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PubMed2001

Frequency and relationship of reported symptomology in victims of intimate partner violence: the effect of multiple strangulation attacks.

The objective of this study is to examine the correlation between the number of times a victim of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been strangled and symptom development subsequent to the attacks. One hundred and one female subjects responded to a series of questions regarding the history and characteristics of the strangulation and the development of specific medical symptoms. Multiple strangulation victims, individuals who had experienced more than one strangulation attack, on separate occasions, by the same abuser, reported neck and throat injuries, neurologic disorders, and psychological disorders with increased frequency. Despite the increased frequency of symptoms, only 39% of the multiple strangulation victims sought medical care. These observations strongly support the need for health care professionals to inquire about the incidence of strangulation, examine the victim closely for evidence of injuries caused by the attacks, and recommend immediate care in anticipation of the potentially long term medical needs.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Patterns of HIV risk behavior and condom use among youth in Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon.

This study describes the levels of sexual risk behavior and condom use among Cameroonian urban youth in order to evaluate the need for reproductive health programs targeting youth and to inform the design of such programs. We use data from a survey conducted in July-August 2000 among a representative sample of 1,956 unmarried youth aged 15-24 years. The data show that in urban Cameroon, first intercourse often occurs at an early age. Despite the HIV epidemic, a substantial fraction of youth, particularly males, continue to have high rates of partner change. A substantial fraction of youth consistently use condoms with casual partners. However, consistent condom use in regular relationships remains low, even though many youth have multiple regular partners. These findings illustrate the need for youth-targeted reproductive health programs in urban Cameroon. To ensure that youth are reached before they adopt risky behaviors, there is a need for programs that target very young teenagers and emphasize consistent condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2006

Sexual behavior among employed male rural migrants in Shanghai, China.

A study of sexual behavior in migrant men was conducted in construction sites, markets, and factories in Shanghai, the largest city in China. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was completed by the migrants. Among 986 sexually active men, 14% had had more than one sexual partner in their lifetime, 31% premarital sex, 3.3% oral sex, and 11.5% commercial sex. Seventy-eight percent never used condoms. Risk-taking was similar in different working venues but increased with decreasing age. Younger men initiated sexual intercourse earlier and had more premarital sex and sexual partners as well as more frequent sexual encounters. Risk-factors that correlate with having multiple sex partners included having seen pornography, early age at initiating sexual intercourse, premarital sex, and a desire for legalization of commercial sex. Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV are likely to increase among migrants, particularly those who are young. Intervention strategies should target younger migrants, and must accommodate a low literacy level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Cognitive and emotional assessments of perceived risk for HIV among unmarried heterosexuals.

We examined perceived risk of contracting HIV using assessments of likelihood and worry in a probability sample of unmarried heterosexuals. Perceptions of the likelihood of contracting HIV and worry about HIV were only modestly correlated (r = .23), suggesting that they are different constructs. Far more respondents expressed worry (43%) than expressed the belief that they were at risk for HIV (9%). A significant proportion of the sample reported experiences that may have placed them at risk for HIV transmission. Demographic and psychosocial correlates of perceived likelihood and worry were examined in separate multivariate logistic analyses. Misconceptions about HIV transmission, a history of injection-drug-using sexual partners, and less education were associated with higher perceived likelihood of contracting HIV. Misconceptions, having multiple sexual partners in the past year, and a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were associated with high worry about HIV. Implications of the findings for correcting HIV-related misconceptions are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

High mate and site fidelity in cunningham's skinks (Egernia cunninghami) in natural and fragmented habitat.

While habitat alteration has considerable potential to disrupt important within-population processes, such as mating and kin structure, via changed patterns of dispersal, this has rarely been tested. We are investigating the impact of anthropogenic habitat alteration on the population biology of the rock-dwelling Australian lizard Egernia cunninghami on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, by comparing deforested and adjacent naturally vegetated areas. The novel analyses in this paper, and its companion, build on previous work by adding a new replicate site, more loci and more individuals. The additional microsatellite loci yield sufficient power for parentage analysis and the sociobiological inferences that flow from it. Genetic and capture-mark-recapture techniques were used to investigate mate and site fidelity and associated kin structure. Analyses of the mating system and philopatry using 10 microsatellite loci showed high levels of site fidelity by parents and their offspring in natural and deforested habitats. Parentage assignment revealed few individuals with multiple breeding partners within seasons and fidelity of pairs across two or more breeding seasons was typical. Despite reduced dispersal, increased group sizes and significant, dramatic increases in relatedness among individuals within rock outcrops in deforested areas, no significant differences between deforested and natural areas were evident in the degree of multiple mating or philopatry of breeding partners within and across seasons. With the exception that there was a significantly higher proportion of unmated males in the deforested area, the social and mating structure of this species has so far been surprisingly robust to substantial perturbation of dispersal and relatedness structure. Nonetheless, approximately 10-fold elevation of mean pairwise relatedness in the deforested areas has great potential to increase inbred matings, which is investigated in the companion paper.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Assessment of prediction accuracy of protein function from protein--protein interaction data.

