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Results for “recognition code”

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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Spatial patterning of response to odors in the peripheral olfactory system.

The low odor specificities of the olfactory receptors suggest that odor recognition depends on the simultaneous activity in an ensemble of receptor neurons. This ensemble could conceivably code quality without reference to the point of origin of each input on the receptor sheet. However, the nose-to-bulb projection appears sufficiently precise to provide the bulb with a topographical map of the receptor sheet although it is poorly delineated in the anteroposterior plane. (It is also known that the morphological changes that follow prolonged exposure to odors are more differentiated in the coronal than in the anteroposterior plane.) Furthermore, it is clear from work at both epithelial and bulbar levels that a spatiotemporal pattern of excitation is generated by odor stimulation of the receptor sheet and that this pattern differs for different odors. This evidence, then, supports the view that there is a spatial component to odor quality coding. This spatial pattern has two elements. One is imposed and depends (at least in part) on differences in the retentivity of different odorants by the mucous sheet, which has powerful sorptive properties. It effectiveness seems particularly weak for odorants with relatively long retention times. The second component is inherent and depends on the tendency of receptors with similar peak odor specificities to aggregate in the same region (or regions) of the epithelium. Different odors or groups of odors maximally excite different regions, which may overlap. The imposed component could not, in itself, provide an adequate mechanism for odor recognition, partly because many compounds have comparable or even identical mean retention times (e.g., enantiomeric isomers). The inherent component, on the other hand, possesses this potential. However, either or both forms of patterning may cooperate with a third nonspatial mechanism (based on differential responsiveness of receptors to different odors) in coding odor quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Enterococcus faecalis GP1764 induces an early differential gene expression in the intestine on key pathways related to cellular immune response and gut barrier function in chickens.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mode of action of Enterococcus faecalis GP1764 in improving performance traits during the starter phase by analyzing genome-wide gene expression and its interaction with microbial populations in the intestine of chickens challenged with an NSP-rich diet. At day 7, microbiota populations from ileal and cecal contents and transcriptomics from jejunal and cecal mucosa were analyzed between Control (Ctrl) and Enterococcus faecalis GP1764 (EntF) groups. Results from microbiota analysis demonstrated that EntF shifted β-diversity indices in ileum (neutral (p= 0.006) and phylogenetic (p= 0.006)) and caecum (phylogenetic (p= 0.017)). Transcriptomics revealed 43 differentially expressed genes for EntF vs. Ctrl in the jejunal mucosa. Of these, MHCY-36 (MHC-I-Related), RAG2 and MUC19-like genes were upregulated in EntF vs. Ctrl, protein-coding genes with immunomodulatory capacities as supported by GSEA and Cytoscape-ClueGo pathway analyses. Results suggest an intestinal immunomodulation induced through presentation of B vitamins metabolites, synthetized by EntF, to an undescribed subset of innate-like unconventional T lymphocytes in chickens, similar to MAIT cells in mammals. These cells could contribute to antibacterial responses and repair of damaged barrier tissue after inflammatory processes. The upregulation of the MUC19-like gene expression observed in the jejunal mucosa can protect gut integrity via the promotion of mucus production by goblet cells. Finally, RAG2, involved in V(D)J coding segments recombination in B- and T-cells may provide a greater recognition of foreign invaders, allowing the animals to efficiently fight against pathogenic infections. Collectively, these results suggest an important role of EntF in promoting the capacity of animals to rapidly act against pathogenic challenges, herein, inducing resilience towards dietary ingredients with anti-nutritional activity that impart moderate inflammation in chickens.

Enterococcus faecalis↗
PubMed1978

Physical map of the Bombyx mori DNA containing the gene for silk fibroin.

A physical map of the DNA containing the gene for silk fibroin was developed from direct hybridization analysis of restriction endonuclease digests of total Bombyx mori DNA using fibroin 125I-mRNA. The orientation of mRNA transcription relative to this map was deduced from the sensitivity of the mRNA coding strand within certain DNA restriction segments to lambda-exonuclease and exonuclease III. The map includes the entire gene coding region (Mr approximately 11 x 10(6)) and large DNA elements which flank the gene at its 5' end (Mr approximately 3 x 10(6)) and 3' end (Mr approximately 6.5 x 10(6)). The coding region is remarkably uniform in its sensitivity to restriction endonucleases. It is completely devoid of sites for most of the enzymes tested, including Hae III, the recognition sequence (d-pG-G C-C) of which might be expected to occur frequently in this large DNA block of 60% G + C content. The fibroin coding region does contain an enormous number of sites for enzymes predicted to have activity from known fibroin mRNA sequences. These results suggeste that the fibroin gene core is a large homogeneously repetitive block of DNA with little evidence for sequence divergence, or the presence of qualitatively different sequences, which might creat other restriction sensitivities. The map also allowed a comparison to be made of the fibroin gene "context" in DNA from tissues either active or inactive in fibroin synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

HLA-linked genetic control of the specicity of human cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus.

