SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Word Processing”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Perceptual and conceptual components in implicit and explicit stem completion.

This study was aimed at investigating functional and neuropsychological dissociations between repetition priming and explicit memory tasks. The explicit and implicit versions of the stem completion task were administered to a group of amnesics and a group of control subjects. In Experiment 1 both the explicit and implicit stem completions were significantly higher when the same presentation modality was used for studying and testing than when a change in modality from studying to testing occurred. Amnesics had normal implicit and deficient explicit completion performance. Experiment 2 revealed an advantage of the semantic over the phonological condition only in the explicit task and only in control subjects. Amnesic patients completed the same percentage of words as normal subjects in the phonological and semantic conditions of the implicit task and in the phonological condition of the explicit task but were deficient in intentionally completing semantically processed words. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed according to theoretical models that distinguish memory tasks along an explicit-implicit dichotomy (multiple memory system theory) or along a perceptual-conceptual dichotomy (transfer-appropriate procedures approach), and alternative theoretical positions are evaluated regarding repetition priming and memory deficits in amnesic patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Cross-cultural effect on the brain revisited: universal structures plus writing system variation.

Recognizing printed words requires the mapping of graphic forms, which vary with writing systems, to linguistic forms, which vary with languages. Using a newly developed meta-analytic approach, aggregated Gaussian-estimated sources (AGES; Chein et al. [2002]: Psychol Behav 77:635-639), we examined the neuroimaging results for word reading within and across writing systems and languages. To find commonalities, we compiled 25 studies in English and other Western European languages that use an alphabetic writing system, 9 studies of native Chinese reading, 5 studies of Japanese Kana (syllabic) reading, and 4 studies of Kanji (morpho-syllabic) reading. Using the AGES approach, we created meta-images within each writing system, isolated reliable foci of activation, and compared findings across writing systems and languages. The results suggest that these writing systems utilize a common network of regions in word processing. Writing systems engage largely the same systems in terms of gross cortical regions, but localization within those regions suggests differences across writing systems. In particular, the region known as the visual word form area (VWFA) shows strikingly consistent localization across tasks and across writing systems. This region in the left mid-fusiform gyrus is critical to word recognition across writing systems and languages.

Brain↗

PubMed2004

Age of acquisition and the cumulative-frequency hypothesis: a review of the literature and a new multi-task investigation.

Early-acquired words are processed faster than late-acquired words. This is a well-accepted effect within the word recognition literature. Different explanations have been proposed, either localizing the effect of age of acquisition (AoA) in a particular substage of word processing or seeing it as the result of the way in which information is stored and accessed in the brain in general. The cumulative-frequency hypothesis is an example of the latter type of explanation: it states that the total number of times a system has come across a particular stimulus will determine the speed with which the stimulus can be recognized. The present multi-task investigation provides a critical test of the different explanations. Results show that in a variety of word processing tasks the effects of frequency and AoA are highly correlated, and that the impact of AoA is consistently higher than would be expected on the basis of the cumulative-frequency hypothesis. The findings are interpreted as evidence for recent demonstrations of a loss of plasticity in neural networks due to training and/or for mathematical models that describe the growth of the lexico-semantic network as the attachment of new nodes to existing nodes.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

The effects of presentation rate during word and pseudoword reading: a comparison of PET and fMRI.

