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PubMed1977

Differential effects on test stress on the heart rates of extraverts and introverts.

A mental arithmetic task was administered to 39 subjects under conditions which imposed social stress. Using the relaxed state to provide a baseline, changes in heart rate and finger blood volume pulse were recorded. The subjects were divided to obtain groups with extreme scores on Eysenck's PEN scales, and the groups were compared on the two psychophysiological measures. Contrary to Eysenck's theory of Autonomic Lability as the neurological basis of N, the high N scoring group was not differentiated from the low N group by change in level of sympathetic activity as indicated by blood volume pulse, while, on the heart-rate measure, introverts showed a large increase and extraverts considerably less: there was no overlap between groups (p less than 0.001). It was concluded that extraverts exhibit greater parasympathetic activity relative to sympathetic arousal under this stress condition.

Arousal↗
PubMed1981

EEG and cardiac correlates of neuroticism: a psychophysiological comparison of neurotics and normal controls in relation to personality.

In the context of Eysenck's theory of personality the contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded in 60 psychiatric patients (30 introverted and 30 extraverted neurotics) and 60 normal controls (30 stable extraverts and 30 stable introverts) under three experimental conditions, i.e. the standard CNV-paradigm (St: tone-light-MR) and two discrimination tasks. In these tasks either S1 (info S1) or S2 (info S2) contained task-relevant information with respect to the motor response (MR). At a 4 sec CNV-interval the O- and E-wave, the P300 elicited by S1, the alpha power, the heart rate and the heart rate variability were measured. The EEG, recorded from Cz to the linked earlobes, P4 vs. O2 and the EOG were sampled at a frequency of 100 c/s over a 12 sec epoch (starting 8 sec before S1 till the onset of S2). The increase in informative properties of S1 (as is the case during 'info S1') resulted in enhanced amplitudes (and increased latencies) of O-wave and P300, producing evidence that these two slow waves are related to cortical orientation. The E-wave is not influenced, as expected, by the informative properties of 'info S2' and there is no linear relationship between task complexity and the E-wave. Reaction time increased from 'St' to 'info S2' as did the heart rate. The present results indicate that there is no simple way to characterize CNV-components that can best distinguish neurotics from controls. Neurotics showed during all three conditions shorter P300 latencies than controls indicating that the P300 seems to be a better ERP-parameter than the CNV-components to differentiate between neurotics and controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Differences in the transmission of sensory input into motor output between introverts and extraverts: Behavioral and psychophysiological analyses.

The present study was designed to investigate extraversion-related individual differences in the speed of transmission of sensory input into motor output. In a sample of 16 introverted and 16 extraverted female volunteers, event-related potentials, lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs), and electromyogram (EMG) were recorded as participants performed a visual choice reaction time task. As additional behavioral indicators of performance, measures of reaction time (RT) and response dynamics were obtained. Although extraversion-related differences were found neither for behavioral measures nor for the N1 and P3 components of the evoked potential, introverts showed a reliably shorter latency in stimulus-locked LRP than extraverts. This latter finding supports the notion of faster stimulus analysis in introverts compared to extraverts. Furthermore, there was no indication of extraversion-related individual differences in speed of response organization and response execution as indicated by response-locked LRP and EMG latencies, respectively. However, a significantly higher EMG amplitude observed with introverts pointed to a less accurately adjusted motor output system of introverts compared to extraverts.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Extraversion-related differences in response organization: evidence from lateralized readiness potentials.

Research utilizing a mental-chronometry approach to examine individual differences in extraversion suggests that extraversion-related individual differences may involve stimulus analysis, response organization, and peripheral motor processes. In a sample of 14 introverted and 14 extraverted female volunteers event-related potentials (ERP) and lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were recorded concurrently with reaction time (RT) measures as participants performed a two-choice go/no-go task. Although there were no extraversion-related differences in mean reaction time, introverts showed higher N1 amplitudes and shorter P3 latencies compared to extraverts. Furthermore, response-locked LRP latencies were reliably shorter for extraverts than for introverts. The latter finding provides first direct evidence for the contribution of central processes related to motor activation to account for extraversion-related individual differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Hand preference and personality traits.

The relationship between hand preference (determined by questionnaire) and some personality trait scores was examined. The analysis revealed that males' mean neuroticism score differed between right, mixed and left handers. Right and left hand writers did not differ in mean personality scores.

Extraversion, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Multiple audience problem: a strategic communication perspective on social perception.

