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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources

PubMed1980

The effect of ultrasound on diffusion through membranes.

The effect of ultrasound and its mechanisms have been studied in the case of diffusion of electrolytes through cellophane membranes as a function of the intensity of the ultrasonic field, the concentration gradient and the irradiation time. The main cause of acceleration of diffusion with ultrasound is the appearance of acoustic microcurrents. Also taking part are: radiation pressure, gravitation, cavitation and acoustic pressure. Values of the diffusion coefficients were calculated from Flick's first law for the case of the stationary processes.

Acoustics↗

PubMed1975

Comparison of honeybee venoms and their components from various sources.

The use of honeybee venoms and their components may assist in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of reactions to honeybee stings. This initial study compared venoms from various sources by chemical and biological assays, and significant variations were observed. Ten different bee venoms were compared by nitrogen analysis, mouse toxicity, hyaluronidase content, and antigenicity. Based on mouse toxicity, hyaluronidase content, and gel diffusion analysis, two groups of bee venoms could be differentiated. Venoms in one group, Group A, were more toxic, contained hyaluronidase, and showed an additional precipitin band. All venoms contained mellitin as a major fraction, which formed nonimmune precipitin bands during gel diffusion analysis. Gel filtration chromatography and dialysis separated the venoms into components that were then identified by enzyme assays, rat mast cell degranulation, hemolytic activity, and gel diffusion analysis. The venoms within Group A showed similar components, some of which, most noticeably hyaluronidase, were not present in Group B. Dialysis showed that a large portion of the venom could pass through a cellophane membrane including a portion of the phospholipase A. Heterogeneous molecular weights were found for phospholipase A by both gel filtration and dialysis, and may reflect variation in carbohydrate content. It appears that bee venom variability for whatever reason, a heterogeneous MW antigen, and a non-immune precipitable component require careful consideration in any study involving this venomm. These studies have yielded relatively pure, identified bee venom components which can be employed in further studies investigating reactions to honeybee stings.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Gel gradient electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional techniques in horizontal, ultrathin polyacrylamide layers.

An ultrathin layer, horizontal polyacrylamide gel system for electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional techniques is described. Gel slabs 240 micron thin for unidimensional, or 360 micron thin for two-dimensional runs are cast on cellophane foils as support. The sample is loaded in pockets pre-cast in the gel (2--3 microliter size) or in trenches for two-dimensional experiments. The second dimension is routinely performed in concave exponential gel gradients, spanning an acrylamide concentration from 4% to 22.5%. The sensitivity with the common Coomassie Blue stain is very high, well below 0.1 microgram protein/band. Zymogram detections can be developed within a few minutes, thus retaining the band sharpness of the focused zones or of the bands separated in pore gradient electrophoresis. Sample handling, staining and destaining and gel drying and storage are greatly simplified and performed in a fraction of the time needed for conventional, thick gels in the 1-2 mm thickness range.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗

PubMed1980

Treatment of post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis.

Post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis in children is an important therapeutic problem in pediatric otolaryngology. The numbers of children treated by prolonged intubation and resuscitated children are increasing. In the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology in Warsaw, 6 children were treated for post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis. In the treatment the method of longitudinal intralaryngotracheal incisions was applied; in 3 cases with tracheotomy followed by cellophane separation and in 3 cases without the use of separator and without tracheotomy. There were no complications connected directly with the operation. Pneumonia was a frequent later complication making treatment difficult. Good therapeutic results were obtained.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Activation of rabbit brain microsomal (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase by a leukocytic product.

The properties of a (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activator contained in leukocytic extracts was investigated. Intact polymorphonuclear leukocytes release the activator in a time- and temperature-dependent process. It is non-dialyzable through cellophane; inactivated by protease, trypsin, or phenol; contains essential sulfhydryl groups; and is heat and acid labile. Treatment of ATPase with the activator and subsequent removable of the activator from mixtures did not reverse the ATPase activation.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1984

Deposition of 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide on human skin.