The effect of stimulus rate and its interaction with stimulus type on brain activity during reading was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This (i) enabled the segregation of brain regions showing differential responses, (ii) identified the optimum experimental design parameters for maximizing sensitivity, and (iii) allowed us to evaluate further the sources of discrepancy between positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI signals. The effect of visual word rate has already been investigated in a previous PET study. However, rate effects can be very different in PET and fMRI, as seen in previous studies of auditory word processing. In this work, we attempt to replicate rate-sensitive activations observed with PET using fMRI. Our objective was to characterize the discrepancies in regionally specific rate-sensitive effects between the two imaging modalities. Subjects were presented with words and pseudowords at varying rates while performing a silent reading task. The analysis specifically identified regions showing (i) an effect of stimulus rate on brain activity during reading; (ii) modulation of this effect by word type; and (iii) increased activity during reading relative to rest, but with no dependence on stimulus rate. The results identified similar effects of rate for words and pseudowords (no interactions between rate and word type reached significance). Irrespective of word type, strong positive linear effects of rate (i.e., activity increasing with rate) were detected in visual areas, right superior temporal gyrus, and bilateral precentral gyrus. These findings replicate the results of the previous PET study, confirming that activation in regions associated with visual processing and response generation increases with the number of stimuli. Likewise, we detected rate-independent effects reported in the previous PET study in bilateral anterior middle temporal, inferior frontal, and superior parietal regions. These results differentiate the functionally specific responses in rate-dependent and rate-independent areas. However, for negative effects of rate, fMRI did not replicate the effects seen in PET, suggesting some form of hemodynamic "rectification." The discussion focuses on differences between evoked rCBF and BOLD signals.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Deep dyslexia is right-hemisphere reading.

Two views exist concerning the proper interpretation of the form of acquired dyslexia known as deep dyslexia: (a) that it represents reading by a multiply damaged left hemisphere reading system; (b) that it represents reading which relies extensively on right-hemisphere orthographic and semantic processing. Price, Howard, Patterson, Warburton, Friston, and Frackowiak (1998) have recently reported a brain-imaging study whose results, they claim, "preclude an explanation of deep dyslexia in terms of purely right-hemisphere word processing." Their claim conflicts with the conclusions of previous published work, which strongly supports the RH hypothesis, work which they do not mention. Furthermore, I argue that their own results also favor the RH hypothesis (even though they claim otherwise); indeed, their results permit the formulation of a much more detailed version of the RH hypothesis than has hitherto been possible. Hence I conclude that the right-hemisphere interpretation of deep dyslexic reading remains the preferred explanation of deep dyslexia.

Brain↗

PubMed2000

Right hemisphere semantic processing of visual words in an aphasic patient: an fMRI study.

This study was designed to identify the neural network supporting the semantic processing of visual words in a patient with large-scale damage to left-hemisphere (LH) language structures. Patient GP, and a control subject, RT, performed semantic and orthographic tasks while brain-activation patterns were recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In RT, the semantic-orthographic comparison activated LH perisylvian and extrasylvian temporal regions comparable to the network of areas activated by non-brain-damaged subjects in other neuroimaging studies of semantic discrimination. In GP, the same comparison activated homologous right-hemisphere regions, demonstrating the ability of the right hemisphere to subserve visual lexicosemantic processes. The results are discussed within the context of the normal right hemisphere's capacity for semantic processing of visual words. Examining results from functional neuroimaging studies on recovery in the context of innate hemispheric abilities may enable reconciliation of disparate claims about mechanisms supporting recovery from aphasia.

Aphasia↗

PubMed2006

Masked phonological priming effects in English: are they real? Do they matter?

For over 15 years, masked phonological priming effects have been offered as evidence that phonology plays a leading role in visual word recognition. The existence of these effects-along with their theoretical implications-has, however, been disputed. The authors present three sources of evidence relevant to an assessment of the existence and implications of these effects. First, they present an exhaustive meta-analytic literature review, in which they evaluate the strength of the evidence for masked phonological priming effects on English visual word processing. Second, they present two original experiments that demonstrate a small but significant masked priming effect on English visual lexical decision, which persists in conditions that may discourage phonological recoding. Finally, they assess the theory of visual word recognition offered by the DRC model (Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001) in the context of their empirical data. Through numerous simulations with this model, they argue that masked phonological priming effects might best be captured by a weak phonological (i.e., dual-access) theory in which lexical decisions are made on the basis of phonological information.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

"A picture's worth a thousand words": language use in the autophotographic essay.

