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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Evoked potential augmenting and reducing: the methodological and theoretical significance of new electrophysiological observations.

Buchsbaum's (1976) evoked potential (EP) procedure reveals differences in the slope of P100-N140 amplitude changes with variation of stimulus luminance. Subjects are classed 'augmenters' or 'reducers', respectively, if their slopes are positive or negative. Psychological correlates of this slope index have been reported and it has distinguished psychiatric patient populations from healthy subjects. Data are presented which indicate that the augmenting-reducing slope differences are due to an early slow-wave. For augmenters, the major slow-wave deflection is of positive polarity. At the highest luminance, with a correspondingly shorter latency, the slow-wave increases the positive-going P100 deflection. At the lowest luminance, with a longer latency, it reduces the negative-going N140 deflection. This results in positive slopes. For reducers, the major slow-wave deflection is of negative polarity. This influences the measured P100 and N140 amplitudes in a manner opposite to that described for augmenters and results in negative slopes. Since these findings provide new insights concerning the nature of the Buchsbaum augmenting-reducing phenomenon, they have methodological and theoretical implications. It is concluded that the Buchsbaum procedure is an effective measure of slow-wave differences but that the reducing effect is difficult to explain in terms of Pavlov's concept of protective inhibition. An alternative 'opponent-process' explanation is offered.

Brain↗
PubMed1993

The independence of premovement H reflex gain and kinesthetic requirements for task performance.

The gain of the H reflex pathway is extensively altered prior to a voluntary contraction. We hypothesized that this gain change is modulated for the kinesthetic requirements of the ensuing task. The experiment involved a simple reaction time task, in which soleus H reflexes were evoked during the final 100 msec before the electromyographic activity for simple ankle movements of low, medium and high requirement for accurate positioning of the foot. The latter two conditions involved tracking and perturbed tracking, respectively. Subjects were required to respond with a non-ballistic movement. Over the 6 subjects and tasks, before plantar flexion, mean reflex magnitudes significantly increased (P < 0.05; to 160% of control, S.D. 60%). Before dorsiflexion they decreased (to 87% of control, S.D. 10%). However, the two accuracy requirements did not significantly alter the soleus H reflex changes, before either plantar flexion or dorsiflexion (P > 0.05). We conclude that the premovement gating of the spinal route from Ia afferents to the autogenic soleus muscle is independent of the changes in the presently tested types of kinesthetic requirements for movement.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The different types of limb apraxia errors made by patients with left vs. right hemisphere damage.

Limb apraxia errors were compared among normal controls and right- or left-hemisphere-damaged patients as they imitated gestures with the ipsilateral hand. Both brain-damaged groups made similar errors on nonrepresentative and representative/intransitive movements. In contrast for pretended object use movements (transitive), the left-hemisphere-damaged group made more arm position and classical body-part-as-object errors while the right hemisphere group made as many partial errors and more less-primitive, body-part-as-object errors than the left-hemisphere-damaged group. These results help explain why a certain percentage of right-hemisphere-damaged patients are labeled apraxic, but also suggest that the left hemisphere is more important for integrating intrapersonal space and the "representation" of extrapersonal space.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1988

The coordination of limb movements with different kinematic patterns.

The principles underlying the coordination of limb movements with different spatiotemporal features were explored. After an initial training session in which the same unidirectional movement had to be performed with both upper limbs, subjects attempted to coordinate two different movements in a second session, i.e., the learned unidirectional movement in the left limb and a new double reversal movement in the right limb. The findings uncovered a wide variety in patterns of interlimb dependence among and within subjects, going from a high degree of dependence to relative independence. The relationship between limbs was studied by means of a detailed analysis of the displacement and acceleration patterns and the electromyographic activity of the major muscles involved. The general underlying principle that appeared to account for the diversity in movement organization was this: higher independence between limb movements is achieved when subjects initiate the movements to be coordinated successively. This asynchrony in movement onset can possibly be viewed as an attempt to safeguard against interference.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1989

Comparative analysis of actual and mental movement times in two graphic tasks.

This study compared the temporal organization of graphic movements executed either actually or mentally. Six subjects had to perform two tasks, writing a sentence and drawing a cube, either as a real performance or as an imagined one, with either the right or the left hand, and with either a small or a large tracing amplitude. In the same subject, for the same hand, mental and actual movement times were both very stable and very close from trial to trial regardless of the tracing amplitude. Thus, mental movements mimic closely real movements in their temporal organization and are likely to involve the same planning program.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Asymmetric interlimb interference during the performance of a dynamic bimanual task.

