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Results for “Cognitive Dissonance”

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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The lived experience of first-time expectant fathers whose spouses are tocolyzed in hospital.

The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of first-time expectant fathers whose spouses undergo tocolysis in the hospital. The study was conducted by the descriptive phenomenological method. On the basis of the qualitative method, the data were subjected to Colaizzi's content analysis by means of the constant comparison method. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews with six expectant fathers. The findings revealed that the experiences of the fathers could be summarized under the following five themes: being confused and absent-minded in an awkward situation, facing difficulty and attempting to identify solutions, breaking through the dilemma, looking forward to being a father, and looking back with complicated feelings. The findings of this study should provide nursing staff in charge of family- centered maternity care with information about how tocolysis influences the families of first-born babies. They should also contribute to improvements in nursing quality.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Neuropsychological performance, impulsivity, and comorbid psychiatric illness in patients with pathological gambling undergoing treatment at the CORE Inpatient Treatment Center.

INTRODUCTION: Pathologic gambling is a disorder with features that implicate abnormal functioning in brain regions involved in addiction, mood, anxiety, and impulse control disorders. Our goal was to examine brain function with neurocognitive tasks that target these brain regions in patients with pathologic gambling. METHODS: Patients were evaluated for comorbid psychiatric disorders, impulsivity, and performance on reversal-learning and reward-based decision-making cognitive tasks. RESULTS: Patients had higher impulsivity scores and significant deficits on both cognitive tasks compared with controls. All subjects also had comorbid psychiatric disorders, including mood, anxiety, psychotic, and substance abuse. CONCLUSION: The cognitive deficits and impulsivity are consistent with abnormal activity in orbitofrontal-limbic networks. The high level of comorbidity is consistent with the overall severity in these inpatients undergoing treatment, and adds weight to the concept of a fundamental abnormality in this network.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivated scientific reasoning biases, epistemological beliefs, and theory polarization: a two-process approach to adolescent cognition.

Theory-motivated reasoning biases arise when different reasoning skills are invoked to evaluate evidence that is congruent or incongruent with individuals' belief systems. To explore this phenomenon, 66 early and 73 middle adolescents evaluated evidence relevant to their theories of social class or religion. In both conditions, reasoning biases were found, but in-group biases were evident only in the religion condition. In both conditions, higher order scientific reasoning was used to reject theory-incongruent evidence and judgmental heuristics (i.e., cognitive rules of thumb) were used to evaluate theory-congruent evidence. In both conditions, subsequent to the evidence presentation, adolescents' theories became more extreme (i.e., polarized) than at the outset of the experiment. Beliefs regarding the origin, acquisition, and certainty of knowledge, however, appeared to moderate reasoning biases and theory polarization. Age differences emerged on only one index of bias: In the religion condition, middle adolescents were more likely to treat theory-incongruent evidence as implausible. These findings are pertinent to theories of cognitive development, decision making, rationality, and in-group favoritism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A psychophysiological examination of cognitive processing of and affective responses to social expectancy violations.

Several models of person perception predict that expectancy violations have both affective and cognitive consequences for the perceiver. Although extant evidence generally supports these claims, the temporal resolution of traditional self-report measures has limited researchers' ability to convincingly link underlying physiological processes with observed outcomes. In this study, we examined these issues by measuring brain (event-related brain potentials) and peripheral (facial electromyogram) electrophysiological activity while participants read positive and negative expectancy-consistent, expectancy-violating, expectancy-irrelevant, and semantically incongruent behavioral sentences about fictitious characters. The electromyogram results indicated that negative (but not positive) expectancy-violating behaviors elicited enhanced negative affect as early as 100 to 300 ms poststimulus. The event-related potentials showed enhanced positivities with latency exceeding 300 ms in response to expectancy violations and negative behaviors. Semantically incongruent sentence endings influenced a separate negative component (N400), suggesting fundamental differences between semantic- and behavior-consistency processing. This difference also was evident in participants' recall. Implications for theoretical models of expectancy violation are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been found to be hyperactive at rest, during symptom provocation, and after commission of errors in cognitive tasks. This hyperactivity might reflect an abnormality in conflict detection, a hypothesized basic mechanism for the action-monitoring function of the ACC. This hypothesis was tested using functional magnetic resonance imaging, by scanning 11 OCD patients and 13 matched control subjects while they performed a version of the continuous-performance task with four trial types that induced graded levels of response conflict. Although a behavioral index of conflict (i.e., accuracy) was similar for patients and control subjects, the ACC activation was increased in patients during high-conflict trials. The error-related activity in the same brain region was also higher in patients, consistent with previous electrophysiological findings. Both conflict- and error-related activity showed trends for positive correlations with severity of OCD symptoms, but not with anxiety. These findings suggest that as part of an overactive action-monitoring system, the ACC is more directly involved in the pathophysiology of OCD than previously thought.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A symbolic awareness context identified through a grounded theory study of health visiting.