The authors applied Pennebaker's Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program to autophotographic essays addressing the question, "Who are you?" to test hypotheses about individuality and social connectedness. Specifically, the authors tested whether insight-oriented words would correlate with individuality ratings, defining essays that portray unique persons who creatively explore the self. Second, the authors tested whether connectedness, operationalized by photos of people-touching and self with others, would correlate with social process words. In 164 student photo essays, greater linguistic cognitive complexity characterized individuality, even when controlling for needs for cognition and uniqueness, and verbal intelligence. Connectedness predicted social words. These findings show that autophotography essays do capture complex self-reflective thought and suggest LIWC may be a valuable tool for understanding the expression of individuality and relatedness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Differences in cognitive impairment of relapsing remitting, secondary, and primary progressive MS.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cognitive skills of patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and primary progressive MS (PPMS) relative to healthy control subjects and to assess whether there is heterogeneity in the type of cognitive disabilities demonstrated by patients with different MS phenotypes. METHODS: RRMS patients (n = 108), SPMS patients (n = 71), PPMS patients (n = 55), and healthy control subjects (n = 67) underwent neuropsychological assessment with the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests. RESULTS: Relative to controls, cognitive performance of RRMS patients was deficient when tasks required higher-order working memory (WM) processes (Word List Generation, 10/36 Spatial Recall Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test). PPMS and SPMS patients performed poorer than control subjects on all tasks. SPMS patients performed more poorly than PPMS patients when tasks required higher-order WM processes, except when speed of information processing played a relatively important role (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test). Whereas RRMS patients generally performed better than the progressive subtypes, they showed relatively poor verbal fluency. CONCLUSION: MS patients with different disease courses have different cognitive profiles.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Useful Microsoft Word Macros for molecular biologists and protein chemists.

Biologists today make extensive use of word processing programs for the production of research reports, literature reviews and grant proposals. Frequently, such programs become the default platform for viewing and the later publication of protein and nucleic acid sequence data. Thus, researchers often switch between their word processor and more specialized programs designed to analyze protein and nucleic acid sequences. It would be more convenient to perform these simple sequence analyses using the word processor without switching to another program. The focus here is on the use of the Visual Basic programming language, which is built into all recent versions of Microsoft Word to generate surprisingly complex and useful macros that can conveniently analyze several important features of protein and nucleic acid sequences. The standard Word interface can also be easily modified to display and run these macros from a pull-down menu. Several examples of this approach are provided.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical applications of electronic data processing in surgery, trauma surgery and orthopedics. Results of a survey of 1,450 clinics].

With a standardized questionnaire we evaluated 1450 orthopedic and general surgery departments. The response rate was 57.2%, 52% of the departments were using computers for different purposes. The favoured system was the MS-DOS system (73%). The computers were mainly used for word processing (58%), statistics (50%), and graphics (39%). For clinical routine the leading use was patient documentation (70%) followed by patient report generation (43%). Other applications (e.g. online use of administrative data (19.4%) or the use of other patient information like blood parameters (10%)) were relatively rarely used. However, most of the users have plans to incorporate these applications in the nearest future. For the out patients care the leading application is private billing (42.5%) and statistics (30%). The majority of the departments (42.6%) only have one PC. Most of the departments use the printer for hard copies and as hard disc a the standard storage medium. The average storage capacity of the used hard discs is 40 to 80 MB. Other peripheral tools like a laser printer, a scanner, or modems are rarely used. Most of the departments invested between 5000 and 15,000,--DM. 33.3% financed the computers only with the official budget of the department. However, 25.8% only used private funds to buy the hard- and software. The distribution according to zip codes showed a slight accommodation in Bavaria and NRW. The amount of new installations showed an almost constant increase from 1975 until 1981. Between 1981 and 1990 there was a significant increase with a small drop in 1986.

Computer Systems↗

PubMed2003

Voice recognition products-an occupational risk for users with ULDs?

