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PubMed1977

Life events and schizophrenia. I. Comparison of schizophrenics with a community sample.

In exploring the relationship of life events and psychiatric impairment in a group of 132 posthospitalized schizophrenics living in the community, schizophrenics are contrasted with 132 nonpatient community subjects matched on age, race, sex, and social class. Schizophrenics were significantly more psychiatrically impaired than their nonpatient counterparts and experienced significantly more life events. The overall correlation between life events and psychiatric impairment is weaker in the schizophrenic group than in the control group. However, our findings underscore the association between these variables found in previous studies. In terms of specificity, schizophrenics experienced significantly more events in the interpersonal, health, work, legal, and community crisis areas of activity, and more events categorized as exits from the social field and socially undesirable. On the psychological control dimension, schizophrenics experienced significantly more life events categorized both as "controlled" and "uncontrolled". We discuss the findings in relation to studies exploring the relationship of life events to illness onset and show the implications for the delivery of mental health services to schizophrenics living in the community setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Residence relocation inhibits opioid dependence.

Residence relocation affected opioid drug use among 248 addicts in San Antonio, Tex. One hundred seventy-one subjects reported a total of 465 relocations away from San Antonio during a mean follow-up period of 20 years. Subjects were voluntarily abstinent 54% of the time during relocation and 12% of the time during San Antonio residence. The frequency of one-year abstinence after relocation (17%) was nearly three times greater than that after 1,654 treatment and correctional interactions (6%). Treatment preceding relocation led to a notably higher frequency of abstinence (31%). When abstinent subjects returned to San Antonio, they resumed opioid use within one month in 81% of the cases. Possible explanatory factors include drug availability, conditioned abstinence, and peer modeling. The findings suggest that relocation of patients should often be encouraged rather than discouraged.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Contrast of treatment-seeking and untreated cocaine abusers.

Eighty-nine cocaine abusers seeking treatment were compared with 89 untreated cocaine abusers recruited through chain referral. The community users reported significantly higher levels of polysubstance abuse, fewer negative consequences of cocaine use, lower levels of participation in adult social roles, and greater involvement with the legal system and illegal activities. The two groups were found to be comparable on measures of severity of cocaine use, utilization of self-control strategies to restrict cocaine use, and rates of current and lifetime psychiatric disorders. Findings suggest that high rates of psychiatric comorbidity among cocaine abusers are not uniquely a feature of clinical populations. Moreover, many of the untreated cocaine abusers were found to be heavy users who might benefit from treatment but who tended to minimize the negative consequences of their cocaine use and who lacked support and pressure to enter treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Compassion vs control. Conceptual and practical pitfalls in the broadened definition of child abuse.

A broadened understanding of child abuse has enabled practitioners to think of the parents of abused children not as evil murderers but as human beings caught in a complex web of social isolation and deprivation. Concomitantly, child abuse laws have changed dramatically in the last decade to include virtually all childhood physical symptoms of family crisis; physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and child neglect are now reportable by nearly all professionals who have contact with children. There has been a dramatic increase in case reports, but the services for which families become eligible do not approach the humane rhetoric and intent of child abuse legislation. Society and the helping professions are caught in a dilemma that we characterize and address clinically as compassion vs control.

Attitude↗
PubMed1989

Enforcing patient preferences. Linking payment for medical care to informed consent.

The legal and ethical doctrine of informed consent is well accepted in modern medicine. Nonetheless, medical interventions sometimes take place in the absence of informed consent, particularly in the case of life-sustaining medical procedures. These procedures ordinarily are reimbursed by third-party payers. This article proposes as a strategy to ensure greater attention to patient preferences in medical decision making that financial reimbursement for each medical service be linked to a requirement of valid patient (or surrogate) consent to the service involved. Utilization review bodies could monitor informed consent in the same way that other aspects of necessity, appropriateness, and quality are now monitored.

Consent Forms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scientific misconduct.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2000

Psychopathy, criminal responsibility, and civil commitment as a sexual predator.

Recent judicial decisions regarding commitment under sexual predator statutes and commentary addressing the legal significance of psychopathy provide an interesting opportunity to reflect upon the exculpatory significance of psychopathy and the appropriate relationship between criminal conviction and police power civil commitment. This paper examines the legal significance of psychopathy for the purposes of criminal responsibility and of civil commitment under sexual predator statutes. By examining the significance of psychopathy for each of these legal institutions, it clarifies our understanding of the legal significance of psychopathy and of the relationship between these institutions. This process illuminates the defensible functions and boundaries of each institution and clarifies the nature of the impairment that should qualify an individual for confinement by each. This analysis interprets criminal conviction and police power commitment, including sexual predator commitment, as integrated institutions of social control intended to provide a coherent approach to psychopaths as well as to others who require state intervention under the police power.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Community control in a Gesellschaft world: a comment.

This comment discusses Nassi's analysis in terms of culture conflict as discussed by Earl Johnson (1977). Johnson's analysis, which examines gemeinschaft to gesellschaft societal changes resulting from industrialization provides a wholistic, evolutionary view of changing modes of community control. It is concluded that Johnson's analysis offers a more radical perspective than Nassi's because it deals not merely with power and economic relations, but also with fundamental values which transcend generations and singular societies.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1977

Current sociological research in Canada: views of a journal editor.

On the basis of submissions to the Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology and to the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Sociological and Anthropological Association, sociology in Canada may be described as social problem oriented, empirical, and atheoretical. There is a strong interest in research on ethnicity and on immigrant adjustment, reflecting a continuity with earlier periods of sociology in Canada, and on deviance and social control. Research on stratification, social mobility, and the family has been relatively neglected. As sociology in Canada shares the interest of "mainline" sociology, it has not escaped criticism or attempts to change its direction. A general model, identifying influences on the formulation of investigative issues in sociology, is used to interpret these criticisms and responses to them.

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Preimplantation genetics: a case for prospective action.

Preimplantation genetics describes a newly-emerging field in medical genetics, the consequence of the implementation of clinical preimplantation diagnosis and the likely future development of germ-line gene therapy. Given the existing clinical and laboratory difficulties already demonstrated in preimplantation diagnosis and the sensitive ethical issues surrounding genetic manipulation of human embryos, there is a need for 1) critical and objective evaluation of developments in this field by human and medical geneticists and 2) development of guidelines for research and clinical practice in the years ahead. We propose a course of prospective action for preimplantation genetics implemented through the newly-formed American College of Medical Genetics in order to address the ethics, safety, accuracy, cost, and overall merit of preimplantation genetics.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2003

B. F. Skinner's technology of behavior in American life: from consumer culture to counterculture.

From the 1940s through the 1970s, articles in popular magazines and newspapers presented B. F. Skinner in a wide array of guises, from educational revolutionary and utopian to totalitarian and fascist. Understanding these diverse, and often contradictory, portrayals requires a consideration of the social and political discourses in which they were embedded. In this paper, I suggest that reports of Skinner's work were influenced by a number of cultural categories, from the better living campaign of the 1950s, to the counterculture crusade of the late 1960s. Through this examination, a multifaceted rendering of Skinner's public image that takes into account the nature of his work, the context in which it was produced, and the culture in which it was received is revealed. I propose that the received view of Skinner as maligned behaviorist actually obscures the complexity of his relationship with psychology's public throughout this period.

Behavior↗