We have investigated elements of the genetic control of human in vitro cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus-infected autologous cells by studies of a large family. The pattern of virus-immune cytotoxicity among siblings demonstrated T-cell recognition of influenza virus predominantly (greater than 90%) in association with determinants which are coded by genes linked to HLA (P less than 0.0002). Many family members consistently generated cytotoxic activity against influenza predominantly in association with antigens coded by genes of only one of their HLA haplotypes. Such haplotype preferences were consistent among HLA-identical siblings, indicating that the specificity of the T-cell response to influenza virus in association with HLA-A and -B antigens is controlled by genes linked to HLA.

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic↗
PubMed1975

Young children's coding and storage of visual and verbal material.

36 preschool children (mean age 4.2 years) were each tested on 3 recognition memory lists differing in test mode (visual only, verbal only, combined visual-verbal). For one-third of the children, original list presentation was visual only, for another third, presentation was verbal only, and the final third received combined visual-verbal presentation. The subjects generally performed at a high level of correct responding. Verbal-only presentation resulted in less correct recognition than did either visual-only or combined visual-verbal presentation. However, because performances under both visual-only and combined visual-verbal presentation were statistically comparable, and a high level of spontaneous labeling was observed when items were presented only visually, a dual-processing conceptualization of memory in 4-year-olds was suggested.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Promoter recognition by phage SP01-modified RNA polymerase.

A modified form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase containing a phage SP01-coded regulatory protein (the gene 28 product) selectively transcribes "middle" genes of the phage genome in vitro. In this paper, we identify a subset of restriction endonuclease fragments of SP01 DNA that promote specific transcription by the phage-modified polymerase. In the absence of nucleoside triphosphates, RNA polymerase containing the gene 28 protein selectively binds to these DNA fragments thereby forming stable binary complexes that can be isolated on nitrocellulose filters. In contrast, unmodified RNA polymerase containing sigma factor selectively binds to and transcribes a subset of phage DNA fragments that contain "early" sequences and that are in large part distinct from the fragments recognized by the phage-modified transcriptase. Our results strongly suggest that phage "early" and "middle" genes are transcribed from distinct promoters and that the RNA polymerase containing the gene 28 protein binds to sites that are located at or near promoters for SP01 "middle" genes.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1978

Involvement of H-2L gene products in virus-immune T-cell recognition. Evidence for an H-2L-restricted T-cell response.

The H-2L locus is closely linked to H-2D and codes for antigenic specificities present on a 45,000 mol wt glycoprotein that is distinct from the molecule which bears the D region private specificity. It was found that BALB/c-H-2db mice, which lack detectable cell-surface H-2L gene products, were able to generate influenza- and vaccinia-immune cytotoxic T cells which lyse D region-compatible target cells, although they have been reported to be incapable of making a similar response to ectromelia virus (7). Thus, the lack of H-2L antigenic specificities does not produce a general loss of responsiveness for other viruses even when a highly cross-reactive pox virus (vaccinia) was studied. Antisera-blocking experiments utilizing sera specific for either L or D molecules indicated that BALB/c mice generate influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T-cell subsets which independently recognize H-2L and H-2D gene products in association with viral antigens. These results are the first indication that products of the H-2L locus can operate analogously to H-2K/D gene products in virus-immune T-cell recognition.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recognition of the depth of tumor extent in the cerebral hemispheres by electroencephalographic signs using a computer].

To obtain electroencephalographic criteria for in-depth occurrence of supratentorial tumours the mathematical theory of image recognition has been used. A map of electroencephalographic signs has been drawn up and 182 patients were coded electroencephalographically. Six signs were obtained with the help of the linear minimax algorhythm and in constructing diagnostic combinations of sign gradations--20 syndromes were fixed with whose help it becomes possible to recognize the depth of the tumour occurrence. Both rules were applied in an examination sequence of 51 EEG. The reliability of the results is as high as 0.95.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Teaching psychotherapy by use of brief typescripts.

A typescript of a 10-minute segment of a taped therapeutic interview, coded by using a modification of the Gottshalk scales, quite clearly demonstrates the patient's current focal conflict. Recognition of the current focal conflict is thus taught, and this is used as an organizing principle in supervision of psychotherapy.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

A code for reporting and comparing results in phage typing.

