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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Participant-predicted, observed, and calculated peak blood alcohol levels: a gender-specific analysis.

In recent years there has been a push by federal and state governments to lower the maximum blood alcohol level at which drivers are considered intoxicated. Many states have lowered the maximum blood alcohol level to .08%. This paper offers insight into drinkers' ability to predict their level of impairment prior to consuming a given amount of alcohol. It addresses the problem of drinkers not knowing how many drinks they can consume before becoming legally impaired. Results indicate males and females differ in their ability to predict impairment levels.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1992

[Epidemiology and prevention of major cardiovascular diseases].

Analysis of the situation in the Russian Federation indicates that despite a small downward tendency, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a leading cause of death among the population. Epidemiology studies of major CVD risk factors detected their high prevalence in several cities of the Republic despite noticeable geographic differences. The claim that prevention of CVD should be started from childhood remains still declarative and needs further large comprehensive studies. The accomplished research prevention programmes turned out to be feasible at community level and allowed one to develop organizational forms of their realization. To bring these projects into everyday life is a challenge as it involves many social problems.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting (results of a multicenter study)].

Described in the paper are the results of a multicenter study that was conducted at 11 health-care facilities of the Russian Federation and that was based on an analysis of 623 medical records of adult patients operated on with general anesthesia of different variations. There were 154 (24.7%) males and 469 (75.3%) females, aged 16 to 90. The study denoted the need in and possibility of preventing and arresting the PONV; it also outlined those forms of ondansetron (Zofran) that can be used for the purpose, they are: parenteral and lingual pills and rectal suppositories. An assumption was put forward on the significance of PONV conductive factors and on the most effective forms of ondansetron from among the mentioned above. An understanding, resulting from the study, on that PONV is of the multietiology nature and on that its probability increases in proportion to a compatibility of provoking factors, like sex, surgery technique as well as duration of anesthesia and its variation is of importance. The efficiency of medicamental prevention of PONV by a blocker of HT3-receptors, i.e. by ondansetron (Zofran), is to a great extent predetermined by that if the form and, probably, dose of the drug is in line with a combination of the above factors, which needs further research.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

View of the International Dairy Federation on interlaboratory analytical studies.

The International Dairy Federation develops and studies methods for the analysis of milk and milk products. A first draft of an IDF protocol for conducting interlaboratory studies is presented. Major features of the protocol are type and number of participating laboratories; nature, duplication, and number of sample materials; final design (numbers of samples and laboratories); statistical analysis of the data; report of the final results.

Dairy Products↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The triple helix--NIH, industry, and the academic world.

Spectacular accomplishments in biomedical research have given birth to what is now perceived as a biological revolution, an epoch in which man has acquired the skill to manipulate the fundamental unit of heredity, the gene. This revolution carries with it the prospect of remarkable opportunities to improve the quality of life and to probe with increasing precision the mysteries of cellular organization and function. It comes, however, at a time when the opportunity to exploit this new knowledge may be limited by a significant reduction in federal support of basic research, and a situation which prompts universities and other centers of scientific activity to seek funding from industrial patrons. This trend has generated a new constellation of institutional challenges, for one apparent result of industrial sponsorship of university-based biomedical research is a threat to university governance as altered allegiances emerge and as the potential for financial gain appears almost limitless. This essay explores background issues leading to these new alliances, seeks to identify some of the central problems emerging for university administrators, faculty, and students, and then poses a key question: Can industrial support for university-based biomedical research fill the apparent short-fall in federal dollars in the foreseeable future? An analysis of available data indicates that this outcome is unlikely either now or in the years ahead.

DNA, Recombinant↗

PubMed1996

[Early neurologic-neurosurgical rehabilitation--on the epidemiology of the need for early rehabilitation beds by adult patients exemplified by the Bremen federal district].

