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PubMed1990

Finite element analysis of six endosseous implants.

Stress magnitudes and contours in bone surrounding six endosteal post-type dental implants were calculated by using the finite element method. Comparisons were made by using Branemark, Core-Vent, Denar, Miter, Stryker, and experimental implant designs. Although certain assumptions were made that could be considered controversial, this study concluded that apical "punching stresses" with all of the implants were probably not clinically significant. Saucerization resulting from biomechanical overloads could be a possibility for three of the implants. Problems related to combinations of overloads and underloads at the same time were suggested for several more popular implants in the United States. Additional research, combining 3-D finite element models and clinical studies, was recommended for all commercially available dental implants.

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗

PubMed1983

Finite-element-analysis and experimental investigation in a femur with hip endoprosthesis.

The stress distribution in a human femur with an endoprosthesis was determined. The finite element method (FEM) was used for a three-dimensional model with more than 15000 degrees of freedom. Geometrical and material data had been taken for this model from a left femur with endoprosthesis. On the contralateral bone a strain gauge investigation was performed to validate the calculations. Reasonable agreement was achieved. Various modes of loading were investigated. A perfect bond at the interface between materials of different elastic moduli was assumed. The results are valid for endoprosthesis with such structured stem surfaces as allow transfer of tensile and shear stresses.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1999

Three-dimensional finite element analysis and comparison of stress distribution in overdentures supported with bar attachments and telescopic crowns.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which one of the overdenture (OD) retainers was more beneficial to the abutments--the bar or the telescopic crown--and if a tooth could be used as an OD abutment when the supporting bone decreased to half of the root. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The three-dimensional finite element method was used to investigate the stress distribution in a mandible with an overdenture supported by the roots of two canines. The two teeth were either connected with a bar attachment or restored with telescopic crowns, and were then restored with a complete overdenture. For each type of superstructure, the influence of bone height around the roots (no alveolar resorption and resorption to half of the root length) was analyzed under three loading conditions. RESULTS: The most extreme stress values were located at the alveolar ridge crest of the bone around the root of the abutment. In the case of anterior loading, the largest compressive stress (LCS) in telescopic crown overdenture (TOD) was lower. When loaded posteriorly there was no obvious difference between bar attachment overdenture (BOD) and TOD. At the alveolar ridge crest around the root of the abutment, the stress value in the model with decreased bone level was higher than in the model with normal bone level, but the range was not significant. CONCLUSION: 1. In terms of stress in the alveolar bone, complete overdenture over telescopic crowns is more convenient than over bar attachments. 2. Stress increases as the height of the bone around the roots decreases, but the increment is less than 30%. It is important for an abutment with bone resorption to perform root amputation to obtain an acceptable crown/root ratio.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed2000

Viscoelastic finite-element analysis of a lumbar motion segment in combined compression and sagittal flexion. Effect of loading rate.

STUDY DESIGN: A study using a validated viscoelastic finite-element model of a L2-L3 motion segment to identify the load sharing among the passive elements at different loading rates. OBJECTIVE: To enhance understanding concerning the role of the loading rate (i.e., speed of lifting and lowering during manual material handling tasks) on the load sharing and safety margin of spinal structures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Industrial epidemiologic studies have shown that jobs requiring a higher speed of trunk motion contribute to a higher risk of industrial low back disorders. Consideration of the dynamic loading characteristics, such as lifting at different speeds, requires modeling of the viscoelastic behavior of passive tissues. Detailed systematic analysis of loading rate effects has been lacking in the literature. METHODS: Complex flexion movement was simulated by applying compression and shear loads at the top of the upper vertebra while its sagittal flexion angle was prescribed without constraining any translations. The lower vertebra was fixed at the bottom. The load reached its maximum values of 2000 N compression and 200 N anterior shear while L2 was flexed to 10 degrees of flexion in the three different durations of 0.3, 1, and 3 seconds to represent fast, medium, and slow movements, respectively. The resisted bending moment, gross load-displacement response of the motion segment, forces in facet joints and ligaments, stresses and strains in anulus fibrosus, and intradiscal pressure were compared across different rates. RESULTS: The distribution of stress and strain was markedly affected by the loading rate. The higher loading rate increased the peak intradiscal pressure (12.4%), bending moment (20.7%), total ligament forces (11.4%), posterior longitudinal ligament stress (15.7%), and anulus fiber stress at the posterolateral innermost region (17.9%), despite the 15.4% reduction in their strain. CONCLUSIONS: Consideration of the time-dependent material properties of passive elements is essential to improving understanding of motion segment responses to dynamic loading conditions. Higher loading rate markedly reduces the safety margin of passive spinal elements. When the dynamic tolerance limits of tissues are available, the results provide bases for the guidelines of safe dynamic activities in clinics or industry.

