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PubMed2004

Optimal context quantization in lossless compression of image data sequences.

In image compression context-based entropy coding is commonly used. A critical issue to the performance of context-based image coding is how to resolve the conflict of a desire for large templates to model high-order statistic dependency of the pixels and the problem of context dilution due to insufficient sample statistics of a given input image. We consider the problem of finding the optimal quantizer Q that quantizes the K-dimensional causal context Ct = (Xt-t1,Xt-t2,...,X t-tK) of a source symbol Xt into one of a set of conditioning states. The optimality of context quantization is defined to be the minimum static or minimum adaptive code length of given a data set. For a binary source alphabet an optimal context quantizer can be computed exactly by a fast dynamic programming algorithm. Faster approximation solutions are also proposed. In case of m-ary source alphabet a random variable can be decomposed into a sequence of binary decisions, each of which is coded using optimal context quantization designed for the corresponding binary random variable. This optimized coding scheme is applied to digital maps and alpha-plane sequences. The proposed optimal context quantization technique can also be used to establish a lower bound on the achievable code length, and hence is a useful tool to evaluate the performance of existing heuristic context quantizers.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

On multirate optimality of JPEG2000 code stream.

Arguably, the most important and defining feature of the JPEG2000 image compression standard is its R-D optimized code stream of multiple progressive layers. This code stream is an interleaving of many scalable code streams of different sample blocks. In this paper, we reexamine the R-D optimality of JPEG2000 scalable code streams under an expected multirate distortion measure (EMRD), which is defined to be the average distortion weighted by a probability distribution of operational rates in a given range, rather than for one or few fixed rates. We prove that the JPEG2000 code stream constructed by embedded block coding of optimal truncation is almost optimal in the EMRD sense for uniform rate distribution function, even if the individual scalable code streams have nonconvex operational R-D curves. We also develop algorithms to optimize the JPEG2000 code stream for exponential and Laplacian rate distribution functions while maintaining compatibility with the JPEG2000 standard. Both of our analytical and experimental results lend strong support to JPEG2000 as a near-optimal scalable image codec in a fairly general setting.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

A fuzzy discrete event system approach to determining optimal HIV/AIDS treatment regimens.

Treatment decision-making is complex and involves many factors. A systematic decision-making and optimization technology capable of handling variations and uncertainties of patient characteristics and physician's subjectivity is currently unavailable. We recently developed a novel general-purpose fuzzy discrete event systems theory for optimal decision-making. We now apply it to develop an innovative system for medical treatment, specifically for the first round of highly active antiretroviral therapy of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients involving three historically widely used regimens. The objective is to develop such a system whose regimen choice for any given patient will exactly match expert AIDS physician's selection to produce the (anticipated) optimal treatment outcome. Our regimen selection system consists of a treatment objectives classifier, fuzzy finite state machine models for treatment regimens, and a genetic-algorithm-based optimizer. The optimizer enables the system to either emulate an individual doctor's decision-making or generate a regimen that simultaneously satisfies diverse treatment preferences of multiple physicians to the maximum extent. We used the optimizer to automatically learn the values of 26 parameters of the models. The learning was based on the consensus of AIDS specialists A and B on this project, whose exact agreement was only 35%. The performance of the resulting models was first assessed. We then carried out a retrospective study of the entire system using all the qualifying patients treated in our institution's AIDS Clinical Center in 2001. A total of 35 patients were treated by 13 specialists using the regimens (four and eight patients were treated by specialists A and B, respectively). We compared the actually prescribed regimens with those selected by the system using the same available information. The overall exact agreement was 82.9% (29 out of 35), with the exact agreement with specialists A and B both at 100%. The exact agreement for the remaining 11 physicians not involved in the system training was 73.9% (17 out of 23), an impressive result given the fact that expert opinion can be quite divergent for treatment decisions of such complexity. Our specialists also carefully examined the six mismatched cases and deemed that the system actually chose a more appropriate regimen for four of them. In the other two cases, either would be reasonable choices. Our approach has the capabilities of generalizing, learning, and representing knowledge even in the face of weak consensus, and being readily upgradeable to new medical knowledge. These are practically important features to medical applications in general, and HIV/AIDS treatment in particular, as national HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines are modified several times per year.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMed2005

Collimator optimization for detection and quantitation tasks: application to gallium-67 imaging.

