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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Two types of parasympathetic preganglionic neurones in the superior salivatory nucleus characterized electrophysiologically in slice preparations of neonatal rats.

1. The electrophysiological properties of parasympathetic preganglionic neurones in the superior salivatory nucleus were studied in thin- and thick-slice preparations of rats aged 1 and 2 weeks using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. 2. The superior salivatory neurones were identified by a retrograde tracing method with dextran-tetramethylrhodamine-lysine. The injection of the tracer into the chorda-lingual nerve labelled the neurones innervating the submandibular ganglia and those innervating the intra-lingual ganglia, while the injection into the tip of the tongue labelled the latter group of neurones. 3. Firing characteristics were investigated mainly in the neurones of 6-8 days postnatal rats. In response to an injection of long depolarizing current pulses at hyperpolarized membrane potentials (< -80 mV) under a current clamp, the neurones labelled from the nerve displayed a train of action potentials with either a long silent period preceding the first spike (late spiking pattern) or a long silent period interposed between the first and second spikes (interrupted spiking pattern). The neurones labelled from the tongue invariably displayed the interrupted spiking pattern. 4. Under a voltage clamp, among the neurones from 6-8 days postnatal rats, those labelled from the nerve expressed either a fast or a slow transient outward current (A-current), while those labelled from the tongue invariably showed a slow transient outward current. Both the fast and slow A-currents were largely depressed by 1 mM 4-aminopyridine. 5. Similar fast and slow A-currents were observed in the neurones of rats aged 14-15 days. Both the time to peak and decay time constant of these A-currents were accelerated, suggesting a developmental trend of maturation in the activation and inactivation kinetics between 6 and 15 days postnatal. 6. Based on the differences in the firing pattern and outward current, the superior salivatory neurones can be separated into two distinct types. We discuss the functional aspects of these two types of neurones with reference to their target organs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Autonomic dysfunction in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.

Fifteen tests were used to assess adrenergic, non-vagal cholinergic, and cardiovagal functions in 11 patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP). The three aims of this study were: 1) to ascertain the presence of and spectrum of autonomic involvement; 2) to assess the level of autonomic dysfunction; and 3) to compare the results of autonomic function tests with gastrointestinal motility patterns. Gastrointestinal motility displayed a neuropathic pattern in 10 patients. Adrenergic functions were abnormal in nine patients and non-vagal cholinergic functions in 10 patients. Cardiovagal functions were abnormal in only seven patients. The autonomic dysfunction was localized mostly to the postganglionic pathways. One patient, who had a myopathic pattern and muscle degeneration on small bowel biopsy, demonstrated normal responses to autonomic function tests. The patients with neuropathic CIP demonstrated widespread, mostly postganglionic autonomic dysfunction. Neuropathic CIP can occur with or without cardiovagal involvement.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1980

Lateral horn cells in progressive autonomic failure.

Estimates of cell loss in the intermediolateral columns of the thoracic cord in cases of progressive autonomic failure were made by counting nerve cells in the lateral grey horns from 21 such cases, and comparing (a) with "normal" controls, (b) with 3 cases of uncomplicated Parkinson's disease and (c) with 3 cases of multiple system atrophy without overt autonomic failure. It was found that all cases of autonomic failure had suffered severe cell loss; on average three quarters of their lateral horn cells were lost. The cases of uncomplicated Parkinson's disease did not differ from the controls; but the cases of multiple system atrophy without autonomic disturbances had lost about half their lateral horn cells. These findings are tabulated, and discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Cells of origin of spinal projections from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in the chicken.

Hypothalamic neurons projecting to the lumbar (lumbar-neurons) and sacral (sacral-neurons) segments were retrogradely labeled by injections of fluorescent axonal tracers (FITC-WGA, TRITC-WGA) into both the lumbar and sacral segments. Labeled neurons were distributed in the principal part of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but not in the pars dispersa of this nucleus. Of these neurons, some small and oval-shaped neurons (about 10 microns in diameter) in a middle part of the PVN were observed to be labeled by both FITC-WGA and TRITC-WGA (lumbosacral-neurons) suggesting double projections to lumbar and sacral segments.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

A method of stimulating different segments of the autonomic outflow from the spinal column to various organs in the pithed cat and rat.

