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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

[Triazolam (Halcion) poisoning].

Benzodiazepines have been regarded as relatively "safe" drugs where fatal poisonings are concerned. The very potent benzodiazepines have, to a certain extent, changed this viewpoint and since triazolam was introduced in Denmark in 1978, six fatal intoxications have occurred in East Denmark. Triazolam analyses were performed by capillary gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. In the only case where no ethanol was present, a blood triazolam concentration of 0.3 mumol/kg was detected. In one case no blood was available because of putrefaction, and muscle was analysed for triazolam instead of blood. The concentration range in the four cases with an ethanol concentration of 1-2 mg/g is 0.1-0.6 mumol/kg. The blood concentrations from these six fatal intoxications are compared to blood concentrations from living persons. The whole blood concentrations from living persons were in the range 0.005-0.08 mumol/kg (n = 28) with an average concentration of 0.034 mumol/kg.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

An enzyme immunoassay for human myoglobin and its application to forensic medicine.

We have devised an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of human myoglobin. This assay provides superb reproducibility and a recovery rate without the influence of any anti-coagulants and hemolysis. The mean blood myoglobin level in healthy humans, determined by this assay, was 35.5 +/- 23.9 ng/ml and the urine myoglobin level was found to be distributed over a broad range under 373.5 ng/ml. In cases of trauma sustained by living bodies, the blood myoglobin level was found to increase in accordance to the severity of trauma. Further, the myoglobin level in the blood began its increase during the early stage of the injury, and greater increases were shown in the elderly. In autopsy specimens, the ratio of the cardiac blood myoglobin level to the cerebrospinal fluid myoglobin level had a negative correlation with the postmortem passage of time and, as in the case of living bodies, the myoglobin level in the blood was considered a useful indicator of the severity of damage. However, since myoglobin level was found to vary, depending on the sites from where the sample blood was taken, the evaluation of the data should be done carefully. Finally, the simultaneous determination of the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in autopsied blood samples would be of help for estimating the postmortem passage of time and the progress of putrefaction.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The diagnostic importance of the level of middle molecules in assessing the severity of endotoxemia in patients with phlegmons of the face and neck].

Blood medium-mass molecules (MMM) concentrations were measured in 68 patients with phlegmons of the face and neck, aged 24 to 65. The patients were divided into 3 groups with variously manifesting symptoms of endogenous intoxication. MMM concentration was found to be increasing with the growth of intoxication of the body; their highest concentration was detected in vast putrefactive necrotic phlegmons induced by anaerobic infection and accompanied by dysfunction of a number of vital organs responsible for gas exchange, detoxication, hemodynamics, excretion, etc. Regular changes in MMM levels were revealed, reflecting the condition severity, pattern, and manifestation of endogenous intoxication. Blood MMM levels may be regarded as an objective characteristic of endotoxemia severity in patients with phlegmons of the face and neck.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Experiences of forensic medicine with death in foreign travel].

In cases of death which occur in a foreign country, the official post mortem diagnosis does often not correspond with our findings at obduction. Therefore an obduction should be performed in dubious cases at arrival in the native country. Even in a state of embalming and/or putrefaction the findings at obduction are still reliable.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Blood collection from cadavers].

Withdrawals of blood from corpses are mainly for determinations of blood alcohol but also for toxikological analyses and blood-typing. When the legal conditions for the withdrawals of blood were discussed the technique of withdrawal and the problems of evaluation are debated. Thereby alterations of the samples through putrefaction are especially considered.

Blood Specimen Collection↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A method for researching the fauna in the forensic medical expertise on a corpse].

Process of fauna investigation in medicolegal examination of putrefactive and skeletonized bodies is subdivided into several stages connected with collection of evidence material at the scene of cadaver discovery, with laboratory analysis, getting of additional data, evaluation of investigation results and reasoning of conclusions.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Microbiologic study of low quality raw material obtained from Pacific salmon].

The authors examined the microflora in the regions occupied with food fish and food manufacture from Pacific salmon in order to establish its interrelations with other characteristics of the quality. With this purpose in view sea and river water in the places of catching, freshly catched salmon and salted food were studied for the presence of putrefactive bacteria, potentially pathogenic for hydrobionts and man. The data obtained have demonstrated that the main causes of the deterioration of the quality of raw material and food manufactured from Pacific salmon are of bacterial nature. Salmon with micropunctate or large skin ulcerations induced by the causative agent Aeromonas hydrophila was discovered to contain substances with pronounced toxic properties. It is concluded that salmon affected with this microorganism cannot be used for nutrition of the population without thermal treatment.

Aeromonas↗

PubMed1989

[The effect of mouthwash on oral malodour production].