We describe a new approach to the problem of collimator optimization in nuclear medicine; our methodology is illustrated for the challenging case of gallium-67 imaging. Collimator-design methods based on empirical rules, such as specification of an allowable level of single-septal penetration (SSP) at a fixed energy, are especially inappropriate for radionuclides characterized by an abundance of high-energy contaminant photons that scatter in the patient, collimator, and/or detector before detection within one of a few photopeak energy windows. Lead X-rays produced in the collimator are an additional source of contamination. We designed optimal collimation for 67Ga based on relevant clinical imaging tasks and a realistic simulation of photon transport in a phantom, collimator, and detector. Collimator designs were compared on the basis of performance in lesion detection, as predicted by a three-channel Hotelling observer (CHO), as well as in tumor and background activity estimation (EST), quantified by task-specific signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The optimal values of collimator lead content were 22.0 and 23.8 g/cm2, respectively, for CHO and EST, while the optimal geometric resolution values were 1.8 and 1.6 cm full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), respectively, at a distance of 23.5 cm. The resolution of a commercially available medium-energy low-penetration collimator (MELP) is 1.9 cm FWHM at this distance. The optimal values for SSP at 300 keV were 7.3% and 5.8% based on CHO and EST, respectively, compared to 5.2% for the MELP collimator. Compared with the commercial MELP collimator, the 67Ga collimator optimized for tumor detection or activity estimation tasks provided improved geometric spatial resolution with reduced geometric efficiency and, surprisingly, allowed an increased level of single-septal penetration.

Citrates↗

PubMed2006

Fourier-based reconstruction for fully 3-D PET: optimization of interpolation parameters.

Fourier-based approaches for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction are based on the relationship between the 3-D Fourier transform (FT) of the volume and the two-dimensional (2-D) FT of a parallel-ray projection of the volume. The critical step in the Fourier-based methods is the estimation of the samples of the 3-D transform of the image from the samples of the 2-D transforms of the projections on the planes through the origin of Fourier space, and vice versa for forward-projection (reprojection). The Fourier-based approaches have the potential for very fast reconstruction, but their straightforward implementation might lead to unsatisfactory results if careful attention is not paid to interpolation and weighting functions. In our previous work, we have investigated optimal interpolation parameters for the Fourier-based forward and back-projectors for iterative image reconstruction. The optimized interpolation kernels were shown to provide excellent quality comparable to the ideal sinc interpolator. This work presents an optimization of interpolation parameters of the 3-D direct Fourier method with Fourier reprojection (3D-FRP) for fully 3-D positron emission tomography (PET) data with incomplete oblique projections. The reprojection step is needed for the estimation (from an initial image) of the missing portions of the oblique data. In the 3D-FRP implementation, we use the gridding interpolation strategy, combined with proper weighting approaches in the transform and image domains. We have found that while the 3-D reprojection step requires similar optimal interpolation parameters as found in our previous studies on Fourier-based iterative approaches, the optimal interpolation parameters for the main 3D-FRP reconstruction stage are quite different. Our experimental results confirm that for the optimal interpolation parameters a very good image accuracy can be achieved even without any extra spectral oversampling, which is a common practice to decrease errors caused by interpolation in Fourier reconstruction.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Experiments with repeating weighted boosting search for optimization in signal processing applications.

Many signal processing applications pose optimization problems with multimodal and nonsmooth cost functions. Gradient methods are ineffective in these situations, and optimization methods that require no gradient and can achieve a global optimal solution are highly desired to tackle these difficult problems. The paper proposes a guided global search optimization technique, referred to as the repeated weighted boosting search. The proposed optimization algorithm is extremely simple and easy to implement, involving a minimum programming effort. Heuristic explanation is given for the global search capability of this technique. Comparison is made with the two better known and widely used guided global search techniques, known as the genetic algorithm and adaptive simulated annealing, in terms of the requirements for algorithmic parameter tuning. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm as a global optimizer are investigated through several application examples.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Solving minimum distance problems with convex or concave bodies using combinatorial global optimization algorithms.