For rinse-off products such as soaps, quantitating the deposition of ingredients left behind on the skin following rinsing may be important particularly if the ingredient is biologically active, e.g. germicides, perfumes. The residue comprises the major portion of material which is available for percutaneous penetration. A method is described for quantitating the deposition of the soap germicide, 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) as the result of direct application of bar soap on human skin. A soap pellet containing 1.5% [14C]TCC was gently rubbed on a small area of the volar forearm for 30 s. 90 s after soap application the site was thoroughly rinsed with water. After rinsing, 1.4% of the applied [14C]TCC, or 0.33 micrograms/cm2, remained on the treated site as determined by cellophane tape stripping followed by scintillation counting. The amount of TCC deposited from a simulated wash with a bar soap onto human skin is compared to the amount deposited onto the skin of other species.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Improved procedure for the drying and storage of polyacrylamide slab gels.

An improved procedure for the drying and storage of polyacrylamide (PAA) slab gels of various sizes and acrylamide contents is presented. A PAA slab gel is preferentially fixed in methanol-acetic acid-glycerol-water (1.0:1.0:0.1:2.0) and then dried under low pressure in an adapted photoprint dryer between Cellophane and polyethylene foils at 75-80 degrees C for 50-90 min. Strong, transparent and flexible sheets are obtained that can be stored for extended periods. The potential of the procedure is exemplified following electrophoresis of both lipopolysaccharides and protein isolated from Coxiella burnetii bacterium.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and their relation with socio-economic factors and hygienic habits in Tehran primary school students.

School age children carry the heaviest burden of morbidity due to intestinal parasitic infections. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of these infections in primary school children living in Tehran and their association with socio-economic factors and hygienic habits. In September 1998, a total of 19,213 subjects were invited to participate. Data on health and socio-economic status and health-related behaviours, collected via questionnaires, physical examinations and stool sample analyses, were available for 19,209 persons, with a participation rate greater than 99.99%. All participants were subjected to three methods of microscopic examinations on the stool sample and an adhesive cellophane tape slide evaluation. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infection among the students was 18.4%. Coinfection with two or three parasites was seen in 2%. With increase in educational level of parents (especially mothers), the infection rate of children was decreased. Girls showed a significantly higher positive rate than boys. Using piped water, correct method of washing vegetables and increase in the economic score of the family, resulted in a decrease in the infection rate. According to the results, low level of education and consequently poor socio-economic and hygienic condition of families appear to be powerful determinants of infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Prevalence and associations of epiretinal membranes in the visual impairment project.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with epiretinal membranes in a random sample of the population aged 40 years and older in Victoria, Australia. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS: Detailed eye examinations, including retinal photographs, were conducted in 1992 and 1997 in 3271 people (83% of the eligible) in Melbourne and 1473 (92% of the eligible) in rural Victoria. Eyes present with either cellophane macular reflex (CMR) or preretinal macular fibrosis (PMF) were classified as having epiretinal membranes. Eyes with both CMR and PMF present were classified as having PMF. Age-standardized prevalence rates and 95% confidence limits were calculated by the direct methods using Segi's world population. RESULTS: Epiretinal membranes were observed in 253 of 4313 participants (6.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2 to 6.7), bilaterally in 19%. Prevalence increased significantly by age group (0.5% for 40 to 49 years, 2.6% for 50 to 59 years, 9.4% for 60 to 69 years, 15.1% for 70 to 79 years, and 11.3% for 80 years and older). Prevalence was similar in males and females after adjusting for age. The overall age- and gender-standardized prevalence of CMR was 4.8% (95% CI 4.0 to 5.6) and PMF was 1.7% (95% CI 1.2 to 2.3). A decrease in visual acuity (<6/6) was significantly associated with idiopathic PMF (odds ratio [OR] 1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6) and CMR (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0) after adjusting for age. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of epiretinal membranes was similar to that reported in other population-based studies. Population shifts in the age distribution to older ages could lead to an increase in mild visual impairment caused by epiretinal membranes.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A biosensor for the determination of amylase activity.

A new biosensing flow injection method for the determination of alpha-amylase activity has been introduced. The method is based on the analysis of maltose produced during the hydrolysis of starch in the presence of alpha-amylase. Maltose determination in the flow system was allowed by the application of peroxide electrode equipped with an enzyme membrane. The membrane was obtained by immobilisation of glucose oxidase, alpha-glucosidase and optionally mutarotase on a cellophane, co-crosslinked by gelatin-glutaraldehyde together with bovine serum albumine. alpha-Glucosidase hydrolyses maltose to alpha-D-glucose, which is converted to beta-D-glucose by mutarotase. beta-D-Glucose is then determined via glucose oxidase. The new biosensor has the limit of detection of 50 nmol l(-1) maltose, which means 2 nkat ml(-1) in alpha-amylase activity units, when the reaction time of amylase was 5 min (determined with respect to a signal-to-noise ratio 3:1). When the reaction time of alpha-amylase was 30 min, the limit of detection was 0.5 nkat ml(-1). A linear range of current response was 0.1-3 mmol l(-1) maltose, with a response time of 35s. The biosensor was stable at least two months and retained 70% of its original activity (with mutarotase the stability is decreased to 3 weeks). When the enzyme membrane was stored in a dry state at 4 degrees C in a refrigerator, the lifetime was approximately 6 months (with mutarotase only 3 months).