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulphide are by-products derived in oral cavity through putrefactive activity of microorganisms. VSC are the principal cause of physiological oral malodour. There are indications that these compounds are cytotoxic to oral tissues. Hence, it has been considered that the prevention of oral malodour has an important role in preventive dentistry. The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of two mouthwashes, sodium azulenesulphonic acid and povidone-iodine, which are frequently used in dental clinics, on concentration of VSC in mouth air. The VSC were analyzed using VSC analysis system. VSC were determined at immediately after rince and at one, two and three hours after rince. The results indicated that neither mouthwash was very effective in controlling VSC production. No reduction in VSC was observed at one and two hour post-rinsing with sodium azulenesulphonic acid mouthwash, and only 39% reduction of total sulphur of VSC was observed at one hour following the use of the povidone-iodine containing products. However, this effect was lost within two hours post-rinsing.

Azulenes↗

PubMed1987

Phytic acid. A natural antioxidant.

The catalysis by iron of radical formation and subsequent oxidative damage has been well documented. Although many iron-chelating agents potentiate reactive oxygen formation and lipid peroxidation, phytic acid (abundant in edible legumes, cereals, and seeds) forms an iron chelate which greatly accelerates Fe2+-mediated oxygen reduction yet blocks iron-driven hydroxyl radical generation and suppresses lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, high concentrations of phytic acid prevent browning and putrefaction of various fruits and vegetables by inhibiting polyphenol oxidase. These observations indicate an important antioxidant function for phytate in seeds during dormancy and suggest that phytate may be a substitute for presently employed preservatives, many of which pose potential health hazards.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1985

[Medicolegal identification by the dental system].

Bodies found in acts of war or natural disasters are sometimes impossible to identify for police or legal purposes, notably because of calcination or putrefaction. Teeth, which are particularly resistant to destruction by fire, bacteria or other agents, can be used to evaluate the victim's dental age by the Gustafson method with a margin of error of plus or minus 4,6 years. Blood group has also been established with more than 85% concordant results by determination of the A. B. O antigens which are present in dental tissue and pulp. These techniques were tested on 257 teeth from subjects of known dental age and blood group. They provide additional evidence of the identity of deceased persons.

Accidents, Aviation↗

PubMed1986

[The medicolegal identification of victims of major disasters].

The medical identification of victims of major catastrophes is based upon a strict methodological approach at the actual site of the catastrophe when victims are found and in mortuaries. In the majority of cases, police identification can be pronounced. It is only in much more difficult cases where there are calcination or putrefaction processes that medicolegal identification is requested. This identification is based upon the results of medicolegal autopsy itself and on examination of the dental system which remains of capital importance. In the absence of data which can be used to compare the dental system of the victim with this of missing it is possible using single teeth to assess dental age and determine blood group, thereby providing the legal authorities with a group of additional arguments which can be used for presumptive identification.

Age Determination by Teeth↗

PubMed1986

Experimental study of postmortem change under field conditions: effects of freezing, thawing, and mechanical injury.

Understanding the processes of postmortem change in biologic systems is important to the forensic sciences. Previous experimental studies of postmortem change in animals under field conditions made use of animal carcasses that had been incidentally exposed to the effects of freezing and thawing or mechanical damage, or both, and were limited to gross observations. The current study was designed to document intrinsic processes of postmortem change, and the effects of freezing-thawing and mechanical injury, under controlled conditions in the field, using histologic and microbiologic techniques, as well as gross observation. Insect and microbiologic succession sequences, and patterns of decomposition and disarticulation, were observable over time. Previously frozen-thawed animals showed predominantly decay (aerobic decomposition) in the field, while freshly killed animals showed predominantly putrefaction (anaerobic decomposition). Previously frozen animals showed the same sequence, but accelerated rates, of disarticulation. Mechanically injured tissues showed accelerated rates of decomposition. These findings have implications for the interpretation of results of previous studies, as well as the interpretation of human and animal remains subjected to freezing and thawing.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Blood alcohol concentrations: factors affecting predictions.

As a result of extensive alcohol research conducted on both humans and animals, it is possible to predict a BAC, given pertinent data. In addition, it is possible to estimate from a given BAC the quantity of alcohol consumed. Caution must be used in these predictions, for certain factors will affect the final estimation. Absorption of alcohol is influenced by gastrointestinal contents and motility, and also the composition and quantity of the alcoholic beverage. The vascularity of tissues influences the distribution of alcohol, and their water content will determine the amount of alcohol present after equilibrium. Elimination of alcohol begins immediately after absorption. The elimination rate varies for individuals but falls between .015 percent to .020 percent per hour, with an average of .018 percent per hour. In addition to these factors, a BAC will depend on the subject's weight, percentage of alcohol in the beverage, and the rate of drinking. The principal effect of alcohol in the body is on the central nervous system. Its depressant effect consists of impairment to sensory, motor and learned functions. When combined with some other drugs, a more intoxicated state occurs. Although tolerance to alcohol at low blood concentrations is possible, the tolerance most noted is a learned tolerance among chronic drinkers. contamination of antemortem blood samples collected for alcohol analysis is minimal when swabbing with an ethanolic antiseptic is performed with routine clinical technique; sloppy swabbing has been shown to increase the BAC determination significantly. The alcoholic content of blood used for transfusion does not contribute significantly to the BAC of the recipient, since extensive dilution occurs; nor does the alcohol present in injectable medication contribute significantly. Although many factors may alter the concentration of alcohol present in autopsy specimens, postmortem synthesis of alcohol receives the most attention. The microorganisms that cause postmortem ethanol production can be inhibited by adding a preservative to the samples and storing them under refrigeration. Should putrefaction be present, it is recommended that, in addition to blood, several different specimens be collected and analyzed for the presence of alcohol. Antemortem blood samples containing ethanol, collected using sterile tubes and techniques, may be analyzed up to 14 days later with reasonable certainty that the ethanol level reflects that which was present at the time of collection.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1977

