na and Ca content, suggesting an adaptive role for increased Ca uptake coupled with increased net exclusion of Na from leaves. Patterns of directional selection in BC2 hybrids were concordant with character expression in the natural hybrid species, H. paradoxus, transplanted into the wild. Moreover, the necessary variation for generating the H. paradoxus phenotype existed only in the BC2 population, but not in samples of the two parental species, H. annuus and H. petiolaris. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that transgressive segregation of elemental uptake and leaf succulence contributed to the origin of salt adaptation in the diploid hybrid species H. paradoxus.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed2004

Children's beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations.

OBJECTIVE: In previous research, several variables are shown to have an impact on children's perception of gender. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between discipline methods and the child's beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations. METHODS: In this study, variables such as type of siblings, socioeconomic status, child's sex, parental values and shared responsibility are controlled for. Two hundred and five 8-year-old children in Sweden were interviewed about discipline methods in five transgression situations and their parents were asked to fill in a battery of questions. RESULTS: The results show that harsher discipline methods, such as behaviour modification, physical restraint and physical punishment, relate to stronger beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations.

Attitude↗

PubMed2003

Narcissists as "Victims": the role of narcissism in the perception of transgressions.

Narcissism is a set of traits that are motivated by the desire to establish and maintain a grandiose self-image. Consistent with this conceptualization, the authors hypothesized that narcissistic people perceive themselves to be the victims of other people's inter-personal transgressions more frequently than do less narcissistic people. In a 14-day diary study, the authors found that narcissism (particularly in its exploitiveness/entitlement dimension) was associated positively with the number and frequency of transgressions that respondents reported. The narcissism-victimization relationship appears to result, at least in part, from biased recall or self-presentation. The exploitiveness/entitlement dimension of narcissism may be particularly useful for explaining why narcissistic people report higher rates of interpersonal transgressions in their daily lives.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal transgressions: self-serving or relationship-serving biases?

Two studies investigated perpetrator and victim biases in reported transgressions. Study 1 showed that in nonromantic relationships, perpetrators were more likely than victims to emphasize details that minimized their transgressions, whereas victims were more likely to exaggerate the severity of the event. Study 2 examined these perspective-related differences in romantic relationships and their relationship to forgiveness. Although victims were less likely than perpetrators to include features that minimized the event, they were no more likely to include features that magnified the event; individuals in highly satisfying relationships were less likely to exhibit self-serving biases than were individuals in less satisfying relationships. The data also were consistent with a causal sequence in which positive relationship quality led to more benign interpretations of a transgression, which in turn, promoted forgiveness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Attitudinal ambivalence, rumination, and forgiveness of partner transgressions in marriage.

Although positive and negative attitudes toward a transgressor are related to increased and decreased forgiveness, respectively, prior research has failed to investigate forgiveness among those who feel both positively and negatively toward a transgressor. Therefore, the authors examined such ambivalence and its relationship to forgiveness. It was hypothesized that spouses with ambivalent attitudes toward their partner will be less forgiving of a partner transgression because such an event is likely to prime the negative component of their ambivalence. Because ruminating about a transgression also has the potential to prime the negative component of one's ambivalence, an interaction between rumination and ambivalence was predicted. Data from 87 married couples showed that greater attitudinal ambivalence toward the partner was associated with decreased forgiveness only when husbands and wives thought about the transgression frequently; ambivalence was not related to forgiveness in the absence of rumination. The implications of these findings for understanding forgiveness in marriage and for increasing forgiveness among married couples are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Shape based assignment tests suggest transgressive phenotypes in natural sculpin hybrids (Teleostei, Scorpaeniformes, Cottidae).

BACKGROUND: Hybridization receives attention because of the potential role that it may play in generating evolutionary novelty. An explanation for the emergence of novel phenotypes is given by transgressive segregation, which, if frequent, would imply an important evolutionary role for hybridization. This process is still rarely studied in natural populations as samples of recent hybrids and their parental populations are needed. Further, the detection of transgressive segregation requires phenotypes that can be easily quantified and analysed. We analyse variability in body shape of divergent populations of European sculpins (Cottus gobio complex) as well as natural hybrids among them. RESULTS: A distance-based method is developed to assign unknown specimens to known groups based on morphometric data. Apparently, body shape represents a highly informative set of characters that parallels the discriminatory power of microsatellite markers in our study system. Populations of sculpins are distinct and "unknown" specimens can be correctly assigned to their source population based on body shape. Recent hybrids are intermediate along the axes separating their parental groups but display additional differentiation that is unique and coupled with the hybrid genetic background. CONCLUSION: There is a specific hybrid shape component in natural sculpin hybrids that can be best explained by transgressive segregation. This inference of how hybrids differ from their ancestors provides basic information for future evolutionary studies. Furthermore, our approach may serve to assign candidate specimens to their source populations based on morphometric data and help in the interpretation of population differentiation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Diagnostic utility of intracytoplasmic lumen and transgressing vessels in evaluation of Hürthle cell lesions by fine-needle aspiration.