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2004

Vehicle effects on in vitro release of tiaprofenic acid from different topical formulations.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro release properties of tiaprofenic acid (TA) from different topical vehicles. Carbopol 940 gel, chitosan gel, two types of emulsion-based ointment formulations (o/w and w/o) and hydrophilic petrolatum USP were prepared with 2% drug content. Drug release from all vehicles through a standard cellophane membrane was evaluated by using Franz-type diffusion cells. In vitro release study results showed that the diffusion coefficients of the drug from vehicles rank according to the following order: Carbopol 940 gel (D = 3.11 x 10(-7) +/- 0.54 cm(2)/s) > chitosan gel (D = 0.27 x 10(-7) +/- 0.08 cm(2)/s) > emulsion-based ointment (o/w) (D = 0.18 x 10(-7) +/- 0.05 cm(2)/s) > emulsion-based ointment (w/o) (D = 0.13 x 10(-7) +/- 0.02 cm(2)/s) > hydrophilic petrolatum USP (D = 0.02 x 10(-7) +/- 0.01 cm(2)/s). Carbopol 940 gel base showed significantly higher drug release than other vehicles (P < 0.001). These results indicated that Carbopol 940 gel base is a good candidate for the topical delivery of TA, giving significantly higher drug release than the other vehicles.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of methods for the assessment of growth of food spoilage moulds in solid substrates.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the general suitability of ergosterol content, CFU, and colony diameters determinations for a range of fungi representing food spoilage moulds for the assessment of their growth on solid substrates, in particular intermediate moisture foods. Sixteen food-borne mould species were inoculated onto DG18 agar overlaid with cellophane, allowing determination of a direct measurement of biomass density weighing. The samples were also evaluated with regard to visible and microscopic colony diameters, total ergosterol content, Thoma counts, viable CFU counts, and so on. The same parameters were assayed in the spore suspensions obtained from those cultures. Data were evaluated by multivariate data analysis using projection methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), showing some groupings among the measured variables, mainly linked to the sporulating/nonsporulating nature of the different species tested. Ratios among the different variables were obtained, compared among the species, and evaluated along time (2-10 days). It was concluded that, as a general rule for all the species, ergosterol content and colony diameters were better correlated to fungal biomass dry weight than CFU counts were. Conversion factors were 0.3-3 microg ergosterol mg(-1) biomass dry weight and 76-227 mg biomass dry weight cm(-2), depending on the species.

Biomass↗

PubMed2005

Statistical analysis of structural and kinetic characteristics of fungal colony growth with Trichoderma viride PERS.: S.F. Gray.

The mycelial colonies of Trichoderma viride were grown between two thin cellophane films for exact measurements. The results obtained testify to the fact that in a mature colony the average length of intercalary cells, the average number of intercalary cells in an internode and the average internode length are stable. At this stage of morphogenesis the mean internode length is shown to be equal to the product of the average intercalary cell length and the average number of intercalary cells in an internode. The coefficients of variation of the internode length and the number of intercalary cells in an internode are found to be equal. The length of an intercalary cell and duration of the doubling cycle of an apical cell of T. viride obey the law of Gamma distribution. According to our observations, the Gamma distribution is typical for the length and duration of the doubling cycle of any bacterial cells and cells of any multicellular organisms.

Culture Media↗

PubMed2005

Historical aspects for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Japan has been one of the very few countries that operated the nationwide control programme against soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infections and gained a great success. On the basis of researches and operational studies, periodical mass-examination using cellophane thick smear (Kato technique) and selective mass-treatment targeted at school children were employed as the most useful control measure. In later years, Japan's experience and the strategy for STH control programme were transferred to Asian countries through Asian Parasite Control Organization (APCO) and also to countries of Asia, Africa and Latin-America through seminar at a modified form of the integration programme (IP) of STH control with family planning and nutritional improvement. The parasitologists group conducted studies in all aspects to seek effective STH control measures for respective countries and obtained many successful results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Generating new pancreas from old.