Elasticity↗

PubMed2005

Viscoelastic finite element analysis of an all-ceramic fixed partial denture.

In recent years metal-free ceramic systems have become increasingly popular in dental practice because of their superior aesthetics, chemical durability and biocompatibility. Recently, manufacturers have proposed new dental ceramic systems that are advertised as being suitable for posterior fixed partial dentures (FPDs). Reports indicate that some of these systems have exhibited poor clinical performance. The objective of this study was to use the viscoelastic option of the ANSYS finite element program to calculate residual stresses in an all-ceramic FPD for four ceramic-ceramic combinations. A three-dimensional finite element model of the FPD was constructed from digitized scanning data and calculations were performed for four systems: (1) IPS Empress 2, a glass-veneering material, and Empress 2 core ceramic; (2) IPS Eris a low fusing fluorapatite-containing glass-veneering ceramic, and Empress 2 core ceramic; (3) IPS Empress 2 veneer and an experimental lithium-disilicate-based core ceramic; and (4) IPS Eris and an experimental lithium-disilicate-based core ceramic. The maximum residual tensile stresses in the veneer layer for these combinations are as follows: (1) 77 MPa, (2) 108 MPa, (3) 79 MPa, and (4) 100 MPa. These stresses are relatively high compared to the flexural strengths of these materials. In all cases, the maximum residual tensile stresses in the core frameworks were well below the flexural strengths of these materials. We conclude that the high residual tensile stresses in all-ceramic FPDs with a layering ceramic may place these systems in jeopardy of failure under occlusal loading in the oral cavity.

Ceramics↗

PubMed1998

Two-dimensional finite element analysis of the influence of bridge design on stress distribution in bone tissues surrounding fixtures of osseointegrated implants in the lower molar region.

This study is a comparison and examination of the stress distribution of the bone tissues surrounding the fixture under a static vertical load condition with regard to an osseointegrated implant bridge (OIB) applied to the lower molar region. It was performed by constructing more than one of two-dimensional finite element models that differ in design conditions. In the case of the bounded type OIB design to the fixture placed in a straight line, a decrease in the maximum stress value of the compact bone surrounding the fixture was recognized with a decrease in the total inter-fixture distance and an increase in the number of placed fixtures. On the other hand, in the case of the free-end type OIB design, there is an increase in the maximum stress value compared with the bounded type OIB design and, in particular, a marked increase with the decrease in the total inter-fixture distance and the extension of the free-end pontic. However, the effect of the number of fixtures placed on the maximum stress value of the surrounding bone tissues was considered to be comparatively small.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of spongiosa density on load bearing of the lumbar spine.A finite element analysis].

OBJECTIVE: Different parts of the human spine have to accomplish different functions. But little is known about the exact distribution of forces within the spine and whether this is influenced by bone quality. The purpose of this study was to predict fields and extent of greatest load in compression in a human lumbar spine motion segment using a finite element model. METHODS: A three dimensional isotrophic finite element model was generated using the software ANSYS 5.4. Spinal loading was performed in axial compression (600 N). The model was validated by biomechanical analysis using 12 human spinal segments that were loaded with the same forces. Prediction was done with different E-modulus for cancellous bone, representing a wide range of bone quality between osteoporotic and strong bone quality. RESULTS: Load-sharing was influenced by bone quality: the weaker bone quality is, the higher is the extent of load that is passed through the posterior part of the spine. CONCLUSION: This finite element model predicts that load-sharing in a lumbar spine segment with decreased bone mineral density is different from that in healthy segments. A decrease of bone mineral density is resulting in an increase of load that is passed through the posterior part of the lumbar spine. Keeping in mind the simplifications of this model, the results may influence surgical treatment of patients suffering from osteoporosis or osteolytic destructions of the lumbar spine.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the mandible and temporomandibular joint on simulated occlusal forces before and after vertical ramus elongation by distraction osteogenesis.

Distraction osteogenesis has recently become a mainstay for treatment of mandibular hypoplasia. Thorough knowledge about changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the surrounding parts of the mandible and the skull after mandibular distraction is still lacking. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the stress distribution in the mandible and the TMJ before and after skeletal correction by intraoral unilateral vertical mandibular ramus distraction, using a finite element (FE) model. The FE models were based on computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging scans of a patient with unilateral hypoplasia of the right mandibular ramus caused by juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The character of stress distribution in the mandible and TMJ before and after skeletal correction by 15 mm of vertical distraction of the mandibular ramus was analyzed quantitatively and compared during centric occlusion. Before the distraction osteogenesis treatment, the condyles, articular discs, and glenoid fossa regions are loaded with a different stress pattern. The affected right condyle, disc, and fossa are loaded diffusely and externally in comparison with the anterior and with centralized loading on the normal left side. After unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis, the load became more centric and symmetrical. The results suggest that correction of the mandibular deformity by distraction osteogenesis tends to normalize the stress patterns in the TMJ.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗

PubMed1982

Finite-element-analysis and experimental investigation of stresses in a femur.