Examined how communicators send mixed messages containing an explicit surface content and a covert hidden content. In Study 1, Ss wrote constrained essays presenting either an introverted or extraverted personality. Although authors reported manipulating essay credibility and readers reported relying on credibility to make their judgments, readers succumbed to correspondence bias. In Studies 2 and 3, Ss again prepared either constrained essays (Study 2) or constrained videotapes (Study 3) and included in them a hidden message that would be understood by only their friends but not by strangers. Observers then read these essays or watched these videotapes. Friends detected and decoded the hidden messages, whereas strangers did not. We discuss these findings in terms of social perception and strategic communication.

Communication↗
PubMed1992

Affect, personality, and social activity.

These studies examined relations between social activity and state and trait measures of Positive and Negative Affect. In Study 1 Ss completed scales relevant to 3-factor models of personality and a weekly mood and social activity questionnaire for 13 weeks. In Study 2 Ss completed measures of the 5-factor model of personality and a daily mood and social activity survey for 6-7 weeks. In within- and between-Ss analyses, socializing correlated significantly with state measures of Positive Affect and with trait measures of Extraversion/Positive Emotionality. These relations were relatively general across various types of positive affect and social events; however, specific types of social events also were differentially related to affect. In contrast, social activity had no consistent association with measures of Negative Affect or the other personality dimensions. The results support a temperamental view of Extraversion.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Individual differences in diurnal rhythms and multiple activation states: a reply to M. W. Eysenck and Folkard.

Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what individual difference variable is mediating the time of day and caffeine effects; (b) what the difference is in the diurnal rhythms of low and high impulsives; and (c) whether it is necessary to postulate multiple activation states. Suggestions for future research are then given.

Arousal↗
PubMed2006

Investigating the dopaminergic basis of extraversion in humans: A multilevel approach.

A recent theory suggests that the agency facet of Extraversion (E) is based on brain dopamine (DA). The paucity of human data relevant to this model is probably due to the lack of widely accessible noninvasive psychophysiological indices and well-established behavioral measures sensitive to both E and manipulations of DA activity. Aiming to identify such measures, the authors assessed the electroencephalogram and n-back task performance in groups of introverts and extraverts after administration of either placebo or a selective DA D2 receptor antagonist. As predicted, the antagonist's effects on n-back reaction time measures and frontal versus parietal electroencephalogram theta activity were strongly and specifically modulated by E. New research avenues and theoretical extensions suggested by these results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A double dissociation between mood states and personality traits in the anterior cingulate.

Neuroticism and extraversion are personality traits associated with negative and positive mood states, respectively, confounding trait and state factors that may affect brain responses to emotional stimuli. The authors dissociated these factors using fMRI and the emotional Stroop attention task: Anterior cingulate (AC) response to positive stimuli varied as a function of personality trait, but not mood state, whereas AC response to negative stimuli varied as a function of mood state, but not personality trait. Negative mood, but not personality trait, also increased the functional connectivity between AC and other regions. Variance in AC activation can thus be ascribed to an intersubject variable (extraversion) when responding to positive stimuli and an intrasubject variable (mood) when responding to negative stimuli. The former may explain stable differences between extraverts and introverts. The latter may provide an adaptive mechanism to expand an individual's dynamic range in response to potentially dangerous or threatening stimuli.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Developing a model of adolescent friendship formation on the internet.

Previous research has been largely silent about what precisely influences online friendship formation and has ignored motives for online communication as potential explanations. Drawing on a sample of 493 adolescents, this study tested a path model of adolescent friendship formation including as predictors introversion/extraversion, online self-disclosure, motive for social compensation, and frequency of online communication. Our path analysis showed that extraverted adolescents self-disclosed and communicated online more frequently, which, in turn, facilitated the formation of online friendships. Introverted adolescents, by contrast, were more strongly motivated to communicate online to compensate for lacking social skills. This increased their chances of making friends online. Among introverted adolescents, a stronger motive for social compensation also led to more frequent online communication and online self-disclosure, resulting in more online friendships. The model suggests that the antecedents of online friendship formation are more complex than previously assumed and that motives for online communication should be studied more closely.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physician personality types in physical medicine and rehabilitation as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Personality is one variable that correlates with specialty selection and practice type. To test our hypothesis that there has been a change in the personality type of those entering Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) and to identify the academic potential of those in rehabilitation, we invited all residents and graduates of our training program to participate in a study of personality types within PM&R by completing a Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Thirty residents and 48 graduates completed the questionnaire. A wide range of personality types were represented in our sample. The most common types are shared by a number of other people-oriented, primary care specialties. There was a statistically significant difference between residents and graduates on two of the four MBTI indexes, with graduates more introverted (P < 0.05) and judging (P < 0.001) than the present residents. Intuition, previously correlated with research and academic practice, was the dominant process for the majority of graduates and residents. This would confirm, according to type theory, the academic potential of both graduates and residents in our training program.

Emotions↗