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PubMed1990

Radioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex. Fr.) Karst after X-ray irradiation in mice.

Six to seven week old male mice of ICR strain were exposed to 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray during experiments to determine if Ganoderma lucidum could be a factor in modification of radiation damage. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of the extract from Ganoderma lucidum before or after irradiation of 500 and 650 cGy of X-ray was found to improve the 30-day survival fractions of ICR mice, but wasn't significant by statistical analysis. The administration also enhanced the recoveries of the body weights and increased the recovery of hemograms of irradiated mice from radiation damage by injecting before or after radiation exposure, especially for the treatment of 500 cGy irradiation. The 10-day CFUs was significantly higher for Ganoderma lucidum treated groups than for untreated groups. However, the differences of radioprotective effect between the X-ray irradiated groups with Ganoderma lucidum pretreated and post-treated were not significant (p greater than 0.05).

Androgen Antagonists↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular characterization and taxonomic affinities of species of the white rot fungus Ganoderma.

The systematic affinities of Ganoderma have largely been resolved in the extensive publications of Moncalvo and coworkers (Moncalvo et al., 1995a, b; Hseu et al., 1996). The present communication adds further sequences of the ITS1 region of Ganoderma isolates from Poland and corrects some of the classifications of Ganoderma species. The sequence data indicate that G. australe and G. adspersum are different species. Both morphological and molecular data are in accord with an interspecific separation of G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum. The ITS1 region is particularly suited for the taxonomic segregation of Ganoderma by molecular methods.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2006

Ganoderma lucidum extract inhibits proliferation of SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells.

AIM: Ganoderma lucidum is a commonly used Chinese herb and an important ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulations for immune dysfunction related illnesses. The effects of this medicinal mushroom on human colorectal cancer cells have not yet been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract using SW 480 human colorectal cancer cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two different fractions of Ganoderma lucidum extract, i.e., a fraction containing mainly polysaccharides (GLE-1), and a triterpenoid fraction without polysaccharides (GLE-2) were analyzed. Their antiproliferative activity was evaluated by cell proliferation assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Scavenging effects of DPPH radical were assessed using ESR-spectroscopy. RESULTS: Our data showed that both GLE-1 and GLE-2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of SW 480 cells. The inhibitory effect of GLE-2 was much stronger than that of GLE-1. GLE-1 inhibited DNA synthesis in the cells and reduced the formation of DPPH radicals. CONCLUSION: Ganoderma lucidum extract inhibits proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells and possesses antioxidant properties.

Cell Division↗

PubMed2006

[Ganoderma polysaccharides antagonize prostaglandin E2-induced suppression of murine splenocyte IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA expression].

OBJECTIVE: To determine if Ganoderma polysaccharides can antagonize prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced suppression of murine splenocyte interferongamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression. METHODS: Mixed lymphocyte culture reaction was used as the experimental model. The expressions levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA were measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: After the cultures were treated with PGE2 for 4 h, IFN-gamma mRNA expression was reduced as compared with the control, which was especially obvious when PGE2 concentrations exceeded 10 micromol/L (P<0.01). Ganoderma polysaccharides above 100 mg/L showed partial antagonistic effect against the inhibition of IFN-gamma by PGE2 at the fixed concentration of 20 micromol/L. Further studies indicated that PGE2 (20 micromol/L) impaired the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA after an 8-hour incubation and Ganoderma polysaccharides above 100 mg/L could partially antagonize this effect. CONCLUSION: Ganoderma polysaccharides can partially antagonize PGE2-induced suppression of murine splenocyte IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA expression.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Ganoderma - a therapeutic fungal biofactory.