The state of stress of an intact femur was analysed using a three-dimensional finite element model. One of a pair of femora was used for determination of data for the 3-D model. The other was instrumented with 34 rosette strain gauges for experimental measurements. Good agreement of analytical and experimental data was achieved. For six modes of loading, the deflections and the principal and comparison stresses were determined and compared. The upper one third and the diaphysis of the femur are differently affected in their state of stress, by different modes of loading including simulation of the abductor muscles and the iliotibial tract. For qualitative stress studies of the diaphysis, loading by a single force on the femoral head parallel to the shaft axis may be adequate.

Femur↗

PubMed1987

Finite element analysis of acetabular reconstruction. Noncemented threaded cups.

The load-transfer mechanism and stress patterns in the acetabulum reconstructed with a threaded cup were investigated relative to the normal hip using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Several models were applied in the analysis to investigate the effects of axisymmetric 3-D versus 2-D approaches, inclusion of the femoral head, and local stress patterns around the threads in three types of implant/bone bonding modes. It was found that the threaded ring behaves as a relatively rigid implant shielding the trabecular bone and enhancing load transfer through the cortical shells. Load transfer from ring to bone is concentrated at the first and last threads where the subchondral bone layer is penetrated. Stress peaks of up to 24 MPa occur in these regions.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed1989

[Simulation of bone resorption in denture patients using finite element analysis. 1. Application of optimization method].

The purpose of this study was to simulate the process of bone resorption under removable denture bases. Two dimensional finite element models were prepared for the frontal section of a maxillary complete denture with its supporting mucosa and bone in the first molar region. Simulations were performed with the optimization program which could proportionally move the nodal points according to the stress level difference between the actual and the reference stress level. By exerting loads on occlusal table of the model, the bone resorption progressed in the similar manner to reported clinical observations. The location and magnitude of the resorption were highly related to the location and direction of the loads.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Finite element analysis of a Gamma nail within a fractured femur.

Failures of Gamma nails which treat unstable femoral fractures have been reported. In this paper, a finite element model to include a Gamma nail within a fractured femur was used to investigate the stresses in the Gamma nail. The effects for different types of fracture were investigated. The results show that its use for subtrochanteric fractures will cause higher stresses at the lag screw and upper distal screw insertion holes in the nail than when used for femur neck fractures.

Bone Nails↗

PubMed1982

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.

We studied the theoretical stress distribution in the proximal femoral epiphysis by means of a three-dimensional finite element model that allowed simulation of the central epiphyseal necrosis found in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. The model was altered to study effects of age, extent of necrosis, portion of gait cycle, and effects of osteotomy on containment. It was found that small infarcts were less likely to exhibit collapse because of stress shielding, which decreased when the infarct was extensive or the area was not contained. There was little difference in stresses regardless of age or portion of the gait cycle. Femoral and pelvic osteotomies did little to modify mechanical stresses, and specifically failed to stimulate stress shielding in the case of extensive necrosis. This study suggests that basic mechanical behavior of the femoral epiphysis is similar in younger and older children, and good results in the former may be due to remodelling and low body weight. Although containment may have a place in less extensive lesions, there is no obvious mechanical support for the practice of performing osteotomies in the face of extensive epiphyseal necrosis.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transient finite element analysis of thermal methods used to estimate SAR and blood flow in homogeneously and nonhomogeneously perfused tumour models.

A two-dimensional time-dependent finite element model was developed to evaluate thermal techniques for estimating blood flow and specific absorption rate (SAR). In these computer simulations, homogeneously and nonhomogeneously perfused tumour models were heated by a 915 MHz interstitial microwave antenna array. Representative blood flow values were assigned within the tumour, and the applied SAR distribution was based on a previously developed antenna theory. SAR values were estimated from the power-on transient temperatures, and blood flow values were estimated from thermal clearance data after power was discontinued. These estimated parameters were then compared to the known 'true' blood flow and SAR values throughout the treatment region. SAR values could be predicted with reasonable accuracy throughout most of the heated region independent of local blood flow. For a homogeneous model, thermal clearance was found to yield reasonably accurate blood flow estimates at high perfusion rates and less accurate estimates at lower perfusion rates. However, for the inhomogeneous model, the blood perfusion estimates were generally poor, and an average blood flow value for the tumour was obtained with little ability to resolve the differences in perfusion between regions. Using temperatures observed early in the cool-down curve resulted in improved spatial resolution, but increased the contribution of thermal conduction to the blood flow estimates. A single time-constant exponential thermal decay curve was found to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for reliable blood flow estimates using this technique.