INTRODUCTION: Recent abstracts have emphasized the importance of recognizing intracytoplasmic lumen and transgressing vessels as useful criteria enabling distinction between Hürthle cells encountered in neoplastic and nonneoplastic thyroid aspirates. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate if application of these criteria improves specificity and sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis of true Hürthle cell neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 30 fine-needle aspirates of thyroid with cytologic diagnosis of Hürthle cell neoplasms (13 cases) and nonneoplastic thyroid with prominent Hürthle cells (17 cases). All cases were evaluated for the presence of intracytoplasmic lumen and transgressing vessels and were reclassified as neoplastic or nonneoplastic based on the presence or absence of 1 or both of these criteria. Surgical follow-up was available in all cases. RESULTS: Surgical follow-up in 13 cases of Hürthle cell neoplasms revealed Hürthle cell carcinoma (3 cases), Hürthle cell adenoma (6 cases), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (4 cases). Seventeen cases with nonneoplastic diagnosis revealed Hürthle cell carcinoma (1 case), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (12 cases), and nodular goiter (4 cases). After application of the previously mentioned cytologic criteria, the cytologic diagnoses were reclassified as Hürthle cell neoplasms (13 cases) and nonneoplastic thyroid (17 cases). The true sensitivity of the test before and after the application of the criteria was 90% and 100%, respectively. The true specificity before and after the application of the cytologic criteria was 65% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intracytoplasmic lumen and transgressing vessels are helpful features in distinguishing neoplastic and nonneoplastic Hürthle cell thyroid lesions. Use of these criteria may improve the specificity and sensitivity of the cytologic diagnosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2003

Hybridization, transgressive segregation and evolution of new genetic systems in Drosophila.

Introgressive hybridization facilitates incorporation of genes from one species into the gene pool of another. Studies on long-term effects of introgressive hybridization in animal systems are sparse. Drosophila nasuta (2n = 8) and D. albomicans (2n = 6)-a pair of allopatric, morphologically almost identical, cross-fertile members of the nasuta subgroup of the immigrans species group-constitute an excellent system to analyse the impact of hybridization followed by transgressive segregation of parental characters in the hybrid progeny. Hybrid populations of D. nasuta and D. albomicans maintained for over 500 generations in the laboratory constitute new recombinant hybrid genomes, here termed cytoraces. The impact of hybridization, followed by introgression and transgressive segregation, on chromosomal constitution and karyotypes, some fitness parameters, isozymes, components of mating behaviour and mating preference reveals a complex pattern of interracial divergence among parental species and cytoraces. This assemblage of characters in different combinations in a laboratory hybrid zone allows us to study the emergence of new genetic systems. Here, we summarize results from our ongoing studies comparing these hybrid cytoraces with the parental species, and discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the evolution of new genetic systems.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Transgressive segregation of erucic acid content in Brassica carinata A. Braun.

Two Ethiopian mustard ( Brassica carinata A. Braun) lines with low (about 10%) and zero erucic acid (C22:1) have been obtained. The low C22:1 mutant line L-2890 was isolated after a chemical-mutagen treatment of C-101 seeds (about 40% C22:1). The zero C22:1 line L-25X-1 was obtained by interspecific crossing. Our objective was to determine the genetic control of low and zero C22:1 contents in these lines and the relationship between the loci controlling these traits. Reciprocal crosses between L-2890, L-25X-1 and high C22:1 lines, and between L-2890 and L-25X-1, were made. The F(1), F(2) and BC(1) F(1) generations were obtained. No maternal or cytoplasmic effects for C22:1 content were observed in any of the crosses. The analysis of the fatty acid composition in the segregating populations from the crosses of L-2890 with the high C22:1 lines C-101 and L-1630 indicated that the segregation patterns fitted a model of two alleles at two loci, M1 and M2, with partial (near complete) dominance for high concentration. The segregation patterns in the cross of the zero C22:1 line L-25X-1 with the high C22:1 line L-1630, were explained on the basis of two genes, E1 and E2, with additive gene action. The F(1) and segregating generations of the crosses L-2890 x L-25X-1 showed a strong transgressive segregation with C22:1 values of up to 50.0%, four-fold higher than those of L-2890. The analyses of the F(2), BC(1)F(1) and F(3) generations indicated that the combination of alleles at four loci, M(1) and M(2) in L-2890 and E(1) and E(2) in L-25X-1, controlled the transgressive segregation for C22:1. The proposed genotypes (C22:1 content) for each parent were as follows: L-2890 (10% C22:1) = m(1) m(1) m(2) m(2) E(1) E(1) E(2) E(2); L-25X-1 (0% C22:1) = M(1) M(1) M(2) M(2) e(1) e(1) e(2) e(2); and C-101 (45% C22:1) = M(1) M(1) M(2) M(2) E(1) E(1) E(2) E(2).