Determining the minimum distance between convex objects is a problem that has been solved using many different approaches. On the other hand, computing the minimum distance between combinations of convex and concave objects is known to be a more complicated problem. Most methods propose to partition the concave object into convex subobjects and then solve the convex problem between all possible subobject combinations. This can add a large computational expense to the solution of the minimum distance problem. In this paper, an optimization-based approach is used to solve the concave problem without the need for partitioning concave objects into convex pieces. Since the optimization problem is no longer unimodal (i.e., has more than one local minimum point), global optimization techniques are used. Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are used to solve the concave minimum distance problem. In order to reduce the computational expense, it is proposed to replace the objects' geometry by a set of points on the surface of each body. This reduces the problem to an unconstrained combinatorial optimization problem, where the combination of points (one on the surface of each body) that minimizes the distance will be the solution. Additionally, if the surface points are set as the nodes of a surface mesh, it is possible to accelerate the convergence of the global optimization algorithm by using a hill-climbing local optimization algorithm. Some examples using these novel approaches are presented.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

A Bayesian A-optimal and model robust design criterion.

Suppose that the true model underlying a set of data is one of a finite set of candidate models, and that parameter estimation for this model is of primary interest. With this goal, optimal design must depend on a loss function across all possible models. A common method that accounts for model uncertainty is to average the loss over all models; this is the basis of what is known as Läuter's criterion. We generalize Läuter's criterion and show that it can be placed in a Bayesian decision theoretic framework, by extending the definition of Bayesian A-optimality. We use this generalized A-optimality to find optimal design points in an environmental safety setting. In estimating the smallest detectable trace limit in a water contamination problem, we obtain optimal designs that are quite different from those suggested by standard A-optimality.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A nomogram for predicting the optimal oral dosage of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients with small-for-size grafts.

No optimal tacrolimus dosage regimen suitable for clinical use in liver transplant recipients has yet been established. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the optimal dosage and pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in living donor liver transplantation, and a nomogram for optimal tacrolimus dosage in the immediate postoperative period for recipients with small-for-size grafts was constructed. Twenty-four liver transplant patients (nine males and 15 females) and 24 donors (10 males and 14 females) were enrolled in this study. Two studies were performed. In study 1, the effect of the actual ratio of graft volume to standard liver volume (GV/SV ratio) on the elimination half-life (T1/2) of tacrolimus in the immediate postoperative period was analysed, and a nomogram for estimating the optimal oral dose of tacrolimus required to reach a target concentration was established. In study 2, the effect of donor age on the recovery of hepatic function with ability of the graft to eliminate tacrolimus was analysed. In the immediate postoperative period, T1/2 of tacrolimus showed great variability between patients, with values ranging from 16.3 to 110.9 h. Graft size (GV/SV ratio) is important and could influence intraindividual variations in the optimal dosage and T1/2 of tacrolimus. The recovered T1/2 ratio (T1/2 ratio=T1/2 1-10 d/T1/2 30-40 d), this ratio being related to the recovery of hepatic function with ability of the graft to eliminate tacrolimus, showed great variability between patients, with values ranging from 1.08 to 4.21 (mean+/-SD, 1.95+/-0.81). Age of the donor is a major factor affecting the recovered ratio of the graft to metabolize tacrolimus. The nomogram that we have constructed, based on graft size (GV/SV ratio), will easily provide optimal dose for each patient with small-for-size graft in the early postoperative period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Theoretical approaches to the evolutionary optimization of glycolysis--chemical analysis.