The purpose of the study, which is not yet complete, was one of theory building or conceptualization. This was needed because of a lack of information about how health visitors identify which approach to use within any particular situation. An overview of the method of grounded theory explains how data were collected and analysed. Then, one major aspect of the emerging theory--a symbolic awareness context which seems to surround and influence interactions between health visitors and their clients--is outlined. The analysis suggests that, when the interaction is examined in context, any one question, purpose or topic selected by health visitor or client as a specific focus, forms only a relatively small component part of the whole. Strategies which enhance openness and consonance within the context are detailed. The awareness context has implications for health visiting practice and organization.

Awareness↗
PubMed1992

The change process in alcoholics: client motivation and denial in the treatment of alcoholism within the context of contemporary nursing.

Despite being constantly cited as a critical intervening variable in the recovery from alcohol problems, there is a paucity of literature on client motivation. This paper reviews the current literature which impacts on motivation and its importance in treatment and develops in a stepwise manner the revised expectancy/motivation hypothesis, tentatively explaining both motivation and denial as a natural process in behavioural change. Because of the revised expectancy/motivation hypothesis' distinctly defined stages which closely relate to the process of nursing and the qualitative and quantitative measurement it entails which the nursing process demands, it offers a particularly appropriate model for treatment within nurse practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Problem-based learning in nurse education: an Australian view.

This paper addresses the need to adopt teaching-learning approaches in nursing education that develop links between theory and clinical practice in a meaningful way. Problem-based learning (PBL) is such an approach and is gaining popularity in tertiary nursing programmes in Australia. PBL, as an example of the constructivist philosophy, focuses on students' existing knowledge as a starting point for conceptual change teaching. The implications for the nurse educator's role when using PBL are discussed in terms of assumptions about the nature of teaching and learning; conceptual change teaching; ability to focus; the role of negotiation; and the ability to analyse student learning. These factors are seen to be critical components of the pedagogy necessary for nurse educators to utilize PBL approaches effectively.

Australia↗
PubMed1994

The development of an instrument to measure self-consistency.

The maintenance of self-consistency is a task that engages elderly people, and it can be viewed as an indicator of how well a person can cope with stress in the ageing process. However, there is no reliable and valid instrument to date that measures this phenomenon. To help elderly people to accomplish the task warrants the necessity to develop an instrument to measure self-consistency. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure self-consistency in elderly people with chronic conditions. The Self-Consistency Scale (SCS) was designed and administered to hearing-impaired elderly people (n = 130) in the north-east part of the USA. Psychometric properties of the SCS were evaluated and the results indicated a promising psychometric integrity. The obtained alpha coefficient for the SCS total scale was 0.89, with a score range of 51-104 and a mean total score of 85.10 (SD = 11.04). Convergent validity of the SCS was established by correlating the SCS to a Visual Analogue Scale--A Sense of Self (VAS), r = 0.60 (P < 0.01). Divergent validity with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was established, r = -0.57 (P < 0.01). Maximum likelihood factor analysis with oblimin rotation resulted in a two-factor solution: Factor I, self-knowledge; and Factor II, stability of self-concept.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Moving opposites in the self. A Heraclitean approach.

Theory and method are presented for the investigation of opposites in personal experience, with particular attention to their unification. The strategy is to invite people to relate actively two strongly contrasting experiences (meaning units) and to combine these into a third unit. Three idiographic studies are reported showing that the third meaning unit, created by the subjects, shifts towards another pair of polar opposites. This phenomenon, called the phenomenon of 'moving opposites', is discussed in view of the relationship between the field of personality and social psychology and the field of clinical psychology and psychotherapy. The phenomenon is also discussed with reference to Aristotle's and Heraclitus' conflicting views on opposites.

Adult↗