This code, like the others proposed, involves the definition of a characteristic reaction for each system. Each reaction must be positive or negative. As regards the interpretation of results, it is worth noting that if the bacteriophage typing system uses not less than 5 phages, there is no problem for interpreting the results of small series of 10 to 20 strains, whatever the code used. But should the system use more than 5 phages, the advantage offered by the octal code becomes obvious because, without computer, the manual coding for comparing the results of various series is always possible. Beyond 6 phages, the binary pattern reporting, unintelligible without correction, is possible with an octal number not exceeding 7 digits for a pattern corresponding to a 21-phage set. When very large series of strains are considered, the coding can be completely done and printed out by any computer through a very simple program. This proposed code is not only rational but also a useful method even if the number of phages used is larger than 20 or 30, but after a computer becomes necessary however the coding system used.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1976

Pictorial superiority effect.

Pictures generally show superior recognition relative to their verbal labels. This experiment was designed to link this pictorial superiority effect to sensory or meaning codes associated with the two types of symbols. Paired-associate stimuli consisted of simple pictures or of their labels, with list items selected either from the same conceptual category or from different conceptual categories. In addition, schematic or visual similarity among the pictures was either high or low. At two rates of presentation equal amounts of conceptual interference were produced for pictures and their labels. High schematic similarity eliminated the pictorial superiority effects at the slow rate and completely reversed it at the fast rate. These results suggest that the meaning representations for simple pictures and their labels may be identical, and that the pictorial superiority effect is related to the qualitative superiority of the sensory codes for pictures.

Concept Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cell molecular computer. IX. Coding principles in intracellular information processing].

Methods of coding the number and search for molecular program in a molecular computer are considered. The limited length of the nucleotide code is (see formula) where Pi -- probability of request of the given program, N -- total number of programs. Energetic expenditures for the synthesis of the code with the length l (in an ideal case without noise) E approximately 10 kT X l. Protein-nucleic recognition allows the work of the cell with almost the same expenditures on the account of Brown search in the presence of noise.

Cells↗
PubMed1978

Structure-activity studies of barbiturates using pattern recognition techniques.

The relationship between molecular structure and duration of depressant effect for barbiturates was investigated. A data set of 160 5,5'-disubstituted barbiturates with various acyclic substituents was coded using 47 numerical descriptors including fragments, substructures, environmental descriptors, and molecular connectivity indexes. All descriptors were derived directly from the connection tables of the barbiturates. Using an interactive error-correction feedback algorithm, linear discriminant functions were developed that could dichotomize the data set with respect to several thresholds separating longer from shorter acting compounds. Feature selection was used to focus on the relatively few structural descriptors sufficient to support linear separability. For three specific thresholds, nine, 11, and nine descriptors were sufficient. The importance of these descriptors and the utility of the technique are discussed. Predictive abilities of approximately 94% were obtained for known barbiturates of the same general molecular types.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

IgStrand: A universal residue numbering scheme for the immunoglobulin-fold (Ig-fold) to study Ig-proteomes and Ig-interactomes.

The Immunoglobulin fold (Ig-fold) is found in proteins from all domains of life and represents the most populous fold in the human genome, with current estimates ranging from 2 to 3% of protein coding regions. That proportion is much higher in the surfaceome where Ig and Ig-like domains orchestrate cell-cell recognition, adhesion and signaling. The ability of Ig-domains to reliably fold and self-assemble through highly specific interfaces represents a remarkable property of these domains, making them key elements of molecular interaction systems: the immune system, the nervous system, the vascular system and the muscular system. We define a universal residue numbering scheme, common to all domains sharing the Ig-fold in order to study the wide spectrum of Ig-domain variants constituting the Ig-proteome and Ig-Ig interactomes at the heart of these systems. The "IgStrand numbering scheme" enables the identification of Ig structural proteomes and interactomes in and between any species, and comparative structural, functional, and evolutionary analyses. We review how Ig-domains are classified today as topological and structural variants and highlight the "Ig-fold irreducible structural signature" shared by all of them. The IgStrand numbering scheme lays the foundation for the systematic annotation of structural proteomes by detecting and accurately labeling Ig-, Ig-like and Ig-extended domains in proteins, which are poorly annotated in current databases and opens the door to accurate machine learning. Importantly, it sheds light on the robust Ig protein folding algorithm used by nature to form beta sandwich supersecondary structures. The numbering scheme powers an algorithm implemented in the interactive structural analysis software iCn3D to systematically recognize Ig-domains, annotate them and perform detailed analyses comparing any domain sharing the Ig-fold in sequence, topology and structure, regardless of their diverse topologies or origin. The scheme provides a robust fold detection and labeling mechanism that reveals unsuspected structural homologies among protein structures beyond currently identified Ig- and Ig-like domain variants. Indeed, multiple folds classified independently contain a common structural signature, in particular jelly-rolls. Examples of folds that harbor an "Ig-extended" architecture are given. Applications in protein engineering around the Ig-architecture are straightforward based on the universal numbering.

Humans↗