Early neurological rehabilitation means starting rehabilitation of brain damaged patients already during the acute phase of the trauma or illness. It meanwhile is commonly accepted that early onset of specific neurological rehabilitation interventions will enhance medical improvement and social reintegration potential. On the other hand, the number of treatment places required for adequate early neurological rehabilitation remains a controversial, and as yet unresolved, issue in Germany. In the present study, an evaluation was undertaken for the first time to determine the local demand for early rehabilitation beds in the well-defined region of the federal state of Bremen, based on retrospective analysis of all adults treated for severe brain disease in the major Bremen clinics over a period of 22 months, i.e., between January 1992 and October 1993. A total of 146 early rehabilitation treatments was found, which is equivalent to 80 treatments a year. These results are compared with the figures and recommendations given by Kuratorium ZNS. Also, our findings document the apparent deficits in neurological rehabilitation at the time in the Land Bremen, which undoubtedly jeopardize our daily objectives, the progress and successes achieved in early intensive care.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Development of a guideline for rehabilitation of patients with low back pain-- phase 2: analysis of data of the classification of therapeutic procedures].

Initiated by the Federal Insurance Institute for Salaried Employees (BfA, Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte), the project is aimed at developing an evidence-based guideline for rehabilitation of patients with low back pain (LBP). Guideline development will be based on a systematic review of the literature, an analysis of the treatment procedures currently employed in rehabilitation, inclusion of the patients' perspectives as well as consultation of experts' panels of clinically experienced physicians and therapists. Formulation of the guideline will then be carried out in a structured consensus building process. This article is focused on analysing the present situation with regard to the treatments received by patients insured by the BfA, using data from routine documentation according to the Classification of Therapeutic Procedures (KTL, Klassifikation Therapeutischer Leistungen). The analysis is intended to provide indications of a basic need to implement a common guideline as well as, simultaneously, to explore possible deficits in present treatment practices, hence to define priorities requiring special attention in the framework of guideline development. As a result of a systematic literature review, the KTL-defined therapeutic procedures that had emerged as relevant in the rehabilitation of LBP patients were aggregated into so-called therapeutic modules which then formed the basis of the analysis. In all, more than 46,000 KTL-data of 2438 patients with a diagnosis of "low back pain" (M54.5 ICD-10) were included. In the rehab centres investigated, rehabilitation of patients with LBP follows a multidimensional, multiprofessional therapeutic strategy. More than 90 % of all patients receive treatments from the modules "medical training therapy", "health education", "physiotherapy", and "physical therapy". Treatments provided to a majority of the patients are massage (78 %), electrotherapy (67 %) as well as psychotherapy (68 %). Women more frequently than men receive therapies belonging to the "psychological treatments" and "occupational therapies" modules; younger patients receive more of the "training therapies", and more often. When treatments are compared across centres, a large variability in the therapeutic procedures provided becomes apparent. This high degree of variability suggests that development and implementation of a common clinical practice guideline for rehabilitation of patients with chronic low back pain should receive priority attention.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed1980

The federal response to drug abuse: 1976-1980.

Drug use remains a prominent aspect of the American environment. Consequently, this analysis was undertaken to examine the current as well as the projected role of the federal government in drug abuse. Based on an examination of federal expenditures between the years of 1976 and 1980, the intelligence, corrections, interdictions, federal prosecutions, and compliance categories have increased their proportions of the budget, but not enough to compensate for inflation. Based on the foregoing, there is a continuing desire for states to increase their operational responsibilities; however, a well-structured mechanism for evaluation in law enforcement efforts is lacking. Even so, it appears that the level of concern accorded by the federal government to psychoactive substance use is progressively decreasing.

Budgets↗

PubMed1998

M.D. Physicians of Southwest Louisiana, Inc.; analysis to aid public comment--FTC. Proposed consent agreement.

The consent agreement in this matter settles alleged violations of federal law prohibiting unfair or deceptive acts or practices or unfair methods of competition. The attached Analysis to Aid Public Comment describes both the allegations in the draft complaint that accompanies the consent agreement and the terms of the consent order--embodied in the consent agreement--that would settle these allegations.

Antitrust Laws↗

PubMed1990

[Traumatology in indoor handball sports. A sports medicine analysis of the incidence of injuries and accident epidemiology of indoor handball sports in senior players in the Federal Republic of Germany after 1981].