In the first part of this work [Heinrich, R., Montero, F., Klipp, E., Waddell, T. G. & Melendez-Hevia, E. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 243, 191-201] the kinetic and thermodynamic constraints under which an optimal glycolysis must be designed have been analysed. In this second part, we present a chemical analysis of the glycolytic pathway in order to determine if its design is chemically optimized according the possibilities that a glycolytic design can have. Our results demonstrate that glycolysis in modern-day cells (from glucose to lactate) has an optimized design for maximizing the flux of ATP production, and a thermodynamic profile which guarantees a high kinetic efficiency. We also discuss some cases of paleometabolism for this pathway as alternative metabolic pathways, less optimized, that exist in some bacteria. Our analysis relates mainly to metabolism designed under constant chemical affinity (substrates and products of the pathway constant), where the target of optimization can be the flux of ATP production. We also discuss the case of an externally imposed input flux, whose target of optimization is the stoichiometric yield of ATP.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2006

Cost-effectiveness of current and optimal treatment for adult asthma.

BACKGROUND: This article is part of a project to determine the cost-effectiveness of averting the burden of disease. We used population data to investigate the costs and benefits of allocating resources to optimal treatment for asthma in adults, using a burden of disease framework. METHODS: We calculated the population burden of asthma in the absence of any treatment as years lived with disability (YLD), ignoring the years of life lost. We then estimated the proportion of burden averted with current interventions, the proportion that could be averted with optimally implemented current evidence-based guidelines and the direct treatment cost-effectiveness ratio in dollarA per YLD averted for both current and optimal treatment. RESULTS: The direct treatment cost of current treatment of adult asthma in Australia was dollar A452 million and averted 25% of the burden with a cost-effectiveness ratio of dollar A14 000/YLD averted. Optimal treatment and optimal compliance would cost dollar A627 million and avert 69% of the burden with a cost-effectiveness ratio of dollar A7000/YLD averted. CONCLUSION: Implementation of optimal treatment for asthma is affordable, will be more cost-effective and will significantly decrease disability.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Search for optimal frequencies and amplitudes of therapeutic electrical carotid sinus nerve stimulation by application of the evolution strategy.

In humans, electrical, bipolar, bilateral carotid sinus nerve stimulation (CSNS; impulse duration 0.35 ms) was applied, using frequencies between 10 and 110 Hz and voltages between individual thresholds and maximal amplitudes of stimulation. Ten anginal patients and two hypertensive patients were studied at an interval of up to 12 years after implantation of electrodes and a radiofrequency receiver for chronic therapeutic CSNS. In search of combinations of frequency and voltage of CSNS, eliciting largest ("optimal") depressor responses of blood pressure and heart rate in the individual patient, Rechenberg's evolution strategy was applied. This strategy simulates mutation and selection of biological evolution. In each patient and on each test stimulation, a value of quality was computed from actual heart rate and blood pressure values as a selection criterion for the strategy. Either responses to uninterrupted CSNS were investigated, while stimulation parameters were adjusted every 3 min, according to the strategy, or responses to 3 min of CSNS after a change in stimulation parameters were compared to intercalated 3-min control periods. In each patient, one or more combined settings of frequency and voltage elicited "optimal" responses. In principle, "optimal" CSNS frequencies ranged between 35 and 105 Hz with large interindividual differences. Due to chronic implantation of electrodes and technical features of radiofrequency transmitted stimulation energy, interindividually different voltages led to an optimal response to CSNS. Also according to the present results, the frequency of CSNS has to be determined individually. It is concluded that the evolution strategy was applied successfully, because voltage and frequency settings leading to "optimal" responses were found within 90-180 min, whereas intraindividual systematic investigations would not be feasible due to their necessarily very long duration. So far, only short-term responses have been evaluated. A broader use of the strategy in other applications is encouraged, as for example in pacemaker optimization and especially in functional electrostimulation.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of atrial conduction time at various sites of right atrial pacing and influence on atrioventricular delay optimization by surface electrocardiography.