1. A simple method of stimulating different segments of the autonomic outflow from the spinal column in the pithed cat and rat is described.2. Using a movable Teflon-shielded electrode inserted into the vertebral canal and an indifferent electrode under the skin, reproducible responses were obtained from the adrenals, the bladder, the blood vessels, the colon, the heart and the vas deferens. The level and number of segments stimulated was altered by varying the depth of insertion of the Teflon tube and the length of central steel electrode protruding from it.3. The degree of localization of the stimulus seemed satisfactory since it was possible by stimulating the sacral parasympathetic outflow to the bladder and colon or the lumbar sympathetic outflow to the vas deferens, to elicit responses from these organs with little effect on the cardiovascular system. Stimulation at higher levels of the thoracic sympathetic outflow permitted discrimination between the pressor and cardio-accelerator responses.4. Hexamethonium (1 mg/kg) inhibited all the responses, but the colonic response, which occurred only after a latent period, was especially sensitive to ganglion blockade. Atropine (1 mg/kg) inhibited the bladder response by 50% but only prolonged the latency of the colonic response without affecting its magnitude. Physostigmine (1 mg/kg) enhanced the bladder and colonic responses and reversed the effects of hexamethonium on these organs. Phentolamine (1 mg/kg) abolished the pressor responses to stimulation of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow but did not affect the cardio-accelerator response.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1985

A quantitative study of intermediolateral column cells in motor neuron disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome.

The intermediolateral column neurons in the lateral horns of the grey matter of the thoracic spinal cord were counted in five patients who had died of motor neuron disease, two of the Shy-Drager syndrome and three of other neurological diseases not affecting the spinal cord or roots. The number of intermediolateral column cells in all the motor neuron disease cases was slightly reduced compared with the control cords, this difference being apparent both when the whole thoracic sympathetic outflow was assessed as well as its upper, middle and lower thirds. The difference, however, was not statistically significant. By contrast, in Shy-Drager cases there was a highly significant reduction in intermediolateral column cells compared with the normal cords.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Micturition disturbance in acute idiopathic autonomic neuropathy.

OBJECTIVE: To define the nature of micturition disturbance in patients with acute idiopathic autonomic neuropathy (AIAN). METHODS: Micturitional symptoms were observed during hospital admissions and the in outpatient clinics in six patients with clinically definite AIAN (typical form in four, cholinergic variant in one, autonomic-sensory variant in one). Urodynamic studies included medium-fill water cystometry, external sphincter electromyography, and a bethanechol test. RESULTS: Four patients had urinary retention and two had voiding difficulty as the initial presentation. Patients with retention became able to urinate within a week (two to seven days). The major symptoms at the time of urodynamic studies (three weeks to four months after disease onset in most cases) were voiding difficulty and nocturnal frequency. None had urinary incontinence. Complete recovery from the micturition disturbance took from three months to >18 years. The recovery period was shorter in a patient with cholinergic variant, and it was longer in two patients who had a longer duration of initial urinary retention. Micturition disturbance tended to improve earlier than orthostatic hypotension. The major urodynamic abnormalities were detrusor areflexia on voiding (5), denervation supersensitivity to bethanechol (3); low compliance detrusor (1); and impaired bladder sensation (2). None had neurogenic motor unit potentials of the external sphincter muscles. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AIAN, urinary retention and voiding difficulty are common initial presentations. The underlying mechanisms seem to be pre- and postganglionic cholinergic dysfunction with preservation of somatic sphincter function. The bladder problems tend to improve earlier than orthostatic hypotension.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Neuropeptides in the autonomic nervous system.

This review will concern itself with recent advances in our knowledge about the anatomy, cellular distribution, and proposed function of neuropeptides in the peripheral nervous system. In particular, the concept of co-storage and co-release of neuropeptides with conventional neurotransmitters will be dealt with in regard to their known distribution in the three broad divisions of the autonomic nervous system: sensory neurons, autonomic neurons, and the adrenal medulla. The proposed physiological functions of the peptides in these three systems will be reviewed.

Adrenal Medulla↗