[Botulism after eating country smoked ham (author's transl)].

14 persons ate from a country smoked ham in which botulin was found. From this group, two had complaints which suggested a nonspecific food poisoning; two persons died. Of the dead, clinical symptoms of a botulinus intoxication could be ascertained from other people. In one case, botulinus toxin could be demonstrated in the blood, in the other the botulinus toxin was identified on forensic examination in suspensions of the preserved organ and body fluids, in spite of advanced putrefaction. Histological examination of the brain and of the cerebral and peripheral nerves provided no clear indication of the primary disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 2. Cadaveric phenomena in low temperature surroundings (author's transl)].

The authors have investigated 14 kinds of findings of 15 cadavers in low temperature surroundings which had remained at known postmortem interval and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory, comparing with those at normal temperature. In low temperature surroundings, the onset and progress of the findings due to autolysis or putrefaction are retarded in a marked degree but the turbidity of the cornea which is considered to be due to physical or chemico-physical phenomenon is retarded merely in a slight degree. Hence, an erroneous determination of the postmortem interval can be avoided by taking care of the peculiarity. Even the cadavers at low temperature display in 3 to 5 months after death the findings whose degrees correspond to those of the cadavers at normal temperature in 4 to 7 days after death. Some fly-larvae pass the winter on cadavers demonstrating that the time of death was towards the end of autumn of the preceding year.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 4. An experimental study on the rise of temperature of dead body caused by the radiation of sunlight (author's transl)].

A sausage of 4 cm diameter and 15 cm length was chosen as a model of a part of human extremities. On the snowfield the model was stood on end and its temperature was recorded continuously by means of thermistor thermorecorder. The conclusions are as follows: In fine weather the temperature directly under the sunny surface of a model rose higher than the air temperature by 18 degrees C in the most remarkable case. Even in cloudy weather it rose fairly though lower than in fine weather. The rise of a model temperature became higher in February than in January. Even at a depth of 1.0 cm the temperature rose fairly though lower than directly under the surface. The temperature of the shady side of a model was equal to air temperature or snow temperature. It is presumed from these data that the temperature of a human dead body on snowfield becomes higher and reaches a optimum temperature for putrefaction at least partly by the radiation of sunlight. The presumption is supported by our experiences at the autopsies in cold district.

Autolysis↗

PubMed1977

Effect of sodium sulfate on the hydrolysis of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid- and p-nitrophenyl-glucuronides with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver.

Previous papers dealt with the discovery that hydrolysis of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides in urine with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver is increased by adding sodium sulfate to the incubation medium. Here, we conclude that sodium sulfate not only increases the activity of bovine liver beta-glucuronidase on 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides and p-nitrophenyl glucuronides, but also removes the inhibitory activity of substances of high molecular weight in urine and, moreover, inhibits urine putrefaction during the hydrolysis. The net effect is an increased yield of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. In the incubation with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, final concentration 80 g/liter, 500 Fishman units of beta-glucuronidase per milliliter of urine, pH 5.0, 48 degrees C, 18 h) the analytical recovery of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides added to 12 urine samples proved to be 98 +/- 1.8% (95-100).

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗

PubMed1980

[Pathogenetic basis and therapeutic management of meteorism (author's transl)].

Meteorism might be a symptom of organic intestinal obstruction, which needs surgical treatment in most cases. However it is often a functional phenomenon. It may be produced by aerophagy, followed by sonor, non fetid flatulence. Large amounts of gas are produced by the contact of gastric acidity with alcaline pancreatic secretion and by enzymatic digestion of food. Most of these gases are absorbed by the intestine and exhaled. In the colon bacterial fermentation and putrefaction produce fetid gas which is expulsed as flatus. Overeating, bacterial invasion of the small intestin, inflammatory and circulatory disturbances of the small bowel and obstipation favour meteorism. The treatment depends of the origin of meteorism.

Flatulence↗