Cardiac function and electrical stability may be improved by programming of optimal AV delay in DDD pacing. This study tested the hypothesis if the global atrial conduction time at various pacing sites can be derived from the surface ECG to achieve an optimal electromechanical timing of the left heart. Data were obtained from 60 patients following dual chamber pacemaker implantation. Right atrial septal pacing was associated with significantly shorter atrial conduction time (P < 0.0005) and P wave duration (P < 0.005), compared to standard right atrial pacing sites at the right atrial appendage or at the right free wall. The last two pacing sites showed no significant difference. In a group of 31 patients with AV block, optimal AV delay was achieved by programming a delay of 100 ms from the end of the paced P wave to peak/nadir of the paced ventricular complex. Optimization of AV delay resulted in a relative increase of echocardiographic stroke volume (SV) (10.9 +/- 13.7%; 95% CI: 5.9-15.9%) when compared to nominal AV delay (170 ms). Optimized AV delay was highly variable (range 130-250 ms; mean 180 +/- 35 ms). The hemodynamic response was characterized by a weak significant relationship between SV increase and optimized AV delay (R2 = 0.196, R = 0.443, P = 0.047). The study validated that septal pacing is advantageous for atrial synchronization compared to conventional right atrial pacing. Tailoring the AV delay with respect to the surface ECG improved systolic function significantly and was superior to nominal AV delay settings in the majority of patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Atrioventricular delay optimization by doppler-derived left ventricular dP/dt improves 6-month outcome of resynchronized patients.

BACKGROUND: Atrioventricular (AV) interval optimization, ensuring the best filling and the abolishment of presystolic mitral regurgitation, is crucial for the efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The methods proposed to optimize AV delay have many limitations. The maximum left ventricular pressure derivative (LV dP/dt)--an index of cardiac performance--could provide a clue for AV optimization. DP/dt can be calculated by the Doppler curve of mitral regurgitation jet and it is related to micromanometer-derived dP/dt. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess whether optimal AV delay, defined as the highest noninvasive dP/dt, may provide clinical and functional benefits in CRT patients. METHODS: Of 41 consecutive patients, 23 echo Doppler recordings were obtained at AV delays of 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 ms (Group I). Three patients were discarded because of suboptimal Doppler signal. In 15 patients an empiric AV delay of 120 ms was chosen (Group II). Both groups were programmed to atriosynchronous pacing mode and synchronous VV stimulation. RESULTS: In Group I optimal AV delay was 60 ms in one patient, 80 ms in 6, 100 in 6, 120 in 8, 140 in 2. At 6 months follow-up, Group I showed a significantly lower NYHA class (2.1 +/- 0.1 vs 3 +/- 0.2 P < 0.01) and higher LV ejection fraction (LVEF): 32.1 + 1 versus 27.5 +/- 1.6% (P < 0.05) as compared to Group II. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler-derived dP/dt for AV delay optimization determines better functional class and LVEF at 6 months follow-up relative to an empiric AV delay program.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Determining the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the optimal concentrations of fluoride for drinking water in Pakistan. Clinical dental examination of 1020 school children aged 12 years was carried out in 19 cities of Pakistan. Correlation between concentrations of water fluoride, caries and fluorosis was investigated by analyzing the data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water in the sampled population for which the caries and the fluorosis levels were also measured. METHODS: The optimal level of fluoride in drinking water is universally calculated by applying the equation of Galagan and Vermillion, which permits the calculation of water intake as a function of temperature. The annual mean maximum temperatures (AMMT) recorded during the last 5 years were collected from the meteorological centres of the 28 divisional headquarter stations. The average AMMT of Pakistan is 29 degrees C at which the optimal fluoride in drinking water of Pakistan was calculated to be 0.7 ppm. As drinking habits differ in various parts of the world, determination of optimal concentration of fluoride for drinking water in Pakistan was performed using a modified Galagan and Vermillion equation, which applies a correction factor of 0.56 to the equation. The optimal fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan using this modified equation was determined to be 0.39 ppm. RESULTS: Observation of the correlation showed that a fluoride concentration of 0.35 ppm in drinking water was associated with maximum reduction in dental caries and a 10% prevalence of fluorosis. CONCLUSIONS: Determining the most appropriate concentrations of fluoride in drinking water is crucial for communities. It is imperative that each country calculates its own optimal level of fluoride in drinking water based on the dose-response relationship of fluoride in drinking water with the levels of caries and fluorosis. Climatic conditions, dietary habits of the population and other possible fluoride exposures need to be considered in formulating these recommendations.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2005

Optimization of rib surgery parameters for the correction of scoliotic deformities using approximation models.