Brassica↗

PubMed2006

Further evidence of the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of recessive transgressive PPK in the Mediterranean region.

Transgressive palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) is the phenotypic hallmark of Mal de Meleda (MDM, MIM 24300). It is characterized by erythema and hyperkeratosis that extend to the dorsal face of the hands and feet. The disease is distributed worldwide and includes the Mediterranean population. The gene responsible for MDM, ARS (component B) mapped on chromosome 8qter, encodes for the SLURP-1 protein (Ly-6/uPAR related protein-1). A variety of mutations within the ARS gene have been shown to underlie MDM in different populations. Genetic heterogeneity of MDM is suspected. We have recently shown that three different homozygous mutations (82delT, C77R, C99Y) were responsible for MDM in 17 patients from Northern Tunisia belonging to eight unrelated consanguineous families. We report here a Tunisian family with three siblings presenting with recessive transgressive PPK closely resembling the MDM phenotype that excludes linkage to the ARS gene.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Hybridization, transgressive segregation, genetic covariation, and adaptive radiation.

Analysis of adaptive radiation has had a central role in the development of evolutionary theory, but it is not clear why some groups radiate and others do not. Two recent papers by Albertson and colleagues on the genetic architecture of East African cichlid fishes implicate hybridization, transgressive segregation and genetic covariation in the early stages of adaptive radiation. Transgressive segregation and genetic covariation might be key innovations in genetic architecture that favor adaptive radiation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

Self-awareness and transgression in children: two field studies.

Two field studies explored the relationship between self-awareness and transgressive behavior. In the first study, 363 Halloween trick-or-treaters were instructed to only take one candy. Self-awareness induced by the presence of a mirror placed behind the candy bowl decreased transgression rates for children who had been individuated by asking them their name and address, but did not affect the behavior of children left anonymous. Self-awareness influenced older but not younger children. Naturally occurring standards instituted by the behavior of the first child to approach the candy bowl in each group were shown to interact with the experimenter's verbally stated standard. The behavior of 349 subjects in the second study replicated the findings in the first study. Additionally, when no standard was stated by the experimenter, children took more candy when not self-aware than when self-aware.

Awareness↗

PubMed2003

Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: the temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations.

The investigators proposed that transgression-related interpersonal motivations result from 3 psychological parameters: forbearance (abstinence from avoidance and revenge motivations, and maintenance of benevolence), trend forgiveness (reductions in avoidance and revenge, and increases in benevolence), and temporary forgiveness (transient reductions in avoidance and revenge, and transient increases in benevolence). In 2 studies, the investigators examined this 3-parameter model. Initial ratings of transgression severity and empathy were directly related to forbearance but not trend forgiveness. Initial responsibility attributions were inversely related to forbearance but directly related to trend forgiveness. When people experienced high empathy and low responsibility attributions, they also tended to experience temporary forgiveness. The distinctiveness of each of these 3 parameters underscores the importance of studying forgiveness temporally.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Account-giving for a corporate transgression influences moral judgment: when those who "spin" condone harm-doing.

Generating some types of accounts-justifications, excuses, or apologies--for an organization's harm-doing increases condoning of a transgression compared with generating denials or not having to explain a transgression. In Experiment 1. students (N = 324) were required either to explain a corporation's use of child labor to manufacture its products or merely to read about it. Explaining decreased condemnation of the offense compared with when no explanation was required. In Experiment 2, students (N = 101) either justified the corporation's harm-doing or denied that the corporation had harmed employees, with justifications increasing condoning more than denials. In Experiment 3, students (N = 113) either wrote an apology or wrote a denial, with apologizers condoning harm-doing more than deniers. Differences appear to be due to some accounts eliciting cognitive elaboration on the misdeed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Patterns of resistance and transgression in Eastern Indonesia: single women's practices of clandestine courtship and cohabitation.