Functional prediction of open reading frames coded in the genome is one of the most important tasks in yeast genomics. Among a number of large-scale experiments for assigning certain functional classes to proteins, experiments determining protein-protein interaction are especially important because interacting proteins usually have the same function. Thus, it seems possible to predict the function of a protein when the function of its interacting partner is known. However, in vitro experiments often suffer from artifacts and a protein can often have multiple binding partners with different functions. We developed an objective prediction method that can systematically include the information of indirect interaction. Our method can predict the subcellular localization, the cellular role and the biochemical function of yeast proteins with accuracies of 72.7%, 63.6% and 52.7%, respectively. The prediction accuracy rises for proteins with more than three binding partners and thus we present the open prediction results for 16 such proteins.

Fungal Proteins↗

PubMed2000

Genital ulcers disease among sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Genital ulcer disease (GUD) is a risk factor in the transmission of human immuno deficiency virus (HIV). The goal of this study is to estimate proportion, identify risk factors, and improve prevention and control of GUD. This is a retrospective study of 211 cases of GUD seen between 1993 and 1997 in an urban public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic. Genital ulcers form 7.6% of all STDs seen. Overall, genital herpes was commonest (89 or 42.25%). It was the predominant infection (84 or 44.7%) in the males, while lymphogranuloma venereum (52 or 24.7%) was in females. The peak incidence in both sexes occurred in the 20-29 age group. Males out numbered females by a ratio of 8:1. Most of the patients were single 114 (68.3%) and most 70 or 33.3% were students. Risk markers identified were: casual sex (103 or 53.5%) and multiple sexual partners (77 or 36.5%). Both were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in single patients. Self-treatment, use of multiple drugs and incomplete course of antibiotics were also common. The need to intensify STDS education programmes to all occupational groups and to students in particular is highlighted. Commercial sex workers require periodic education, screening and treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Increased human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in young homosexual men who have multiple sex contacts with different partners.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral risks that are associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in a cohort of young homosexual men. Seventy-nine subjects (ages 22-33 years) who completed a questionnaire about their sexual and drug use behavior over the preceding year were recruited from the San Francisco Young Men's Health Study. Plasma samples were tested for anti-HHV-8 antibodies using an indirect IFA. Thirty-eight subjects (48.1%) were infected with HHV-8. HHV-8 infection was significantly linked to an increasing number of male sex partners (P=.025, Mantel-Haenszel chi2 test for trend), suggesting a strong association between HHV-8 infection and multiple homosexual contacts.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Sexual HIV risk behaviour among men who have sex with both men and women.

The aim of this study was to describe the sexual behaviour of men who had sex with both men and women in the preceding five years (behaviourally bisexual men), specifically to examine their needs in relation to HIV prevention. Anonymous telephone interviews were carried out with respondents recruited though advertisements in UK newspapers and magazines with (sexual) 'personal' or 'contact' sections. Data are reported from 745 respondents. Respondents report relatively high and approximately equal numbers of male and female sexual partners in the year preceding interview. There is a clear patterning of sexual activity by type of partner (regular or casual). A high proportion report anal intercourse with female and male partners. A third disclose their homosexual practices to regular female partners. Although self-reported HIV seroprevalence is low (less than 1%), the levels of unprotected sex with multiple sexual partners indicate substantial potential for transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. While low seroprevalence suggests that there is little overlap with existing core groups of HIV infection, the study provides information to judge the priority of targeting HIV prevention initiatives and suggests ways in which initiatives could be undertaken.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Rules of engagement promote polarity in RNA trafficking.

