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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Disjunctive arousal changes as a consequence of nondrug clinical intervention.

Sleeplessness and resting pulse rate were studied in relation to behavioral treatment of 34 chronic psychotics using an 18-week ABAB research design. These arousal measures, unrelated in the base line, showed significant opposing changes during four of the first ten treatment weeks. Sleeplessness improved proportionately with clinical response, gauged by social participation, whereas pulse rates were significantly exacerbated early in treatment. When treatment was withdrawn and reinstated, pulse rates correspondingly decreased and increased significantly. These results suggested that arousal changes transcend specific drug action and are a consequence of treatment -- possibly a hindrance -- rather than its source. The systematic differences supported a distinction between two arousal processes, on responsive and one resistant to treatment. It was proposed that the elevation of autonomic arousal with treatment may reflect dysphoria from threat to psychotic homeostasis and consequent therapeutic resistance. Implications were drawn regarding clinical intervention with poor prognosis psychotics, a two-factor model of arousal disorder, and a nonunitary approach to arousal research.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Homologue pairing: initiation sites and effects on crossing over and chromosome disjunction in Drosophila melanogaster].

The role of homologue pairing and chromocentral association of chromosomes in recombination and segregation during cell division is discussed. Peculiarities of mitotic and meiotic chromosome pairing in Drosophila males and females are considered. On the basis of our own and published data, the presence and localization of sites of homologue pairing initiation in euchromatin are substantiated. The effects of transfer of initiation sites along a chromosome (exemplified by inversions) on chromosome pairing (asynapsis), crossing over (intrachromosomal, interchromosomal, and centromeric effects), and segregation are discussed. To record the effects of pairing sites on crossing over, a method of comparing crossing-over frequencies in an inverted region with those in a region of the same size and position with regard to the centromere on cytological maps was proposed. Chromosomes orient toward opposite division poles during paracentromeric heterochromatin pairing. This occurs after successful euchromatin pairing, during which the chromocentral circular structure is reorganized. If heterochromatin pairing is disrupted because of structural or locus mutations, nonexchange bivalents segregate randomly. In this case, chromosome coordination may occur due to proximal chiasmata or chromocentral associations between homologues.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Reaction time as a diagnostic measure in senility.

Both simple and disjunctive reaction times (RT) are known to slow with aging but there is a paucity of information on RT changes in senility. Since disjunctive RT involves cognition in addition to the sensory-motor speed and attentional components of simple RT, it was hypothesized that disjunctive RT would be a reliable index of age-related mental decline. To test this prediction, simple and disjunctive RT were measured in matched groups of 20 normal and 20 cognitively impaired elderly. Simple RT was slower in the senile patients than in the normal subjects, but this difference was accounted for by differences in disjunctive RT. The senile patients showed a much larger performance decrement with respect to disjunctive RT than did the normal subjects--a difference which was not accounted for by differences in simple RT. In a discriminant function analysis, disjunctive RT alone correctly identified the senile patients and the normal subjects with 86% accuracy. Thus, this measure proved to be a reliable index of age-related mental decline. Preliminary data indicate that disjunctive RT slowing is correlated with non-memory mental decline, and that poor performance is related to the need for care and supervision.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Voluntary binocular gaze-shifts in the plane of regard: dynamics of version and vergence.

We studied the dynamics of voluntary, horizontal, binocular gaze-shifts between pairs of continuously visible, real three-dimensional targets. Subjects were stabilized on a biteboard to allow full control of target angles, which were made to differ only in distance (pure vergence), only in direction (pure version; conjugate saccades) or in both distance and direction (disjunctive saccades). A wide range of changes in vergence (0-25 deg) and version (0-65 deg) was recorded to study the dynamics of disjunctive saccades, described until now for limited ranges, throughout the horizontal oculomotor range within manual working space, and to study the velocity-duration-amplitude relations ("main sequence") of disjunctive vs conjugate saccades. Pure vergence was almost never observed; divergence, especially, was always associated with saccades. Likewise, horizontal saccades were never strictly conjugate, they always contained a transient divergence-convergence sequence. The amplitude and velocity of these transient components varied systematically with saccadic size. In combined version-vergence movements, vergence was, in general, accelerated and shortened as a function of increasing version. This effect was fairly uniform for divergence, which appeared to increase in velocity by about as much as the transient peak divergent velocity of the version saccade. The intrasaccadic fraction of divergence increased from about 50% to close to 100% as a function of increasing version. For convergence, saccades up to about 20 deg were also accelerating; in this case it appeared as if the transient peak convergent velocity of the version saccade was added to the basic convergence velocity. For larger saccades this effect was partly counteracted by the penetration of an initial divergence associated with the saccade. This initial divergence delayed and slowed down convergence. The intrasaccadic fraction of convergence varied between about 40% and 70%. In disjunctive saccades the individual eyes did not follow the main-sequence parameters of conjugate saccades of comparable sizes, except for the eye that moved with the combination "abduction and divergence". For all other combinations of vergence and version, disjunctive saccades had lower peak velocities and longer durations than conjugate saccades. As a consequence, disjunctive version was also slower than conjugate version. Thus, while version accelerates vergence, vergence slows down version: in the generalized case of three-dimensional gaze-shifts, peak velocities and durations are in between those of the limiting cases of pure version and pure vergence. We conclude that, within manual working space, binocular gaze-shifts are effected by the highly integrated action of conjugate and disjunctive mechanisms, both of which are expressed preferentially in fast, saccadic movements.

Adult↗