This paper explores how single women in the regional Indonesian city of Mataram express sexual desire in a social, cultural and political climate that idealizes the confinement of female sexuality within marriage. It is based on 21 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted with single women, their families and health care providers. Success for young women in negotiating sexual desire is dependent upon their ability to maintain a faultless public reputation and mediate between their desires and those of men. Many single women find ways to pursue their desires by bending the rules of courtship conventions, performing sexual purity in public, while resisting from within the hegemonic sexual culture. However, women who visibly transgress dominant sexual ideals (and in doing so offend the status quo) are stigmatized and ostracized. Single women's practice of resistance and sexual transgression in premarital relationships are represented using the examples of pacaran backstreet (clandestine courtship) and cohabitation prior to marriage.

Courtship↗

PubMed2005

Adapt or adopt: developing and transgressing the methodological boundaries of grounded theory.

AIMS: While acknowledging that there is an existing debate regarding the nature of grounded theory, the aim of this paper is to highlight a number of common and key areas/issues where adaptation/adoption of Glaserian grounded theory in nursing-related studies often occurs. These issues are: the differences between conceptual description and conceptual theory; beginning the study with a 'general wonderment' or a more defined research question; establishing the credibility of the theory; identifying a basic psycho-social process and emerging vs. forcing. BACKGROUND: Since the development and introduction of grounded theory in 1967, the number of studies, in a wide range of disciplines including nursing, that purport to be using a grounded theory method has grown enormously. While Glaser and Strauss acknowledged then that it was entirely appropriate for the methodology to evolve and develop, some of the studies that claim to be based on grounded theory methodology share little methodological similarity, and at times, bear only a passing resemblance to Glaserian grounded theory. DISCUSSION: Some methodological transgressions in papers that purport to be grounded theory studies are such that it would be inaccurate to term the resulting method grounded theory at all. Instead such studies are more accurately thought of as a form of qualitative data analysis. Such transgressions include a study that has no evidence of conceptualization; one that does not identify a basic psycho-social process; and one that moves from 'emerging' to 'forcing'. Other methodological adaptations of grounded theory, such as beginning the study with more than a general wonderment and broadening the approach to establishing the credibility of the theory, are more in keeping with Glaser and Strauss' position on the evolution of the method. In such cases, it is necessary to distinguish such methods from 'pure' Glaserian grounded theory, and it would be prudent and methodologically accurate to describe the resulting method as 'modified' grounded theory.

Concept Formation↗

PubMed1984

Serious complications following transgression of the pleural space in drainage procedures.

Transgression of the parietal pleura may occur during placement of interventional drainage catheters into the liver and upper abdomen, and occasionally results in lethal complications. In a review of nearly 2,000 such procedures, four deaths were found to be related directly to pleural transgression from biliary drainage. Therefore, the anatomy of the pleura pertinent to abdominal needle or catheter insertion was analyzed. In 14 cadavers examined after intercostal needle insertion into the liver, needles inserted through the 9th intercostal space or higher punctured the pleura in all but one cadaver. Radiologic studies of 15 clinical cases revealed that elderly patients rarely depressed the diaphragm below the 9th intercostal space, which increases the risk of unsuspected puncture of the pleura. Review of clinical material revealed that diagnostic needle puncture through the parietal pleura carries far less risk than placement of a long-term drainage catheter. Methods to avoid puncture of the pleura, as well as the technical problems involved in such maneuvers, are given.

Catheterization↗

PubMed2001

Making Christabel: sexual transgression and its implications in Coleridge's "Christabel".

Even among critics who recognize the role of lesbianism in "Christabel," none consider the implications of lesbianism for the characters. Many readers describe Geraldine as a kind of supernatural power, a demon. But Geraldine's identity is far from clear, and we don't need to explain away the lesbian sexuality as demonically-inspired in order to understand the dynamics of the text. The poem accounts for its characters' interactions on what is a more visceral and less fantastic level, the implications of a lesbian act in the world of "Christabel." In "Making Christabel," I consider the protagonist's social and psychological stresses in terms of an encounter with lesbian sexuality in order to understand the poem's ambiguities: Geraldine's guilt, Christabel's pleasure, the manipulation of gender roles, and the dynamics between Christabel, Geraldine, and Sir Leoline. To this end, I look at how the "unnatural" sexuality between Christabel and Geraldine is marked by a reversal of gender expectations. Sexual transgression is suggested not simply by two women heading off to share one bed, but by the manipulation of gender roles on their way to and within the bedroom. I also read the homosocial bond be tween Sir Leoline and Sir Roland in Part II as a foil. The knights offer the two women a concrete representation of their transgression from the existing power structure. They suggest not only the extent of the two women's deviance from the patriarchy, but a way to reassume an orthodox social role.

England↗