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PubMed1992

[Disordered retrograde memory: diagnostic procedures in brain damage].

The maintenance of old memories subsequent to brain damage is discussed with the particular aim of pointing out problems and possibilities of measuring them post-injury. Relationships between forms of brain damage and retrograde amnesia are outlined, and various recent tests designed to measure old memories are specified and assessed. From this survey it is concluded that tests and test batteries are rather heterogenous so far and at best only crudely comparable between studies, and that a clinically practicable (i.e., short), yet valid and reliable test still has to be created.

Amnesia, Retrograde↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of activation and blocking of the GABA-ergic system during disorders of memory trace reproduction].

Analysis of the effects of activation and blocade of GABA-ergic system showed significant changes in the level of reproduction of conditioned reaction of passive avoidance in mice--lowering under administration of muscimol and baclopfen and increase under administration of picrotoxin and bicucullin in a dose of 1 mg/kg. Sharp lowering was observed of the efficiency of activating influence of drugs depressing the activity of GABA-ergic system at a long interval from the moment of administration of "psychogenic" amnestic agent. Dependence was established of the drugs influence on the type of memory disturbance: higher value of bicucullin and picrotoxin in retrieval of memory trace disturbed by cycloheximide in comparison to "psychogenic" amnesia. On the basis of the obtained results a suggestion is made on the significance of GABA-ergic mechanisms in regulation of reproduction processes.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

Brief assessment of cognitive impairment in patients with stroke.

The Stroke Unit Mental Status Examination (SUMSE) has been developed to provide a reliable poststroke test of cognitive functioning that may be administered at bedside. SUMSE was designed to assess major cognitive disorders caused by stroke (eg, language disorders, visuoperceptual deficits, and memory disorders) while avoiding, as much as possible, reliance on patients' English language skills and motor movements. SUMSE's reliability and validity were evaluated by administering it to patients on a stroke rehabilitation unit in conjunction with already validated tests. The results indicated that SUMSE has the potential to become a useful tool for the bedside assessment of mental impairment in stroke patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

The 1977 Bela Schick Memorial Lecture: disorders of suppressor cells in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency, autoimmune and allergic diseases: human disease associated with disorders of an immunological breaking system.

A series of suppressor cell systems regulate virtually all immunological processes. Disorders of suppressor cells have been identified, including an increased number of activated suppressor T cells in some patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or with selective IgA deficiency. At the other end of the spectrum of immunological response a reduction in suppressor T cell activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and possibly allergic diseases.

Agammaglobulinemia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disorders of memory.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1998

[Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease].

The diagnosis of dementia of Alzheimer type (DTA) in the early stage of the disease may be possible with the development of specialized memory consultations. After this diagnosis, we can inform family and even the patient in some cases, monitor the progression of disease, give or not treatment, and help family for daily life management (money, car driving, administration papers, etc.). The first step is to analyse the memory complaints of the patient and if possible of his family. The difficulties in everyday life are more informative than an anxious complaint of memory and some IADL deficiency appear early: difficulty to use phone, drugs, transports or checks. The patient examination by a practitioner or a neurologist has to be complete, even if normal in most of the cases. The practitioner has to explore without specific material, the main cognitive domain: the "5 words test" illustrates a useful memory tool, analysing two types of recall. We also must observe writing, digit span, naming and verbal fluency. The examination by a psychologist using standardized batteries of tests must always be driven by this clinical exploration using common scales like MMS or ADAS. In very early DTA, we may observe a cognitive decline limited to some aspects of memory (free long term recall, cued recall, working memory...) with a decline of the most controlled attentional tasks. An isolated memory disorder has to be identified either as onset of DTA or as an aging related cognitive decline (ARCD): the difference is qualitative and may appear only on repeated exams by experimented psychologist.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Disorganised memory after right dorsolateral prefrontal damage.

Neurophysiological and functional brain imaging studies suggest the importance of dorsolateral area 9/46 for modality-independent working memory. However, the behavioural manifestations following isolated damage to this area have not been clearly outlined. Here, we describe the dramatic derangement of pragmatic memory after circumscribed lesion of the right area 9/46. A 52 year-old woman had suffered a traumatic brain injury 13 years ago and sought help for what she thought was a severe memory disorder. She regularly missed appointments and had gradually lost all her friends. She had tried different strategies to compensate for her memory problem, such as writing notes on her wrist or using electronic organizers. Intelligence, attention, verbal long-term memory, and executive functions were normal. Furthermore, experimental exploration demonstrated intact time estimation, attribution of memories to ongoing reality, and anticipation of outcomes. However, she failed to rehearse and manipulate information in working memory (n-back task), confirming the findings of functional imaging studies that the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in mental manipulation of information. This case exemplifies that an isolated lesion of the right area 9/46 may induce severe failure to schedule actions and memory retrieval, a disorder leading to severely disorganised behaviour and disability.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Depressed mood and memory impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy as a function of focus lateralization and localization.

