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PubMedDate not supplied

Musical instrument naming impairments: the crucial exception to the living/nonliving dichotomy in category-specific agnosia.

In category-specific agnosia (CSA) patients typically have more trouble naming animals, fruits, and vegetables than tools, furniture, and articles of clothing. A crucial exception to this living vs nonliving rule involves the category of musical instruments. Patients with problems naming living objects often repeatedly fail to name musical instruments. In CSA it is crucial to equate living and nonliving object lists on object name frequency, complexity, and familiarity. The present study shows, however, that even the most rigorously controlled object lists can lead to erroneous conclusions if nonliving stimuli contain an overrepresentation of musical instruments. Naming capabilities of a herpes encephalitis patient were assessed using matched lists of living and nonliving objects and showed no indication of category-specific deficits. When exemplars were separated into biological objects, musical instruments and man-made artifacts, strong category-specificity emerged: artifact naming was flawless whereas musical instrument and biological object naming were both severely impaired. It is concluded that CSA is a veridical phenomenon but that our understanding of CSA is limited by adhering to the spurious living/nonliving distinction.

Agnosia↗
PubMed2000

[Two cases of auditory disturbance caused by carbamazepine].

Two cases of auditory disturbance caused by carbamazepine are reported. Patient 1, a 9-year-old boy with benign Rolandic epilepsy, developed impairment of pitch perception one day after administration of carbamazepine. Patient 2, a 33-year-old female with glossopharyngeal neuralgia, developed impairment of pitch perception several hours after administration of carbamazepine, complaining that the perceived sounds became lower than previously by a semitone. Her pitch perception recovered soon after the cessation of carbamazepine. The carbamazepine-induced disturbance in pitch perception may be more frequent than we guess.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Auditory temporal processing and lexical/nonlexical reading in developmental dyslexics.

Relationships between lexical/nonlexical reading and auditory temporal processing were examined. Poor nonlexical readers (poor nonword readers, phonologic dyslexics) had difficulty across tone tasks irrespective of speed of presentation or mode of recall. Poor lexical readers (poor irregular word readers, surface dyslexics) had difficulty recalling tones in a sequence only when they were presented rapidly. Covariate analysis supported these findings, revealing that nonlexical (nonword) reading performance is associated with general auditory performance, but lexical (irregular word) reading is particularly associated with auditory sequencing. These findings suggest that phonologic and surface dyslexics perform differently on nonspeech auditory tasks. Because the two different types of poor readers did not differ significantly on tests of memory and learning but did differ on auditory tasks, we suggest that their performance on the auditory tasks may reflect auditory processing abnormalities as opposed to more general learning or memory difficulties. In addition to these observed qualitative differences between groups on the tone tasks, collapsing groups (all readers) revealed significant correlations between nonword reading and the Same-Different tone tasks in particular, whereas irregular word reading was not associated with any tone tasks; there also appears to be a quantitative relationship between nonlexical reading and Same-Different tone task performance as better or worse nonword reading predicts better or worse performance on the Same-Different tone tasks. In particular, it is conceivable that an auditory temporal processing deficit might contribute to poor nonword reading.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Auditory function at 14 years of age of very-low-birthweight.

The aim of the study was to determine audiological function at 14 years of age of very-low-birthweight (VLBW < or = 1500 g) children compared with a cohort of normal birthweight (NBW > 2499 g) children. Participants were consecutive surviving preterm children of birthweight < 1000 g born between 1977 and 1982 (n=86) and of birthweight 1000 to 1500 g born between 1980 and 1982 (n=124) and randomly selected NBW children born between 1981 and 1982 (n=60). Audiometric tests included pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, stapedius muscle reflexes, and measures of central auditory processing. Psychometric tests included measures of IQ, academic achievement, and behaviour. There were no significant differences in rates of hearing impairment, abnormal tympanograms, figure-ground problems, or digit recall between VLBW children and NBW control children. VLBW children had higher rates of some central auditory processing problems, which in turn were associated with poorer intellectual, academic, and behavioural progress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Brain specialization for music. New evidence from congenital amusia.

Brain specialization for music refers to the possibility that the human brain is equipped with neural networks that are dedicated to the processing of music. Finding support for the existence of such music-specific networks suggests that music may have biological roots. Conversely, the discovery that music may have systematic associations with other cognitive domains or variable brain organization across individuals supports the view that music is a cultural artifact. Currently, the evidence favors the biological perspective. There are numerous behavioral indications that music-specific networks are isolable in the brain. These neuropsychological observations are briefly reviewed here with special emphasis on a new condition, that of congenital amusia (also commonly referred to as tone deafness).

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Spatial localization after excision of human auditory cortex.