BACKGROUND: Voice recognition systems (VRS) allow speech to be converted both directly into text-which appears on the screen of a computer-and to direct equipment to perform specific functions. Suggested applications are many and varied, including increasing efficiency in the reporting of radiographs, allowing directed surgery and enabling individuals with upper limb disorders (ULDs) who cannot use other input devices, such as keyboards and mice, to carry out word processing and other activities. Aim This paper describes four cases of vocal dysfunction related to the use of such software, which have been identified from the database of the Voice and Speech Laboratory of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear infirmary (MEEI). METHOD: The database was searched using key words 'voice recognition' and four cases were identified from a total of 4800. RESULTS: In all cases, the VRS was supplied to assist individuals with ULDs who could not use conventional input devices. Case reports illustrate time of onset and symptoms experienced. CONCLUSION: The cases illustrate the need for risk assessment and consideration of the ergonomic aspects of voice use prior to such adaptations being used, particularly in those who already experience work-related ULDs.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Installation of electronic data processing at the Vienna Forensic Medicine Institute--experiences and outlook].

1985 the systematic use of personal computers in the Viennese institute of forensic medicine began. Due to the big engineering progress there was no more need to connect to a computer center. A gradual installation and a strict determination of requirements are important for computer systems, whereas a personal computer might be useful for word processing only as well.

Austria↗

PubMed1995

Format-independent data collection forms.

Good form design is generally acknowledged to be a key element of clinical trials and follow-up studies. Although some data are collected directly from automated equipment, most measurements, examination findings, and interview responses require at least one manual transcription, either onto paper forms or directly into a computer. Regardless of the transcription method adopted, there is broad agreement that the quality of study data depends strongly on the format and layout of the data collection instruments. The task of form design and production is complicated by two facts: first, a series of different forms is needed even when the period of follow-up is short; and second, form design is an ongoing process that starts before the first person is enrolled and continues over the course of the trial. This paper (1) presents a concept (format independence) aimed at simplifying the design and revision of data collection forms; (2) explains how a feature (styles) present in most word processing software can be used to implement the concept; (3) discusses the advantages and disadvantages of a format-independent approach as compared to more traditional form development tools; and (4) describes the environment that prompted this approach to form development.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2005

[Guideline on radiation protection in medicine requires documentation of radioiodine therapy and follow-up: What are the benefits of an electronic database?].

AIM: The lately updated German guideline on radiation protection in medicine (Richtlinie Strahlenschutz in der Medizin) requires the physician who administers radioactive substances for therapy, to perform and document follow-ups. In order to decrease the administrative burden, an electronic database was developed that interfaces with a word processing software to generate written reports and statistic analysis. METHODS: Based on Microsoft Access and Microsoft Visual Basic a database was created to monitor patients with benign and malignant thyroid disorders after radioiodine therapy. It permits automatic creation of therapy documents and necessary patient reports in Microsoft Word. Intuitive handling, third level of normalization in database architecture and automatic plausibility checks guarantee integrity of the data and the efficacy of the database. RESULTS, CONCLUSION: The new software has been a success in over 1500 patients and over 3800 in- and outpatient therapies and visits. The effort of data entry is easily offset by the automatic generation of the necessary patient reports. The required supervision of the follow-up appointments is now also user-friendly and efficient.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed2003