Indoor handball sport is steadily gaining in importance in Germany in terms of sports medicine: not only is there a rapid increase of the number of members of the German Handball Association (DHB), but also an increase of sport injuries caused by handball playing, both in respect of incidence and severity. Sport injuries of 286 indoor handball players of the Federal German teams of senior players that occurred during the past 5 years, were analysed. 540 injuries and damage caused by stress were analysed that had been given medical attention; these were included in the survey and classified according to epidemiology and incidence. It is possible to advance suggestions regarding the prevention of injuries on this basis, with particular emphasis on changing the rules governing indoor handball playing in the sense of restricting the physically emphasised manner of playing which is particularly injury-prone.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Risk analysis of PCB exposure via the soil-food crop pathway, and alternatives for remediation at Serpukhov, Russian Federation.

A risk assessment was conducted to determine the likelihood of certain health risks resulting from exposure to soils and food crops contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). PCBs have contaminated soils, river sediments, and air in the past as a result of industrial activities at a capacitor plant located in the City of Serpukhov, Russian Federation. This risk assessment and suggestions for remediation are designed to aid in decision-making efforts by a joint Russian-American research team developing a community, national, and international response to industrial contamination. Bobovnikova et al. (The Science of the Total Environment 139/140, 357-364, [1993]) have reported that PCBs are elevated in soils and sediments, breast milk, and locally grown foods in the Serpukhov area. Data from these and other investigators have been used in this risk assessment to calculate a potential cancer risk resulting from exposure to PCBs. Our assessment indicates that members of the local population may be at increased risk of cancer, and possibly other adverse health effects, as a result of PCB contamination of their environment. Because previously unassessed environmental contamination is a common problem in the former Soviet Republics, as well as many other areas of the world, we believe this type of evaluation, using known methods, can serve as a model for assessment efforts in other parts of the globe and result in remediative efforts in regions constrained by faltering economies.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Testing isosource: stable isotope analysis of a tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources.

We sampled consumers and organic matter sources (mangrove litter, freshwater swamp-forest litter, seagrasses, seagrass epiphytes, and marine particulate organic matter [MPOM]) from four estuaries on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia for stable isotope (sigma13C and sigma34S) analysis. Unique mixing solutions cannot be calculated in a dual-isotope, five-endmember scenario, so we tested IsoSource, a recently developed statistical procedure that calculates ranges in source contributions (i.e., minimum and maximum possible). Relatively high minimum contributions indicate significant sources, while low maxima indicate otherwise. Litter from the two forest types was isotopically distinguishable but had low average minimum contributions (0-8% for mangrove litter and 0% for swamp-forest litter among estuaries). Minimum contribution of MPOM was also low, averaging 0-13% among estuaries. Instead, local marine sources dominated contributions to consumers. Minimum contributions of seagrasses averaged 8-47% among estuaries (range 0-88% among species). Minimum contributions of seagrass epiphytes averaged 5-27% among estuaries (range 0-69% among species). IsoSource enabled inclusion of five organic matter sources in our dual-isotope analysis, ranking trophic importance as follows: seagrasses > seagrass epiphytes > MPOM > mangrove forest > freshwater swamp-forest. IsoSource is thus a useful step toward understanding which of multiple organic matter sources support food webs; more detailed work is necessary to identify unique solutions.

Fisheries↗

PubMed1997

Flow cytometric DNA content analysis of 185 soft tissue neoplasms indicates that S-phase fraction is a prognostic factor for sarcomas. French Federation of Cancer Centers (FNCLCC) Sarcoma Group.