Ganoderma is a basidiomycete white rot fungus which has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries particularly in China, Japan and Korea. A great deal of work has been carried out on Ganoderma lucidum. The common names for preparations include Lingzhi, Munnertake, Sachitake, Reishi and Youngzhi. This review collates the publications detailing activities and compounds by representative species whilst considering the most valid claims of effectiveness. The biological activities reported of preparations from Ganoderma are remarkable and given most emphasis herein as distinct from structure/activity information. The metabolites consist of mainly polysaccharides and terpenoids. Many are activities against the major diseases of our time and so the present review is of great importance. The list of effects is huge ranging from anti-cancer to relieving blockages of the bladder. However, the reports have not all been tested scientifically with the convincing evidence is reserved for assays of pure compounds. It is a prime example of an ancient remedy being of great relevance to the modern era. There does appear to be an assumption that the therapeutic effects attributed to the fungus have been proven. The next step is to produce some effective medicines which may be hampered by problems of mass production.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Intrastrain internal transcribed spacer heterogeneity in Ganoderma species.

Intrastrain internal transcribed spacer (ITS) heterogeneity is first reported from Ganoderma, a fungal genus within Basidiomycetes. ITS amplification products from 4 strains, representing 4 Ganoderma species, were cloned and sequenced. Two to five different ITS types were found within a single strain. The clone sequences were analyzed along with other sequences from Ganoderma retrieved from GenBank. The results show that sequence variation within strains varies considerably with species and the heterogeneity may occur in the 3 parts (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S) of the ITS region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

[Comparative study on triterpenes in different Ganoderma species].

The triterpene profiles of different Ganoderma products was analysed by HPLC. The results showed that the seven-day fermented mycelia had little triterpene and different growth stages fruiting bodies almost had changeless triterpene. Compared with the fruiting body, the triterpene level of spore was lower. Among different Ganoderma species, Ganoderma atrum had little triterpenes too.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2006

[The pharmacological study of Ganoderma spores and their active components].

Recently, the pharmacological study of Ganoderma spores and active components has become a focus of attention in the world. The present review is based on the auctorial research on Ganoderma spores. It involves pharmacological effects of Ganoderma spores and its active components, including immunomodulating effect, antitumor activity and its mechanism in vivo and in vitro, liver-protective effect, gastric ulcer preventing effect, serum glucose and blood fat depressing effects, anti-hypoxia and scavenging free redical, etc. The possible problems and their solutions in this research area are also discussed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2001

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage by Ganoderma lucidum.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, are associated with carcinogenesis and other pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, elimination or inactivation of ROS or inhibition of their excess generation may be beneficial in terms of reducing the risk for cancer and other diseases. Ganoderma lucidum has been used in traditional oriental medicine and has potential antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. In the present study, we tested the amino-polysaccharide fraction (designated as 'G009') from Ganoderma lucidum for the ability to protect against oxidative damage induced by ROS. G009 significantly inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates and showed a dose-dependent inactivation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. It also reduced strand breakage in phiX174 supercoiled DNA caused by UV-induced photolysis of hydrogen peroxide and attenuated phorbol ester-induced generation of superoxide anions in differentiated human promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60) cells. These findings suggest that G009 from Ganoderma lucidum possesses chemopreventive potential.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Anti-androgenic activities of Ganoderma lucidum.

The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of 19 edible and medicinal mushrooms on 5alpha-reductase activity were examined. The extract of Ganoderma lucidum Fr. Krast (Ganodermataceae) showed the strongest 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity. The treatment of the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum or the extract prepared from it significantly inhibited the testosterone-induced growth of the ventral prostate in castrated rats. These results showed that Ganoderma lucidum might be a useful ingredient for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Androgen Antagonists↗

PubMed2006

Antimutagenic activity of methanolic extract of Ganoderma lucidum and its effect on hepatic damage caused by benzo[a]pyrene.

