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PubMed1976

Kinesthetic aftereffect and personality: a case study of issues involved in construct validation.

Kinesthetic Aftereffect (KAE), once a promising personality index, has been abandoned by many investigators because of poor retest reliability and intermittent validity. In challenging this current consensus, we argue that (a) first-session KAE is valid; (b) poor retest reliability simply reflects later-session bias; (c) hence, multisession studies should not be used to assess validity without taking this bias into account. Those recent studies which failed to support KAE validity were each multisession in design. If our bias contention is correct, these studies should be ignored, and the claim of intermittent validity is thus rebutted. Reanalysis of the most recent major multisession, nonsupportive validity study indicates (a) Session 1 validity, (b) later-session bias, and (c) later-session valdiity when multisession scores are combined to avoid bias. Thus, KAE validly measures personality.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

What's so unhealthy about hostility? Construct validity and psychosocial correlates of the Cook and Medley Ho scale.

The Cook and Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale, a measure of hostility derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), was recently found in one cross-sectional study to be related to the severity of coronary artery disease and in two prospective studies to predict the development of coronary heart disease. Unfortunately, little information is available to clarify the meaning of the scale, and little is known about the psychosocial characteristics of individuals with high Ho scores. As a result, interpretation of the previous studies is difficult. Our two studies attempted to address these concerns. In Study 1, the Ho scale demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. Data indicated that the scale primarily assesses suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, and cynical distrust of others rather than overtly aggressive behavior or general emotional distress. In Study 2, individuals with high scores displayed comparatively more anger, less hardiness, more frequent and severe hassles, and fewer and less satisfactory social supports. Thus, we propose that the Ho scale assesses cynical hostility and conclude that high scores are associated with a particularly unhealthy psychosocial risk profile. These findings refine our understanding of the Ho scale and assist in the interpretation of previous studies using this measure.

Anger↗
PubMed1997

Reliability, performance characteristics, construct validity, and an initial clinical application of a visual object learning test (VOLT).

Whereas verbal learning has received considerable attention by cognitive neuropsychology, spatial object learning has been more resistant to study. The paucity of visual learning data has hampered attempts to clarify if visual learning has unique features with specialized neural substrates. In schizophrenia, severe verbal learning impairment has been established, but lack of comparable visual learning measures has thwarted the dissociation of verbal and visual abilities. The Visual Object Learning Test (VOLT) was developed to examine aspects of visual-spatial learning and memory in a manner analogous to available verbal tests. Studies were performed to establish normative performance characteristics, convergent and divergent validity, and the sensitivity of the VOLT to detection of individual differences in normal (through sex and age) and pathologic variability (through persons with schizophrenia). The results indicated excellent internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and sensitivity to the effects of aging and pathology. Persons with schizophrenia were impaired in both learning and retention. The authors conclude that memory impairment in schizophrenia may not be specific to verbal learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Correlates of attachment at age 3: construct validity of the preschool attachment classification system.

This study examined correlates of attachment at age 3 to further validate preschool separation-reunion measures. Three-year-olds (N = 150) and their mothers participated in a separation-reunion protocol, the Preschool Attachment Classification System (PACS: J. Cassidy & R. S. Marvin with the MacArthur Working Group on Attachment, 1992), and a mother-child interaction session during a laboratory visit. Mothers also completed psychosocial measures and, along with teachers, evaluated child behavior problems. The secure and disorganized groups received, respectively, the highest and lowest interaction scores. Disorganized children showed a higher level of teacher-reported externalizing and internalizing problems than did secure children. Mothers of insecure children reported higher child externalizing (all insecure groups) and internalizing (avoidant group) scores, more personal distress related to emotional bonding (disorganized group), childrearing control (ambivalent group), and child hyperactivity (avoidant group). Results strongly support the validity of the PACS as a measure of attachment in 3-year-olds.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1998

Diagnosing attention deficit disorders with the Behavioral Assessment System for Children and the Child Behavior Checklist: test and construct validity analyses using optimal discriminant classification trees.

The usefulness of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Parent scales was examined with respect to (a) differentiating students with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from non-ADHD students and (b) discriminating between the predominantly inattentive-type and combined-type ADHD-afflicted students. For both the BASC and the CBCL, a different optimal discriminant classification tree analysis (CTA) model was developed for each of the 2 diagnostic predictions. For distinguishing ADHD students from non-ADHD students, the BASC model was more parsimonious and accurate than the CBCL model. Toward the goal of differentiating between primarily inattentive and combined types, the CBCL's model was superior for predicting primarily inattentive students. The results demonstrate the diagnostic utility of the BASC and CBCL and describe salient behavioral dimensions associated with subtypes of ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

Construct validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist in cancer survivors: analyses based on two samples.

The measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is critically important for the identification and treatment of this disorder. The PTSD Checklist (PCL; F. W. Weathers and J. Ford, 1996) is a self-report measure that is increasingly used. In this study, the authors investigated the factorial validity of the PCL with data from 236 cancer survivors who received a bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. The authors examined the fit of these data with the clinical model of 3 symptom clusters for PTSD, as proposed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and alternative models tested in prior research. By using confirmatory factor analysis the authors found that a 4-first-order-factor model of PTSD provided the best fit. The relations of PTSD symptoms with sociodemographic and medical variables were also explored.

Adolescent↗