Many cell biological pathways exhibit overall polarity (net movement of molecules in one direction) even though individual molecular interactions in the pathway are freely reversible. The A2 RNA trafficking pathway exhibits polarity in moving specific RNA molecules from the nucleus to localization sites in the myelin compartment of oligodendrocytes or dendritic spines in neurons. The A2 pathway is mediated by a ubiquitously expressed trans-acting trafficking factor (hnRNP A2) that interacts with a specific 11 nucleotide cis-acting trafficking sequence termed the A2 response element (A2RE) found in several localized RNAs. Five different molecular partners for hnRNP A2 have been identified in the A2 pathway: hnRNP A2 itself, transportin, A2RE RNA, TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) and hnRNP E1, each playing a key role in one particular step of the A2 pathway. Sequential interactions of hnRNP A2 with different molecular partners at each step mediate directed movement of trafficking intermediates along the pathway. Specific "rules of engagement" (both and, either or, only if) govern sequential interactions of hnRNP A2 with each of its molecular partners. Rules of engagement are defined experimentally using three component binding assays to measure differential binding of hnRNP A2 to one partner in the presence of each of the other partners in the pathway. Here we describe rules of engagement for hnRNP A2 binding to each of its molecular partners and discuss how these rules of engagement promote polarity in the A2 RNA trafficking pathway. For molecules with multiple binding partners, specific rules of engagement govern different molecular interactions. Rules of engagement are ultimately determined by structural relationships between binding sites on individual molecules. In the A2 RNA trafficking pathway rules of engagement governing interactions of hnRNP A2 with different binding partners provide the basis for polarity of movement of intermediates along the pathway.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Analysis of risk factors for cervical cancer in Xiangyuan County, Shanxi Province].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk factors for cervical cancer in the areas of high incidence, and provide evidence for current intervention of cervical cancer. METHODS: In the areas of Xiangyuan County, Shanxi Provicne with high incidence of cervical cancer, 1 997 women were interviewed using a questionnaire, including baseline information, menstrual, marital and pregnancy histories, sexual behavior, health habits, contraception, medical history and family history of cancer, etc., after its screening with six kinds of methods. All subjects, including 84 cases with pathological diagnosis of greater than cINI, and 1 784 cases with pathological diagnosis of normal, were tested for high-risk HPV. RESULTS: The overall rates of HPV infection were 20.8% (415/1 997) in high-risk subjects, 97.7% and 14.2% in the cases and control groups, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that risk factors with statistical significance included high-risk HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, history of pregnancy and abortion, the number of sexual partners and family history of cancer. Analysis with non-conditional logistic regression model revealed high-risk HPV infection, multiple sexual partners and family history of cancer associated obviously with occurrence of cervical cancer. In addition, there was significantly positive relationship between HPV infection, which increased with the number of sexual partners, and extramarital sexual activity both in males or females. CONCLUSIONS: The main risk factor for cervical cancer in this region was high-risk HPV infection, which related to sexual behavior, hygienic habits during menstruation and puerperium. It was particularly important to detect and treat precancerous lesions and to implement behavior modification. In addition, further research on genetic susceptibility was suggested.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pilot study of AIDS risk in the general population.

This study evaluated a methodology for obtaining information on the prevalence of risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) in the general population. From two census tracts in an upper midwestern urban community, 334 households were identified at random. One adult between the ages of 18 and 55 years in each household was asked to complete a confidential questionnaire about knowledge and attitudes toward acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and risk behaviors for HIV infection. Half the responders were also asked to provide a blood sample for HIV serotesting. Response rates to the behavior questionnaire were high (85 to 90 percent). However, only 72 percent of those asked to provide a blood sample agreed to do so. Survey results showed low rates of HIV risk behavior in this population sample. The median number of lifetime sexual partners was five for men and three for women, and most reported contacts exclusively with persons of the opposite sex. Eleven percent of the men and 5 percent of the women reported having had sexual partners of the same sex during their lifetime. Seven percent of men and 3 percent of women reported same sex partners in the last 12 months. Very few reported extremely high-risk behaviors (that is, only one man reported multiple sexual partners with anal intercourse in the previous year). About one in five survey respondents reported having changed his or her behavior because of the AIDS epidemic, usually by being more selective about and reducing the number of sexual partners. Success of the methodology employed in this survey gives reason for optimism that population-based surveys of behavioral risks for HIV infection are feasible.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1995

Sexual behavior of women with repeated episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

One hundred and two women with a history of a median of six episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and 204 age-matched controls participated in a structured in-depth interview on sexual behavior. Mean and median ages of the two groups were 26.7 and 26 years, respectively. Sexual characteristics, associated with VVC in crude analyses, were adjusted in multifactorial analyses for coital frequency, experience of casual sex, vaginal irritation, smoking, alcohol habits, and having a steady partner. In addition, education, as a measure of socioeconomic status, was added in the multifactorial analyses. VVC was not associated with multiple sexual partners or ever-experience of causal sex. Sexual variables that remained significant or were of borderline significance after adjustment were: age at first intercourse (p = 0.001), causal sex partners the previous month (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1), sex during menstruation (OR = 1.7), regular oral sex (OR = 2.4), experience of anal intercourse ever (OR = 2.4), oral intercourse the last month (OR = 3.1), and frequency of oral intercourse (p = 0.02). Thus, the study indicates that certain sexual activities are associated with repeated episodes of VVC.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Sexual development of Czech girls before and after the "Velvet Revolution"].