Localization of the human language cortex by magnetic source imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To localize the language cortex associated with Chinese word processing by magnetic source imaging (MSI). METHODS: Eight right-handed and one left-handed healthy native Chinese subjects were examined by magnetoencephalography (MEG) and a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit. All subjects were given pure tone stimuli 50 times, 150 pairs of Chinese words (meaning related or unrelated) auditory stimuli, and pure tone stimuli subsequently 50 times. Evoked response fields time locked to the pure tone and Chinese words were recorded using a whole-head neuromagnetometer in real-time. The acquired data were averaged by the acquisition computer according to the response to the pure tone, related pairs of words and unrelated pairs of words. The data obtained by MEG were superimposed on MRI, using a GE Signa 1.5T system. RESULTS: MEG, showed there were two obviously higher magnetic waves named M50 and M100, which were localized in the bilateral transverse temporal gyri in all subjects. The responses to the pairs of Chinese words (meaning related or unrelated) were similar in the same hemisphere of the same subjects. There was a higher peak during 300 - 600 ms in the right hemisphere of one left handed subject, but no peak in the left hemisphere, indicating that the language dominant hemisphere was localized in the right hemisphere. Superimposing the MEG data on MRI, the language area was localized in the Wernicke's areas. A 300 - 600 ms response peak was obsarved in each hemisphere (the amplitude of the 300 - 600 ms response peak in each hemisphere was almost the same) in two right-handed subjects, showing that the language area was localized in the 2 hemispheres in the two subjects. There was one peak in each hemisphere (300 - 600 ms response) in 6 subjects, but the amplitude of the wave in the left hemisphere in the 6 subjects was much higher than that in the right hemisphere. By choosing randomly from the later component (300 - 600 ms response) several time points and superimposing them on MRI, all time points were localized in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyri, which is the Wernicke's areas. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing with the later component of the bilateral hemispheres, the wave amplitude in the language dominant hemisphere was much higher than that in the non-language dominant hemisphere. The language areas could be identified by judging whether meanings of pairs of Chinese words were related or not.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Online measures of basic language skills in children with early focal brain lesions.

Twenty children with early focal lesions were compared with 150 age-matched control subjects on 11 online measures of the basic skills underlying language processing, a digit span task, and 6 standardized measures. Although most of the children with brain injury scored within the normal range on the majority of the tasks, they also had a disproportionately high number of outlier scores on the reaction time tests. This evidence for a moderate impairment of the basic skills underlying language processing contrasts with other evidence suggesting that these children acquire normal control of the functional use of language. Furthermore, these children scored within the normal range on a measure of general cognitive ability, suggesting that there is no particular sparing of linguistic functions at the expense of general cognitive functions. Using the MPD procedure (Valdés-Pérez & Pericliev, 1997), we found that the controls and the five clinical groups could be best distinguished with two measures of online processing (word repetition and visual number naming) and one standardized test subcomponent (the CELF Oral Directions subtest). The 12 children with left hemisphere lesions scored significantly lower than the 8 other children on the CELF-RS measure. Within the group of children with cerebral infarct, the nature of the processing disability could be linked fairly well to site of lesion. Otherwise, there was little relation between site or size of lesion and the pattern of deficit. These results support a model in which damage to the complex functional circuits subserving language leads to only minor deficits in process efficiency, because of the plasticity of developmental processes.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Selecting and implementing a voice recognition system.

A single radiology department serves the three separate organizations that comprise Emory Healthcare in Atlanta--three separate hospitals, the Emory Clinic and the Emory University School of Medicine. In 1996, the chairman of Emory Healthcare issued a mandate to the radiology department to decrease its report turnaround time, provide better service and increase customer satisfaction. The area where the greatest effect could be made without involving the transcription area was the "exam complete to dictate" piece of the reporting process. A committee investigating voice recognition systems established an essential criteria for potential vendors--to be able to download patient scheduling and demographic information from the existing RIS to the new system. Second, the system had to be flexible and straightforward for doctors to learn. It must have a word processing package for easy report correction and editing, and a microphone that would rewind and correct dictation before recognition took place. To keep capital costs low for the pilot, the committee opted for server recognition rather than purchase the expensive workstations necessary for real-time recognition. A switch was made later to real-time recognition. PACS and voice recognition have proven to be highly complementary. Most importantly, the new system has had a tremendous impact on turnaround time in the "dictate to final" phase. Once in the 30-hour range, 65 percent of the reports are now turned around in less than 15 minutes, 80 percent in less than 30 minutes, and 90 percent in less than an hour.

Academic Medical Centers↗