BACKGROUND: As opposed to thoracoplasty (a cosmetic surgical intervention used to reduce the rib hump associated with scoliosis), experimental scoliosis has been produced or reversed on animals by rib shortening or lengthening. In a prior work (J. Orthop. Res., 20, pp. 1121-1128), a finite element modeling (FEM) of rib surgeries was developed to study the biomechanics of their correction mechanisms. Our aims in the present study were to investigate the influence of the rib surgery parameters and to identify optimal configurations. Hence, a specific objective of this study was to develop a method to find surgical parameters maximizing the correction by addressing the issue of high computational cost associated with FEM. METHOD OF APPROACH: Different configurations of rib shortening or lengthening were simulated using a FEM of the complete torso adapted to the geometry of six patients. Each configuration was assessed using objective functions that represent different correction objectives. Their value was evaluated using the rib surgery simulation for sample locations in the design space specified by an experimental design. Dual kriging (interpolation technique) was used to fit the data from the computer experiment. The resulting approximation model was used to locate parameters minimizing the objective function. RESULTS: The overall coverage of the design space and the use of an approximation model ensured that the optimization algorithm had not found a local minimum but a global optimal correction. The interventions generally produced slight immediate modifications with final geometry presenting between 95-120% of the initial deformation in about 50% of the tested cases. But in optimal cases, important loads (500-2000 N mm) were generated on vertebral endplates in the apical region, which could potentially produce the long-term correction of vertebral wedging by modulating growth. Optimal parameters varied among patients and for different correction objectives. CONCLUSIONS: Approximation models make it possible to study and find optimal rib surgery parameters while reducing computational cost.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Mathematical optimization of elastic properties: application to cementless hip stem design.

The designer of a cementless hip stem in total hip replacement must find a balance between two conflicting demands. On the one hand, a stiff stem shields the surrounding bone from mechanical loading (stress shielding), which may lead to bone loss, particularly around the proximal part of the stem. Reducing the stem stiffness decreases the amount of stress shielding and hence the amount of bone loss. However, this measure inevitably promotes higher proximal interface stresses and thereby increases the risk of proximal interface failure. The designer's task therefore is to optimize the stem stiffness in order to find the best compromise in the conflict. Yet, a better compromise might be found when the stem material was nonhomogeneous, in other words when an arbitrary distribution of the elastic properties inside the stem was allowed. The number of conceivable designs would increase enormously, making the designer's task almost impossible. In the present paper, we develop a numerical design optimization method to determine the optimal stiffness characteristics for a hip stem. A finite element program is coupled with a numerical optimization method, thus producing a design optimization scheme. The scheme minimizes the probability for interface failure while limiting the amount of bone loss, by adapting the parameters describing the nonhomogeneous elastic modulus distribution. As an example, a simplified model of a hip stem is made, whose modulus distribution is optimized. Assuming equal long-term bone loss, the maximum interface stress can be reduced by over 50 percent when compared to a homogeneous flexible stem, thus demonstrating the value of the new approach.

Elasticity↗

PubMed1997

Optimal seat suspension design based on minimum "simulated subjective response".

This work addresses a method for improving vertical whole body vibration isolation through optimal seat suspension design. The primary thrusts of this investigation are: (1) the development of a simple model that captures the essential dynamics of a seated human exposed to vertical vibration, (2) the selection and evaluation of several standards for assessing human sensitivity to vertical vibration, and (3) the determination of the seat suspension parameters that minimize these standards to yield optimal vibration isolation. Results show that the optimal seat and cushion damping coefficients depend very much on the selection of the vibration sensitivity standard and on the lower bound of the stiffnesses used in the constrained optimization procedure. In all cases, however, the optimal seat damping obtained here is significantly larger (by than a factor of 10) than that obtained using existing seat suspension design methods or from previous optimal suspension studies. This research also indicates that the existing means of assessing vibration in suspension design (ISO 7096) requires modification.

Automobile Driving↗