Neurophysiological and animal ablation studies concur that primary auditory cortex is necessary for computation of the spatial coordinates of a sound source. Human studies have reported conflicting findings but have often suffered from inadequate psychophysical measures and/or poor lesion localization. We tested patients with unilateral temporal lobe excisions either encroaching on or sparing Heschl's gyrus (HG), quantifying lesion extent using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging measures. Subjects performed two tasks. In the localization task, they heard single clicks in a free-field spatial array subtending 180 degrees of azimuth and indicated the perceived location with a laser pointer. In the discrimination task, two clicks were presented, and subjects indicated if they were in the same or different position. As a group, patients with right temporal excision, either encroaching onto HG or not, were significantly impaired in both hemifields in both tasks, although this was not true for all individuals. Patients with left temporal resections generally performed normally, although some of the patients with left HG excision showed impaired performance bilaterally, especially in the discrimination task. This pattern stands in marked contrast to previous studies showing significant preservation of localization in hemispherectomized patients. We conclude that (1) contrary to hypotheses derived from animal studies, human auditory spatial processes are dependent primarily on cortical areas within right superior temporal cortex, which encompass both spatial hemifields; (2) functional reorganization may not take place after restricted focal damage but only after more extensive early damage; and (3) the existence of individual differences likely illustrates differential patterns of functional lateralization and/or recovery.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Differences between conduction aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia.

Conduction aphasia and Wernike's aphasia have been differentiated by the degree of auditory language comprehension. We quantitatively compared the speech sound errors of two conduction aphasia patients and three Wernicke's aphasia patients on various language modality tests. All of the patients were Japanese. The two conduction aphasia patients had "conduites d'approche" errors and phonological paraphasia. The patient with mild Wernicke's aphasia made various errors. In the patient with severe Wernicke's aphasia, neologism was observed. Phonological paraphasia in the two conduction aphasia patients seemed to occur when the examinee searched for the target word. They made more errors in vowels than in consonants of target words on the naming and repetition tests. They seemed to search the target word by the correct consonant phoneme and incorrect vocalic phoneme in the table of the Japanese alphabet. The Wernicke's aphasia patients who had severe impairment of auditory comprehension, made more errors in consonants than in vowels of target words. In conclusion, utterance of conduction aphasia and that of Wernicke's aphasia are qualitatively distinct.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Case of musical hallucinosis].

The theme of the article is a 68-year old patient whose case was diagnosed as organic brain disease complicated by musical hallucinosis. The patient was admitted to a mental hospital, several times, as suffering from psychic disturbances of the auditory hallucinosis type whose dominant symptom are musical hallucinations. The most significant in the disease pathogenesis of the described case turned out to be the recognition of severe brain injury.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Interaural asymmetries revealed by dichotic listening tests in normal and dyslexic children.

Normal and dyslexic right-handed children were assessed with three dichotic listening tests, the Dichotic Digits test, the Competing Words subtest of the SCAN, and the Dichotic Consonant-Vowel test. Performance was measured as both number and percentage of correct responses in the right and left ears. Laterality was defined as a simple difference in percentage between the two ears. Differences across the tests were revealed for all children, with the greatest differences occurring for left-ear responses. Only one dichotic listening test, Competing Words from the SCAN, produced a consistent right-ear advantage across all of the children tested. Between groups of children, differences in performance and in laterality were demonstrated. Using a criterion of poorer than 76 percent correct for the left ear, the Competing Words subtest of the SCAN identified 7 of the 10 dyslexic children as abnormal, with no false alarms in the control group.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Auditory response to a photic stimulus.

BACKGROUND: The photic sneeze response is a well-established clinical phenomenon in which patients respond by sneezing in an uncontrolled manner. This paroxysm of sneezing is evoked by a sudden exposure to an intense or bright light source. The pathogenesis of this response is apparently quite complex. Sudden exposure to bright light involves the optic, oculomotor, and trigeminal nerves, the autonomic nervous system and central brainstem functions. Anecdotal reports have suggested the photic sneezing response may occur as an autosomal dominantly inherited condition. However, such a familial pattern is not always present. METHODS: This article presents a descriptive report of a case in which a patient sought comprehensive eye care and, during the course of the examination, reported a relationship between light and a predictable auditory response. The mechanism for this involuntary auditory response to a bright light may be similar to that involved with photic sneeze response. RESULTS: This patient's history, specific features of the auditory response, and ophthalmic findings as a result of the comprehensive eye examination are reported. CONCLUSION: The photic sneeze response is not an uncommon phenomenon. A similar mechanism may explain the auditory response to a photic stimulus reported in this article.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2003

Effects of aging on auditory processing of speech.

