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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Spatial problem solving and hippocampal place cell firing in rats: control by an internal sense of direction carried across environments.

Rats learned to find the baited corner of a box surrounded by a curtain, regardless of whether they had a fixed or random point of entry (POE) through the curtain. On probe trials, rats used an internal direction sense carried from outside the curtain to solve the problem, and only used the visual cue inside the curtain if disoriented and denied access to a view of the room en route. Similar disorientation procedures were required to obtain cue control of hippocampal place fields. The results suggest that: (1) POE effects previously found in the water maze may be task-specific; (2) an undisrupted internal sense of direction carried from one environment to another may provide the preferred solution to spatial problems in the second environment, even when this second environment is a familiar one with stable visual cues; and (3) choice behaviour is sometimes, but not always, representative of the hippocampal representation of space.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Solving problems resulting from solutions: evolution of a dual nutrient management strategy for the eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina.

In estuaries, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) inputs generally control freshwater and saltwater primary production, respectively. Improved wastewater P removal and a P-detergent ban in the late 1980s decreased P loading to the nutrient over-enriched Neuse River Estuary, NC, without a contemporaneous reduction in N loading. This led to a decrease in upstream freshwater phytoplankton production and a reduction in nuisance algal blooms. While this nutrient management approach appeared to be effective in reducing the symptoms of freshwater eutrophication, it may have also diminished the upstream algal N filter, promoting N enrichment, relative to P enrichment, and eutrophication of the more saline downstream N-limited waters. Recent N controls implemented by the State of North Carolina should help address the problem. These findings underscore the need for watershed- and basin-scale, dual nutrient (N and P) reduction strategies that consider the entire freshwater--marine continuum as well as hydrologic variability (e.g., hurricanes, floods, droughts) when formulating long-term controls of estuarine eutrophication.

Eutrophication↗
PubMed1979

Cardiac valve replacement. Problems solved and unsolved.

In this review the present state of cardiac valve replacement is summarized on the basis of the literature and personal experience in approximately 1500 cases, using various prosthetic models. Durability, hemodynamic performance at rest and during exercise, and thromboembolic risk are considered in particular and our choice of the various valve models is discussed on these grounds. The long-term durability has been significantly improved and has possibly been solved in the more advanced mechanical valves, while this question is still open in the present biological prostheses. Hemodynamic performance is considered less than optimal in all conventional mechanical prostheses and in the xenografts. Pressure gradients are abnormal in all mechanical as well as in stented biological prostheses, the latter being less likely to solve the problem of a narrow aortic root. The significantly lower incidence of thromboembolism and total valve thrombosis and the absence of anticoagulation accidents in patients with bioprostheses has tipped the balance for the present in favor of the latter, particularly in mitral valve replacement and certainly in all those patients in whom anticoagulation in impossible, unlikely, or undesirable.

Aortic Valve↗
PubMed2003

A new problem-solving indwelling voice prosthesis, eliminating the need for frequent Candida- and "underpressure"-related replacements: Provox ActiValve.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and clinically assess a new prosthesis for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy that solves the problem of frequent Candida- and "underpressure"-related replacements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We designed a voice prosthesis with a new valve mechanism, applying Candida-resistant fluoroplastic (Teflon-like) material for the valve and valve seat and magnets to generate an active closing force, preventing inadvertent opening of the valve during swallowing or deep inhalation. Several prototypes were tested in 13 laryngectomized patients and, subsequently, the final design was assessed in a prospective clinical trial in a cohort of 18 patients with a short device lifetime of their standard indwelling voice prosthesis (mean 30 days). RESULTS: Prototype testing and the long-term clinical trial confirmed that the new valve material remained free of Candida growth and that the use of magnets can prevent inadvertent opening of the valve during swallowing and/or deep inhalation. This resulted in a highly significant increase in device lifetime in the 18 laryngectomized patients in the prospective trial (14-fold increase on average, range 3-39-fold; p < 0.001). Lubrication with special medical-grade fluoridated silicone oil is favorable in patients who experience possible adhesion of the valve to the valve seat. CONCLUSIONS: This new voice prosthesis, the Provox ActiValve, represents a solution for patients who have the problem of requiring very frequent voice prosthesis replacements due to excessive Candida growth and/or inadvertent opening of the valve by swallowing and inhalation-related underpressure in the esophagus.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Vital Involvement Practice: strengths as more than tools for solving problems.

This article describes Vital Involvement Practice, a strength-based approach to clinical practice with elders, including those who are extremely frail. Using this approach, practitioners have been able to help elders increase later-life vitality and associated positive quality of life through: (1) systematic identification of individual strengths and assets (found both in the person and in the surrounding environment), and (2) consideration of these strengths alongside the individual and environmental deficits that are the subject of most geriatric practice. The approach utilizes original data-gathering tools (Occupational Profile; Life Strengths Interview Guide) and a stepwise, worksheet- structured consideration of these data in order to formulate action strategies for achieving client goals (Domain Scan; Domain Goals; Life Plan/Strategy). All elements of VIP emerged in pilot work with gerontological practitioners and their elder clients in such settings as: primary health care; government social service; subsidized senior housing; private clinical practice; community recreation. Limitations, implications, and promise are noted, with respect to practice and research.

Aged, 80 and over↗