The antimutagenic activity of the methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Krast. occurring in South India was investigated. The activity was assayed by Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test using histidine mutants of Salmonella typhimurium tester strains, TA98, TA100 and TA102. The methanolic extract of the mushroom significantly inhibited (P<0.001) the in vitro sodium azide (NaN(3)), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) induced his(+) revertants in a dose dependent manner. In vivo antimutagenic activity of extract was also assayed by determining the mutagenicity of the urine of rats administrated with B[a]P as a mutagen. The prior administration of extract markedly inhibited mutagenicity induced by B[a]P. The results indicated that the methanolic extract of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India possessed significant antimutagenic activity. The effect of B[a]P on hepatic enzymes, such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphtase (ALP), were also evaluated. The extract prevented the increase of SGOT, SGPT, and ALP activities consequent to B[a]P challenge, and enhanced the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The extract also profoundly inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by B[a]P. The results revealed that Ganoderma lucidum extract restored antioxidant defense and prevented hepatic damage consequent to the challenge by B[a]P.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Ganoderma lucidum suppresses motility of highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells.

A dried powder from basidiomycetous fungi, Ganoderma lucidum, has been used in East Asia in therapies for several different diseases, including cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the biological actions of Ganoderma are not well understood. We have recently demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulate motility of highly invasive human breast cancer cells by the secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). In this study, we investigated the effect of G. lucidum on highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells. Here we show that spores or dried fruiting body of G. lucidum inhibit constitutively active transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in breast MDA-MB-231 and prostate PC-3 cancer cells. Furthermore, Ganoderma inhibition of expression of uPA and uPA receptor (uPAR), as well secretion of uPA, resulted in the suppression of the migration of MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 cells. Our data suggest that spores and unpurified fruiting body of G. lucidum inhibit invasion of breast and prostate cancer cells by a common mechanism and could have potential therapeutic use for cancer treatment.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2000

Ganoderma extract activates MAP kinases and induces the neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

The pharmacology and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine has been extensively documented. We have used an in vitro model system, PC12 cells, to demonstrate the presence of neuroactive compounds in Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi). Ganoderma extract induced the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and prevented nerve growth factor-dependent PC12 neurons from apoptosis. Moreover, these effects of ganoderma might be mediated via the ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathways, as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of Erk1, Erk2 and CREB. Thus, our data not only present the first evidence of the presence of neuroactive compounds that mediate the neuronal differentiation and neuroprotection of the PC12 cells, but also reveal the potential signaling molecules involved in its action.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the characterization of triterpenoids from Ganoderma.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of triterpenoids from Ganoderma is developed and validated in an attempt to explore a way to differentiate a number of species of the genus Ganoderma. Results show that 64 samples examined in this study could be divided into 18 groups based on characteristics of the HPLC pattern of triterpenoids. This result also conforms with those of the morphological examination and the interfertility test by di-monokaryotic mating. The HPLC analysis of triterpenoids further reveals that differentiation among samples from three different regions each of the two species G. lucidum and G. tsugae is workable. Even then, an incorrect designation is found for two of the groups of samples that were originally classified as G. resinaceum but showed different morphological characteristics and mating incompatibility. In conclusion, an HPLC analysis of triterpenoids is a simple and easy way to differentiate among different species of the genus Ganoderma.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1993

Basidiomycete allergens: comparison of three Ganoderma species.

High atmospheric concentrations of basidiospores occur in various parts of the world. Ganoderma basidiospores are distinctive, easily identifiable in aeroallergen surveys, and widely abundant. Previous studies showed that Ganoderma basidiospores caused respiratory allergies. Thus, we investigated various extracts (spore, cap, and/or mycelial) of G. meredithae, G. lucidum, and G. applanatum for allergen components. Analyses included radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition and IgE blots from isoelectric focusing (IEF) and SDS-PAGE. RAST inhibition with spores and caps of G. meredithae and G. lucidum showed that spores inhibited caps better than caps inhibited spores. Species differences were minor. Coomassie blue (CB) staining of IEF gels detected at least 23 protein bands (pI 3.6-6.6) in caps of G. meredithae and G. lucidum. G. meredithae spore extracts contained 17 of these (pI 3.6-5.0, 6.6). Spores and caps of G. meredithae contained 13 and 11 allergen bands, respectively, on IEF blots. SDS-PAGE of G. meredithae spore and cap showed one and four bands, respectively, by CB staining, but IgE blots showed 13 bands in cap and 17 in spore. Culture mycelia of G. lucidum and G. applanatum attained significant and essentially constant RAST activity by day 4. Activity was also present in culture supernatant by day 4. Blots of mycelium and supernatant detected a single allergen in day-8 mycelia and subsequently six allergen bands in day-16 mycelia and eight in day-16 supernatant (one appeared as a doublet). These data show that Ganoderma extracts contain a complex mixture of allergens. Differences among species were minor; spores and mycelia are apparently better sources of allergens than caps.