OBJECTIVE: Memory disorders and depressed mood are prominent psychological symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsies (TLEs). We examined the interaction of depressive mood and memory as a function of focus localization. METHODS: One hundred fifty-two TLE patients with right mesial (n=37, RTLE-AHS), right lateral (n=31, RTLE-LAT), left mesial (n=42, LTLE-AHS), and left lateral (n=42, LTLE-LAT) lesions and epilepsies underwent comprehensive presurgical evaluation and neuropsychological assessment of mood and memory. Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) and partial correlation analyses were performed to reveal interactions of depression and memory as a function of focus localization. RESULTS: No differences between the study groups were revealed for depression, indicating a general risk of 30% for depressed mood (BDI>12) in patients with TLE. ANCOVAs revealed significant main effects of focus side (left: verbal learning deficits; right: figural learning deficits) and site (mesial at disadvantage) on learning and memory scores. Correlation analyses revealed interactions between memory and mood only in LTLE-LAT patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although the data provide evidence that side and site of the epileptogenic region differentially affect material specific memory performance, there was no evidence of a specific temporal target region for depressive mood. In the majority of the patients, depressed mood and memory impairment appeared as independent rather than as related symptoms of TLE. In LTLE-LAT, however, mood was significantly related to verbal and figural memory performance. Epilepsy-driven pathological left temporofrontal circuits are discussed as a prerequisite for the coupling of mood disorders and memory impairment in this specific patient subgroup which is also known from the psychiatric major depression syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Executive control functions in degenerative dementias: a comparative review.

This paper reviews the literature concerning executive control impairments in degenerative dementias. The construct of executive control functioning is examined, as is the neuroanatomy of frontal-subcortical networks, believed to underlie executive function (EF) impairments. The pattern of EF impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD) which affects temporal and parietal brain regions most severely is contrasted with observed executive dysfunctions in patients with dementias involving degeneration of primarily frontal and frontal-subcortical brain areas. EF impairments are present in each of these types of dementing illnesses. Although EF impairments are present in AD, they are less prominent than the memory disorder in the neuropsychological profile of the disease and tend to become more pronounced later in the course of the illness. In contrast, patients with frontal or frontal-subcortical dementia may demonstrate executive dysfunction, which occurs earlier in the disease progression and may be initially more severe.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Animal models of amnesia of alcoholic origin: an amnesia without memory impairment].

Our studies show that chronic alcohol consumption (CAC) in Balb/c mice induces (1) a deficit of spontaneous but not effortful retrieval processes, and (2) a concomitant reduction of anxiety, suggesting a potential interaction between emotional and memory disorders. We have shown that the benzodiazepine agonist, diazepam, induces memory deficits similar to those produced by CAC, whereas administering beta CCM (an inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine receptor) alleviated the memory deficits of alcohol-treated subjects. Parallel neuroanatomical studies have shown that CAC produced cell damage in the mamillary bodies, whereas no major changes were observed in the hippocampus or the frontal cortex, which is involved in long-term consolidation processes. Overall data show that CAC induced amnesia is not due to a dysfunction of the neural networks underlying memory storage processes, but rather results from a difficulty in activating the neural substrates engaged in retrieval processes which depend on emotional, motivational or environmental factors.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2007

Overgeneral autobiographical memory and depressive disorder in children.

Overgeneral autobiographical memory seems to be a stable cognitive marker in depressed adults and may predict persistence of depression. This study investigated whether depressive disorders in children are associated with overgeneral memory. Sixty children (ages 9 to 13 years) participated; 15 were diagnosed with lifetime depressive disorder, 25 had other lifetime psychiatric disorders, and 20 had no history of psychiatric disorder. Depressed children gave fewer specific memories compared to children with no or other psychiatric disorders, even after controlling for depressive mood, potential traumatic life events, verbal IQ, and verbal memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A short review of cognitive and functional neuroimaging studies of cholinergic drugs: implications for therapeutic potentials.

In the last 20 years a cholinergic dysfunction has been the major working hypothesis for the pharmacology of memory disorders. Cholinergic antagonists and lesions impair and different classes of cholinomimetics (i.e. acetylcholine precursors, cholinergic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) enhance attention and memory in experiment animals, healthy human subjects and Alzheimer disease patients. In addition, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors improve different cognitive (i.e. visuospatial and verbal) functions in a variety of unrelated disorders such as dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, schizoaffective disorders, iatrogenic memory loss, traumatic brain injury, hyperactivity attention disorder and, as we recently reported, vascular dementia and mild cognitive impairment. In animals, different cholinomimetics dose-dependently increased regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) and regional blood flow (rCBF), two indices of neuronal function, more markedly in subcortical regions (i.e. thalamus, hippocampus and visual system nuclei). In both healthy human subjects and Alzheimer disease patients acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increased rCMRglc and rCBF in subcortical and cortical brain regions at rest but attenuated rCBF increases during cognitive performances. Hence, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may enhance cognition and rCMRglc by acting primarily on subcortical regions that are involved in attentional (i.e. thalamus) and memory (i.e. hippocampus) processes; such an effect probably is not specific for Alzheimer disease and can be beneficial in patients suffering from a wide array of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The validity of informant reports in assessing the severity of dementia: evidence from the CAMDEX interview.