The focus of this paper is on the effects of age on speech perception, with reference to pertinent psychoacoustic findings. The difficulties of older listeners are related to the well-known effects of high-frequency hearing loss on speech perception in quiet, and to temporal processing declines not predictable from the audiogram that account for reduced ability to listen in complex, noisy conditions. We also discuss issues of research interpretation; e.g. the need for researchers and clinicians to be alert to the frequent confound between degree of hearing loss and age. The implications of age-related changes in auditory speech processing for future practice and research are discussed relative to interactions between older individuals and their acoustic environments.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Negative consequences of uncorrected hearing loss--a review.

Hearing loss gives rise to a number of disabilities. Problems in recognizing speech, especially in difficult environments, give rise to the largest number of complaints. Other kinds of disabilities may concern the reduced ability to detect, identify and localize sounds quickly and reliably. Such sounds may be warning or alarm signals, as well as music and birds singing. The communicative disability affects both hearing-impaired people and other people in their environment--family members, fellow workers, etc. Hearing-impaired people are not always aware of all the consequences of the impairment; they do not always know what they are missing. Several studies have shown that uncorrected hearing loss gives rise to poorer quality of life, related to isolation, reduced social activity, and a feeling of being excluded, leading to an increased prevalence of symptoms of depression. These findings indicate the importance of early identification of hearing loss and offers of rehabilitative support, where the fitting of hearing aids is usually an important component. Several studies also point to a significant correlation between hearing loss and loss of cognitive functions. Most of these studies show such a correlation without being able to show whether the hearing loss caused the reduction in cognitive performance or if both the hearing loss and the cognitive decline are parts of a common, general age-related degeneration. A couple of these studies, however, indicate that the uncorrected hearing loss may be the cause of cognitive decline. Whichever alternative is true, the correlation should be seen as a clear indication for early hearing aid fitting for those needing it. Monaural hearing aid fitting in subjects with bilateral hearing loss may give rise to a reduced ability to recognize speech presented to the unaided ear, the so-called late-onset auditory deprivation effect. This functional decline is reversible in some but not all subjects after fitting of a hearing aid also on the previously unaided ear.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive aging and auditory information processing.

Over the last decade, much research has been conducted to investigate why older listeners report more difficulty in understanding spoken language than would be expected given their degree of audiometric hearing loss. Of particular relevance to audiological rehabilitation is recent research on older listeners when they are engaged in complex tasks involving the auditory processing of naturalistic signals in realistic social and physical environments Discourse epitomizes such activity. By understanding age-related and individual differences in perceptual and cognitive performance, we gain important insights into how hearing impairments influence activity and participation in context. In this paper, the problems of older adults as communicators in everyday life are illuminated by studies showing that auditory processing problems affect cognitive processing. Age-related problems in understanding spoken language are exacerbated by perceptual stressors such as noise and by cognitive stressors such as memory load. It is argued that the significance of these processing problems during discourse depends on social-emotional factors Therefore, goals for new signal-processing technologies designed for older adults who are hard of hearing can be framed not only in terms of improving signal audibility but also in terms of reducing stress on the listener during information processing. Furthermore, goals for therapeutic interventions can be framed in terms of reducing stress during information processing by modifying behaviors and physical and social environments to achieve the listener's goals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

The electrophysiological effects of a brain injury on auditory memory functioning. The QEEG correlates of impaired memory.

The effect of a brain injury on the quantitative EEG (QEEG) variables during an auditory memory activation condition was examined with 56 normal subjects and 85 mild traumatic brain-injured (MTBI) subjects. An analysis was conducted on the different response patterns of the two groups, the variables which were correlated with memory performance in the brain-injured group, and the variables which predicted the memory score for the combined two groups (normal and brain injured). The three conditions included the input task, the immediate recall, and the delayed recall task. The consistent effect of a brain injury was a lowering of the connectivity patterns in the beta1 and beta2 frequencies (phase and coherences) and increases predominantly in the relative power of beta1 (13-32Hz), which were correlated with the differences in recall. There is a subtle shift to right hemisphere/right temporal functioning and employment of the higher beta1 and beta2 frequencies (phase and coherence) in the response pattern of the MTBI subject. Memory functioning is predominantly positively correlated with connection activity (phase and coherence) and negatively correlated with beta activation at specific locations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Central auditory processing assessment.

As the acoustic information travels within the central auditory nervous system, the processing of the signal undergoes several levels of serial and parallel "bottom-up" processing influenced by high level cognitive "top-down" processes. Because the multiple location of the operational sites, the central auditory deficits are frequently quite subtle and need a test battery approach to be identified. Each of the four principal processes has at least to be tested: the closure task, the dichotic ability, the temporal ordering task and the binaural interaction function. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the psychoacoustic test procedures of identifying lesions or dysfunction's in the central auditory system.

Audiometry↗