The control of a dynamic bimanual task was examined by manipulating two independent factors that potentially influence interlimb interference. Subjects attempted to perform a unidirectional movement with either their preferred or nonpreferred arm while concurrently producing a sequential movement with the contralateral arm. The magnitude of force required to produce the more complex, sequential action was manipulated in addition to the arm with which it was performed. The degree of interlimb interference was determined through an analysis of limb kinematics. A clear performance asymmetry was noted, with greater interference evident when the sequential action was generated by the nonpreferred left arm than by the preferred right arm. The level of force needed to produce the sequential movement also directly influenced interlimb interference, but this effect was bilaterally symmetrical. The findings are generally consistent with a hierarchical view of movement organization comprising lateralized hemispheric specialization for the organization of time-domain characteristics of sequential actions, followed by nonlateralized metrical scaling of force parameters. Implications of the findings for "dynamical" descriptions of bimanual actions are also discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1991

The effects of voluntary lateral orienting on positive manifold for lateralized cognitive tasks.

As an extension of previous studies (Urbanczyk, Angel, & Kennelly, Brain and Cognition, 8, 206-226) examining the effects of unimanual tapping on lateralized cognitive tasks, lateral body orienting was added to an established dual task paradigm to generate differential hemispheric activation and shifts of attention. One hundred twenty right-handed university students retained sequences of digits or spatial locations for 20 sec either alone or during finger tapping. By turning head and eyes left or right, the hemisphere congruent with the sequences (LH for digits, RH for locations) or incongruent (vice versa) was activated. Activation had little effect on retention means but greatly affected resource composition, supporting task performance. Congruent orientation produced significantly higher positive correlations between digit and location tasks than incongruent orientation. Females showed higher sequence retention correlations than males across both orienting groups. For females, congruent activation enhanced tapping rates and tapping-retention task correlations. For males, activation affected neither of these. These results suggest that congruent attentional orienting may couple or integrate regions of the less activated hemisphere into networks of the more activated hemisphere. Greater inter- and intrahemispheric connectivity in the female cortex may produce a greater dependence upon a general attentional "resource."

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The use of ischemic nerve block procedures in the investigation of the sensory control of movements.

In this study the ischemic nerve block (INB) technique is investigated as a procedure for blocking afferent information in the study of the sensory control of movements. A movement replication task is used. The results suggest that the elbow, wrist and metacarpal-phalangeal joints are at three different stages of sensory information loss or reduction. With the index finger, replications of joint position are not made in the correct direction significantly greater than chance. Error is also largest for the finger. The elbow joint appears to be least affected by the block. Motor impairment under the block is also investigated and the results show that there is a marked decrement in the force exerted in flexion and extension of the index finger, wrist and elbow joints after sensory drop-out. This finding indicates that there is substantial motor impairment of movements distal to the block. The limitations of the INB technique as a procedure for investigating the control of movement under conditions of sensory loss are discussed.

Arm↗
PubMed1986

The role of awareness in the control of frontalis muscle activity.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate whether awareness of change in frontalis muscle activity was necessary and sufficient for voluntary control over the muscle. Forty subjects were required to relax, tense and complete both a test of awareness and an isometric magnitude production task, using the frontalis muscle. Following the completion of these pre-training assessment procedures, one group of subjects underwent either: Training in muscular awareness; biofeedback training in muscular control; both awareness and muscular control training; or a non-training control procedure. Following training, all subjects were again evaluated using the pre-training assessment procedures. The results indicated that an increase in awareness was not sufficient to produce an increase in muscular control, nor was it necessary for an increase in the ability to tense the frontalis muscle. These results suggest that Brener's model of voluntary control needs to be re-examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Hemispheric asymmetry of feedback-related potentials in a positioning task: comparison of right- and left-handed subjects.

Previous research has demonstrated that delayed nonverbal information feedback (IF) about the correctness of a positioning movement is preceded by a contingent negative variation (CNV) which is larger over the right hemisphere independent of movement side. It was hypothesized that this asymmetry is a manifestation of functional hemispheric specialization, and that, therefore, the distribution of the differences between CNV amplitude measures of the two hemispheres should be different in right-handed and left-handed subjects. The latter group should show a mean asymmetry score closer to zero, and a larger between-subject variance of the asymmetry scores. The present investigation was intended to test these assumptions in samples of rigorously defined right-handers (n = 12) and left-handers (n = 8). The results revealed the expected group differences of the CNV asymmetry scores. In addition, the P1-N1 peak-to-peak amplitude of the IF-evoked potentials was similarly lateralized as the pre-IF CNV and showed the same group differences. In contrast, the handedness groups did not differ in the contralateral lateralization of the movement-related potential shift in the same task.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Contribution of kinesthesia on human visuomotor elbow tracking movements.