The evaluation of a patient's mental state, overall clinical profile and behavioural disturbance in the process of diagnosing dementia requires at least two sources of information: the patient and the informant. Since the severity of the dementia may interfere with the subjective perception of these disorders, it is important to evaluate the consistency between these two sources of information and the clinical and psychometric evaluation made by the physician. Accordingly, in this study five behavioural areas, derived from the semi-structured interview schedule provided by the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX, i.e., Sleep, Depressed Mood, Everyday Activity, Memory and Global Mental Functioning) have been tested on the patient and his/her informant. Eighty dementia patients (mean age = 74 years) and their informants participated in the study. The dementia group was subdivided into two levels of severity according to DSM-IIIR criteria: 41 with mild dementia and 39 with moderate dementia, respectively, matched for age and schooling. The rating of impairment was found to increase along with the severity of dementia in all the above-mentioned areas, except for sleep. However, the source of information per se significantly influenced the evaluation of memory functioning. Moreover, the significant interaction between the two factors considered indicates that memory functioning is evaluated quite differently by the patients and the informants, as only in the assessment made by the latter group did the impairment increase in parallel with severity of dementia. Finally, whereas none of the subjective measures recorded in the patients were significantly correlated with their test scores, the correlations between the informant memory appraisals and patient test results proved to be significant. The present findings confirm the validity of informant reports in assessing cognitive and memory disorders in early-stage dementia, as well as in distinguishing patients with mild from those with moderate dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging.

OBJECTIVE: To test the verbal memory of older volunteers given citicoline. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design was employed in the initial study. After data analysis, a subgroup was identified whose members had relatively inefficient memories. These subjects were recruited for a second study that used a crossover design. The subjects took either placebo or citicoline, 1000 mg/d, for 3 months in the initial study. In the crossover study, subjects took both placebo and citicoline, 2000 mg/d, each for 2 months. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 47 female and 48 male volunteers 50 to 85 years old. They were screened for dementia, memory disorders, and other neurological problems. Of the subjects with relatively inefficient memories, 32 participated in the crossover study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Verbal memory was tested at each study visit using a logical memory passage. Plasma choline concentrations were measured at baseline; at days 30, 60, and 90 in the initial study; and at day 60 of each treatment condition in the crossover study. Plasma choline concentrations and memory scores were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and covariance, followed by planned comparisons when appropriate. RESULTS: In the initial study, citicoline therapy improved delayed recall on logical memory only for the subjects with relatively inefficient memories. In the crossover study, the higher dosage of citicoline was clearly associated with improved immediate and delayed logical memory. CONCLUSIONS: Citicoline therapy improved verbal memory functioning in older individuals with relatively inefficient memories. Citicoline may prove effective in treating age-related cognitive decline that may be the precursor of dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Drug associated memory impairment].

There are lots of conditions producing memory impairment. It must be taken into account, not only degenerative diseases like Alzheimer Disease; but also epilepsy, depression, stress, recreational drug abuse, thyroid diseases, etc. In this article we'll comment on one of the more common and current ways of having memory disorders such as some medications currently in use, especially by old people. As physicians, we usually "forget" that many prescription medicines or over the counter remedies could have the potential hazard of producing severe memory impairment or delirium. In our country, benzodiazepines, are one of the most prescribed drugs used to deal with anxiety disorders, and are usually taken chronically almost without professional surveillance producing memory disorders as well as depression, addiction, etc. Other medications, like antidepressants, anticonvulsants, sedatives, cardiological drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs will be also discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Complete Klüver-Bucy syndrome in man.

A 22 year old right-handed man suffered a viral meningoencephalitis, possibly herpetic, resulting in bilateral damage to the temporal lobes as confirmed by appropriate clinical, electrophysiological and neuroradiological studies. Extended clinical neuropsychological evaluation documented all the characteristic features of the syndrome described by Klüver and Bucy following bilateral ablation of the temporal lobes in adult Rhesus monkeys, including "psychic blindness," oral exploration, hypermetamorphic impulse to action," lack of emotional responsiveness, aberrant sexual behavior, and an insatiable appetite. Additionally, a severe Wernicke's aphasia and a profound memory disorder were evident. The significance of these features as regards limbic function in the human is discussed.

Adult↗