Sexual development and behavior of 771 Czech girls 16 to 18 years old had been investigated by two sexuologists during the period of 1986 till 1994. A standardized interview of 78 items had been applied in a setting of a rehabilitation facility in Franzensbad. The majority of probands were there for rehabilitation after appendectomy. There were 389 examinees (158 apprentices and 231 students) interviewed before "the velvet revolution" and 382 girls (159 apprentices and 223 students) in the course of the years 1990 to 1994. A comparison of these two groups revealed a definite change in the psychosexual development of girls in the Czech society after the "Velvet Revolution". Particularly the motivation for the first coitus had changed. After November 1989 it was noticed that the answer "obliged her partner" had significantly decreased and the answer "wished it for myself" has substantially increased. Also in the group of probands with multiple sexual partners (21.5% of the sample) their average number decreased unexpectedly after "the Velvet Revolution".

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Integrin-linked kinase and its partners: a modular platform regulating cell-matrix adhesion dynamics and cytoskeletal organization.

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) represents a key component of integrin signaling complexes that functions in concert with multiple binding partners to transmit cues from the extracellular matrix environment to the actin cytoskeleton. Both gain- and loss-of-function approaches to study ILK have confirmed the essential role of this protein in regulating cell-matrix adhesion dynamics and cytoskeletal organization.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗

PubMed2005

Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Greece: first prevalence study using nucleic acid amplification tests.

The present retrospective study was initiated to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and to assess the risk factors for infection in adult women and men presenting to general practitioners, gynecologists, dermatologists, and family-planning centers in Greece. The study was carried out in four different Greek hospital centers using highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification techniques. Altogether, 16,834 women and 1,035 men were enrolled from October 1998 to April 2004. Two types of specimens were collected from each patient: cervical swabs from women, urethral swabs from men, and first-catch urine from women and men. All specimens were examined with the Cobas Amplicor C. trachomatis polymerase chain reaction assay (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ, USA) or the LC x C. trachomatis ligase chain reaction assay (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Demographic and behavioral data were collected by clinicians using a standardized questionnaire. A total of 704 (3.9%) patients were infected with C. trachomatis. The prevalence among female patients was 3.5% and that among male patients 11.2%. Among infected patients, 88% were under 30 years of age, 71% reported more than one sexual partner, and 91% reported a new sexual partner within the last year. In conclusion, the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in Greece is low. Young age and new and multiple sexual partners within the last year were factors consistently associated with an increased risk of chlamydial infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating the effective rate of sex partner change from individuals with sexually transmitted diseases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effective rate of partner change is an important variable for determining whether an epidemic of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) occurs. It is essential for understanding the transmission dynamics of STDs. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: The problem of estimating the effective rate of partner change is addressed. RESULTS: Under certain conditions the mean rate of partner change in STD patients estimates the effective rate of partner change in the general population. CONCLUSION: To estimate the effective rate of partner change in a population, the use of surveys of patients with STD provides a simpler and less costly alternative to population surveys of sexual behavior.

Bias↗

PubMed1992

HIV risks among minority drug users in a small city.

In 1989, African-American and Mexican-American drug users (n = 220) in a small southern city were interviewed, in street settings, about their HIV behavioral risks and their readiness to reduce risks. Both ethnic groups contained large numbers of cocaine and heroin users. Mexican Americans were more likely to use heroin, prefer injection, and share needles with other drug users than were African Americans. Sexual risk-taking in both groups was high, with very low levels of condom use, high levels of exchanging sex for drugs and money, and high levels of having multiple sexual partners. Mexican Americans were more likely than African Americans to have regular partners who used drugs. Intravenous drug users in both ethnic groups were at high risk for HIV infection, reporting high levels of multiple drug use, daily drug use, needle sharing, never cleaning needles, and exchanging sex for drugs or money. Readiness to reduce HIV risks was also high in both groups, as evidenced by the response to questions about the use of free preventive services, HIV testing, and concern about AIDS. Implications for research and preventive programs among minority drug users in small cities are discussed.

Adult↗