The role of peripheral information in smooth motor performance was analyzed in normal subjects and patients with deep sensory disturbance by the modified visually guided tracking method. The subject's task was to make the control cursor match the slowly moving target by elbow flexion movement. Performance of normal subjects was scarcely affected, but that of the patients was deteriorated by the withdrawal of the visual cue for handle movement. It is suggested that afferent information from the moving limb plays an important role in smooth and accurate tracking movements.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Demonstration of an illusory limb movement and associated motor activities induced by a moving visual stimulus in man. A descriptive study.

We show that, in man, a moving visual stimulus can induce sensations of movement of the forearm when it is exhibited beneath the hand and part of the forearm. These sensations in the limb are analagous to vection which has been described in the whole body. They are accompanied by involuntary motor activities coherent with the direction of illusory movement. Thus, a sensation of flexion is accompanied by EMG activity in the biceps and a sensation of extension by EMG activity in the triceps. There results make it possible to extend the kinesthetic role of visual information to limb segments entering the visual field, and suggest that vision works within an assistance loop for limb movement.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Response to pressure and vibration of slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human foot.

Unit activity from slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the foot and of the tibial part of the leg was recorded in man using the microneurography method. All the receptors increased their discharge frequency when pressure was applied to the zone of maximum sensitivity of their receptive field. They were also very sensitive to mechanical vibrations of small amplitude (0.2-0.5 mm) applied precisely to their zone of maximum sensitivity. Some of them are able to respond one-to-one to vibration at frequencies up to 200 Hz. The conditions of activation of the slowly adapting receptors seem to exclude a major contribution to kinaesthetic effects induced by vibrations applied to the tendon of tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles [12].

Foot↗
PubMed1984

Corrective reactions to stumbling in man: functional significance of spinal and transcortical reflexes.

Stumbling reactions were studied in terms of bilateral leg muscle electromyographic (EMG) responses during locomotion on a treadmill. At random times, but fixed points in the stepping cycle, short impulses were applied to the treadmill, either accelerating or decelerating its progress. It was found that acceleration was compensated for by a strong ipsilateral gastrocnemius and contralateral tibialis anterior activation, and deceleration by a bilateral tibialis anterior activation. In both muscles the responses appeared with a latency of about 70 msec and lasted for about 150 msec. It is concluded that sudden displacements induced by acceleration or deceleration during gait are compensated for by a polysynaptic spinal pathway, with an associated depression of monosynaptic responses.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1986

The supplementary motor area modulates perturbation-evoked discharges of neurones in the precentral motor cortex.

The hypothesis was tested that the supplementary motor cortex (SMA) may influence the responsiveness of area 4 neurones to kinesthetic stimuli. In the awake monkey, responses to arm displacements were recorded with and without conditioning intracortical stimulation of the SMA. In 14 of 26 tested area 4 neurones, there was an increase of the response latency and/or a decrease of the response magnitude when the peripheral stimulus was conditioned by SMA stimulation. Field potentials evoked by the displacements were reduced in 3 out of 7 recordings. These findings suggest that the SMA exerts subtle inhibitory effects on the motor cortex or its inputs.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Influence of head or trunk oscillations on visually induced self-motion perception in humans.

The influence of concurrent head or trunk movements on optokinetically induced self-motion perception has been investigated by measuring circularvection (CV) latencies. Active head as well as passive trunk oscillation cause an increase in circularvection latency of about 50% as compared to latencies with the head and trunk stationary during full field optokinetic stimulation. The results point towards an intersensory inhibition of self-motion perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Human flexor pollicis longus: role of peripheral inputs in weight-matching.

We investigated the role of local cutaneous signals and of co-contraction of antagonists in repeated judgements of heaviness of weights lifted by flexor pollicis longus. A reference weight lifted by right thumb flexion was matched to a weight lifted by left thumb flexion. Anaesthesia of the right thumb, or of the superficial radial, dorsal ulnar or mixed radial nerves failed to impair accuracy of weight judgements. However, perceived heaviness significantly increased by 85% and 20% following anaesthesia of the thumb and dorsal radial surface of the hand, respectively, confirming a role for cutaneous inputs from these areas in motor control of the thumb.

Humans↗