BACKGROUND: The authors determined the flow cytometric (FCM) DNA characteristics of 53 benign tumors and 132 malignant (71 primary, 61 recurrent) soft tissue sarcomas to investigate their heterogeneity and to evaluate the prognostic values of DNA ploidy status and S-phase fraction (SPF). METHODS: One to 11 frozen samples were collected from 185 tumors at 10 participating centers of the French Federation of Cancer Centers (FNCLCC). All FCM analyses were performed in the same laboratory. Histologic diagnoses were collegially reviewed, and grade was assessed by the pathologists of the FNCLCC Sarcoma Group. Relationships between FCM, clinical, and pathologic data were investigated using univariate and multivariate analyses for risks of mortality and metastasis. RESULTS: All except 2 of the 53 benign lesions were DNA diploid. One schwannoma and one desmoid tumor exhibited small abnormal DNA peaks. SPF was low in all benign lesions. One-third of the sarcomas were DNA diploid, whereas two-thirds were DNA aneuploid. Relationships were found between aneuploidy and mitotic count, grade, and histologic subtype of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. DNA ploidy status did not influence the clinical outcome. Multiple sampling performed in 32 sarcomas showed both diploid and aneuploid samples in 6 tumors. Heterogeneity was related to tumor size. SPF evaluated in 85 sarcomas was related to DNA ploidy status, mitotic count, and grade. SPF > or = 4% was significantly associated with a low overall survival rate. In a multivariate analysis performed for the whole group of 132 patients, the single factors with independent prognostic value for patient mortality were disease free status after the treatment course (P < 0.0001) and SPF (P = 0.03). In the subgroup of patients who were initially free of metastases and free of tumor after the treatment course, SPF remained the only factor that significantly influenced the overall survival rate (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its high failure rate, SPF is an independent factor in the prognosis of soft tissue sarcoma and should be considered when patients with a high mortality risk need to be selected for adjuvant chemotherapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

[On the description of migration using counting processes].

"In this paper modern counting process theory is used to describe the migrations of inhabitants of an area between the regions of this area, e.g. between the 11 federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany.... It is assumed that the migration behaviour of an individual inhabitant is described by a Markov process." The advantages of using counting process theory are discussed. (summary in ENG)

Demography↗

PubMed1977

Non-typhosa Salmonella species: analysis of 94 isolations.

Despite rigorous control measures by local, state, and federal health agencies, salmonellosis continues to be one of America's most troublesome epidemiological problems. Salmonellosis, a reportable disease, is estimated to infect more than two million persons each year. However, only 10 to 12 percent of cases are actually reported. To study the impact of salmonellosis at Howard University Hospital, the authors made a statistical analysis of non-typhosa Salmonella isolated during a two-year period. The study emphasizes the epidemiological aspects of, and useful isolation and identification techniques for, non-typhosa Salmonella.

Black People↗

PubMed2006

[Study of differential gene expression in different stage human endometrial cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To study the gene expression profile of different stage endometrial cancer and identify genes related to the progression and metastasis of endometrial cancer. METHODS: cDNA microarray was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes between different stage endometrial cancers. The hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to the gene expression profile of 32 endometrial cancers. RESULTS: Twelve differentially expressed genes were identified between different stage endometrial cancers. The conformity rate was 66% between the result of hierarchical cluster analysis and the operative-histological stages of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). CONCLUSION: Genes related to the endometrial cancer progression and metastasis can be identified by differential gene expression profile with cDNA microarray and high-risk endometrial cancer may be distinguished before surgery by hierarchical cluster analysis.

Carcinoma, Endometrioid↗

PubMed2002

Development of a Monte Carlo sampling shell for the pesticide root zone model and its application by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Environmental Modeling Validation Task Force.

A user interface to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pesticide root zone model (PRZM) was constructed to allow Monte Carlo sampling of input parameter distributions. The interface was constructed employing the Visual Basic for Applications development environment, along with the functionality of the Crystal Ball Professional forecasting and risk analysis package. The tool has been utilized by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Environmental Model Validation Task Force to perform detailed statistical analyses of model input parameter uncertainty and the propagation of this uncertainty on the model outputs as well as comparisons of modeled and field-measured data.

Environment↗

PubMed1989

Profits and fiscal pressure in the prospective payment system: their impacts on hospitals.

For hospitals that were under Medicare's Prospective Payment System (PPS) for one and two years in their 1985 fiscal year, this paper examines how variation in the fiscal pressure PPS imposed affected expenditures and other aspects of behavior. The analysis shows that in hospitals' second as well as first year on PPS, hospitals under greater pressure experienced greater behavioral change. However, second year changes were far smaller than changes in the system's first year. Evidence that variation in pressure reflects factors in addition to hospitals' relative efficiency and may undermine rather than promote appropriate cost containment leads the authors to propose modifications in PPS methods.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