Allergens↗

PubMed2001

Prevention of autoantibody formation and prolonged survival in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 mice with an ancient Chinese herb, Ganoderma tsugae.

For centuries, Chinese medicine has regarded Ganoderma, a fungus (Myceteae, Amastigomycota, Busidomycetes, Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae, Ganoderma) also known as 'Ling Zhi' in Mandarin, as a premium remedy for many diseases. Until now, no convincing data regarding its therapeutic effects in vivo on autoimmune diseases have been demonstrated. In this study, a controlled protocol was conducted in which New Zealand Black/White F1 mice were fed standard chow with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) or Ganoderma tsugae extract, commencing at 2 months of age. It was found that the F1 mice responded well to Ling Zhi extract. Ling Zhi improved the survival rate of lupus mice, decreased the amount of proteinuria, decreased serum levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibody, and showed evidence of decreased perivascular and parenchyma mononuclear cell infiltration in vital organs.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Antifibrotic effects of a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, glycyrrhizin, and pentoxifylline in rats with cirrhosis induced by biliary obstruction.

For the past few years, we have been investigating polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum as antifibrotic agents. In a previous study, we discovered that polysaccharides extracted from G. Iucidum lowered the collagen content in liver but had no effect on serum biochemical parameters in rats subjected to bile duct ligation and scission-induced fibrosis. In this study, we changed the extraction method and obtained polysaccharides extracted from G. Iucidum. The polysaccharide from G. Iucidum reduced the serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin and also reduced the collagen content in liver and improved the morphology. Pentoxifylline, which is reported to exhibit an antifibrotic effect in pigs with fibrosis induced by yellow phosphorus, did not have any antifibrotic effects in fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction. Glycyrrhizin, which is used in the treatment of hepatitis, reduced serum ALT and AST values but there was no significance. It had no effect on liver hydroxyproline content which implies that glycyrrhizin has no antifibrotic effect in the rats with fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation and scission. These data suggest that the polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum could be a promising antifibrotic agent. However, further study is needed to understand the inhibition mechanism of collagen deposition of polysaccharides from Ganoderma Iucidum and its clinical applicability remains to be established.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Is the widely used medicinal fungus the Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. sensu stricto? (A short review).

The identification of Ganoderma species is usually based on classical morphological criteria. The objectives of this review were to collect available information on Ganoderma lucidum and to utilize them in exact identification of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. sensu stricto. A lot of taxonomical confusion has always been associated with G. lucidum and allied species. Species circumscription, phylogenetic relationships, host range and distribution of species of the G. lucidum complex are unclear even among the few taxa living in temperate climate. Several methods have been proposed to identify the species as examination of cultural characteristics, isozymes, secondary metabolites, DNA sequences and interfertility. Although G. lucidum sensu stricto has been reported world-wide accumulated evidence supported the suggestion that it seems restricted to Europe. The strains used in the medicine are usually collected in Asia. There is little likelihood that any one belongs to the G. lucidum sensu stricto. The strains labelled as G. lucidum in the medicinal and pharmacological literature encompass a broad range of species which produce different medicinally active compounds and have significantly different pharmacological effects.

Culture Media↗