Absorption↗

PubMed2006

Mechanical response of polyethylene tibial component using compression loading contact test: experimental and finite element analysis.

An experimental apparatus has been developed to study the mechanical response of Total Knee Replacement (TKR) prosthesis under compression loading test (Tibial HDPE component and femoral Vitallium component). Analysis of experimental results indicates that the load-displacement curve depends on the initial contact location. The position of this curve varies between two curves of lower and higher stiffness. Experimental compression loading curve for femoral part resting on flat HDPE is located between the extreme curves. This result allows us to model load-displacement curve of TKR prosthesis under compression loading using femoral component resting on flat polyethylene surface. For simple contact geometry of spherical cap on flat HDPE specimen, Hertz elastic theory can be used to describe the load displacement curve for loads under 635 N. This value corresponds to the load which induces plastic flow of polyethylene. In the case of femoral component on flat HDPE specimen, Hertz elastic theory can be considered for loads under 800 N. Finite element 2D is also used to model the compression load displacement curve for femoral component resting on flat HDPE specimen. The finite element results are similar to the Hertz elastic theory analysis for compression loading under 1200 N. Damage of tibial component can be related to the critical load which induces plastic flow of polyethylene. This load depends on the contact geometry and can be estimated with the Hertz elastic theory.

Compressive Strength↗

PubMed1993

Finite element analysis in three-dimensional flow through a lateral saccular aneurysm.

The three-dimensional flow pattern in a lateral saccular aneurysm was investigated by a finite element method. The aneurysm model had a dome-shaped diverticulum arising from one side of the straight circular tube. The steady Navier-Stokes equations and the equation of continuity were applied. The finite element equations were derived from the Galerkin process with each hexahedral element, in which velocities were approximated by quadratic polynomials and pressures by linear polynomials. The non-linear finite element equations were solved by a Newton-Raphson method. Calculations were performed of the steady flow at various Reynolds numbers. The conclusions for flow patterns with a Reynolds number of 1000 is as follows: (i) a separation vortex occurred in the whole circumferential region of the aneurysm, (ii) the separation vortex was distorted by the geometrical shape of the aneurysm, and (iii) two other vortexes induced by the separation vortex existed at the proximal and the distal wall of the aneurysm. These disturbances of flow through an aneurysm are thought to play a significant role in the formation of thrombi and the rupture of an aneurysm.

Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal↗

PubMed1997

Finite element analysis of acetabular wear. Validation, and backing and fixation effects.

A two-phase investigation was undertaken to study computational performance aspects of a recently developed finite element formulation that has shown promise in the study of design related influences on total hip arthroplasty wear. In the first phase, computational model predictions were evaluated against directly corresponding physical wear measurements performed in a biaxial rocking hip simulator. The discrepancy between the predictions and the measurements was approximately 4.1%. In the second phase, a bony support bed was introduced to supersede the model's previous simplifying assumption of rigid support at the cup backing. Other factors being equal, computed wear rates differed negligibly for three very different cup backing and fixation modalities studied with the new bony bed support condition, and for two individual cups studied with bony bed support versus the rigid backing support simplification.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed2003

A finite element analysis for the prediction of load-induced fluid flow and mechanochemical transduction in bone.

Interstitial fluid flow through the lacunocanalicular cavities of mechanically loaded bone provides the biophysical basis for a number of postulates regarding mechanotransduction in bone. Recently, the existence of load-induced fluid flow and its influence on molecular transport through bone has been confirmed using tracer methods to visualize fluid flow induced by in vivo four-point-bending of rat tibiae. In this paper, we present a theoretical two-stage approach for the calculation of load-induced flow fields and for the evaluation of their influence on molecular transport in bone loaded in four-point bending, analogous to the aforementioned experimental model. In the first stage, the fluid velocities are calculated using a three-dimensional, poroelastic finite element model. In the second stage, mass transport analysis, this calculated fluid flow serves as a forced convection flow and its contribution to the total transport potential is determined. Based on this combined approach, the overall tracer concentration in the loaded bone is significantly higher than that in the unloaded bone. Furthermore, augmentation of mass transport through convective flow is more pronounced in the tension band of the tissue, as compared to the compression band. In general, augmentation of tracer concentration via convective mechanisms is most pronounced in areas corresponding to lowest fluid velocities, which is indicative of fluid flow direction and areas of increased "dwell time" or accumulation during the loading cycle. This theoretical model, in combination with the corresponding experimental model, provides unique insight into the role of mechanical loads in modulating local flow distributions and concentration gradients within bone tissue.

Animals↗