Pancreas regeneration after tissue damage is a key response to pancreatic injury, involving pancreatic duct progenitor cells and intra-islet precursor cells. Surgical removal of the pancreas, duct obstruction by cellophane wrapping and bone marrow-derived stem cell transplantation act as inductive stimuli, leading to pancreas regeneration. The exact role of growth and differentiation factors regulating pancreatic beta-cell mass remains unknown. Here, I will attempt to integrate recent findings and speculate on the factors that trigger this fascinating response, wherein the pancreas responds to a deficit in cell mass and undergoes new islet formation, leading to restoration of normal beta-cell mass. I will also discuss recent advances in regenerating endocrine pancreatic cells, which could affect stem cell-based approaches to treating diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Absorbable skin graft staples: a clinical trial using Graftac-X.

Skin stapling devices are a quick, effective method for securing skin grafts in burns patients. Removal of staples can be painful, often requiring a general anaesthetic. This problem has led to the recent development of absorbable staples which extrude with time. A prospective controlled clinical trial was performed on 20 burns patients comparing absorbable skin tacks with stainless steel staples. An area of at least 50 cm2 was grafted in each patient, half of which was secured with absorbable tacks and half with stainless steel staples. Each patient therefore acted as his/her own control. The presence of infection, haematoma and graft take using a grided cellophane sheet were assessed at one week. Infection and excess scarring at tack sites were assessed at one month. A statistically significant difference was not found between either group. In our hands absorbable skin staples have proven to be a reliable method of securing skin grafts.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Properties of a new acid-buffering bioadhesive vaginal formulation (ACIDFORM).

Vaginal prophylactic methodology may prevent heterosexual transmission of the HIV and other sexually transmitted disease-causing organisms as well as unplanned pregnancies. A new delivery system (ACIDFORM) was designed with acid-buffering, bioadhesive, and viscosity-retaining properties to (1) maintain the acidic vaginal milieu (the low pH inactivates many pathogens and spermatozoa), (2) form a protective layer over the vaginal/cervical epithelium (minimizing contact with pathogenic organisms), and (3) provide long-term vaginal retention. A Phase I clinical study with ACIDFORM provided initial information about its safety and showed the formation of a layer over the vaginal/cervical epithelium [1; Amaral et al., Contraception 1999;60:361-6]. To study the properties of the gel (without active ingredient) in more detail, ACIDFORM's acid-buffering, bioadhesive, viscosity-retaining, and spermicidal properties were compared in vitro to marketed formulations, and its long-term stability was assessed. ACIDFORM, either when titrated with NaOH or when mixed directly with semen, is highly acid buffering and much more effective than Aci-Jel, a commercial acid-buffering vaginal product. ACIDFORM adheres well to two model membranes (excised sheep vagina and cellophane) and is more bioadhesive than Conceptrol, Advantage S, Replens, Aci-Jel, and K-Y jelly. On dilution, ACIDFORM also retains its viscosity better than these marketed products. ACIDFORM is spermicidal and is stable for at least 2 years. These results suggest that ACIDFORM has advantages over presently marketed vaginal delivery systems. The gel may either be useful by itself as an antimicrobial contraceptive product or as a formulation vehicle for an active ingredient with antimicrobial and/or contraceptive properties.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A self-filling micropipette for the isolation of single coccidial oocysts.

A disposable, self-filling micropipette is described for the isolation of single oocysts of chicken coccidia from laboratory stocks. A sterile 1 microliter capillary tube is mounted, using sealing wax, into the narrower end of a broken-off Pasteur pipette. This micropipette is pushed into one end of a 60 cm length of flexible plastic tubing and a 5 cm glass tube is pushed into the other end. The apparatus is used by holding the glass tube in one's mouth, maintaining a positive pressure in the buccal cavity, while the tip of the capillary tube in the micropipette is juxtaposed with a single oocyst in a diluted stock on a cavity slide, observed under a microscope objective. A sudden release of the positive pressure causes the chosen oocyst to be instantaneously taken up into the capillary tube. Using the tube again, the oocyst is then blown out onto a piece of 'Cellophane' which is placed in a gelatine capsule. The capsule is administered to a chick in a plastic-film isolator.

Animals↗