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PubMed1980

Cognition and behaviour change.

For the past decade we have been attempting to understand the role of cognition in psychopathology and behaviour modification. The purpose of the present paper is to highlight and discuss what we consider to be some of the most important findings and issues that have emerged. While many other investigators are conducting related research, we have limited our review and discussion to work conducted by Meichenbaum and his colleagues. The research program and the field in general have been reviewed in more detail by Meichenbaum (1977). See an annual newsletter on cognitive-behaviour modificaiton for further detailed reviews (Meichenbaum, 1975-1979). Initially, we were interested in developing and evaluating treatment procedures that blended cognitive and behavioural components. While this work continued, we have become interested in attempting to formulate an integrative model of behaviour change (Meichenbaum, 1977). The following review and discussion will describe the research program that led us to highlight the role of cognition in behaviour change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

[Research project of cancer chemotherapy].

Information exchange with regard to new antitumor agents has taken place through meetings dealing with various treatment areas within the US-Japan Cancer Research Program, contact between the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the USA and the Cancer Chemotherapy Center, and meetings of the Early Clinical Trial Group of the EORTC. Cisplatin. VP16-213, 6-Thioguanine, DTIC and AMSA which were judged to be worth introducing to Japan from information obtained from the above sources were supplied by the NCI and clinical trials have been conducted. A joint study of advanced gastric cancer was conducted between the Northern California Oncology Group and a Japanese Cooperative Group involving 13 major institutions through the US-Japan Program. The study was meaningful for understanding the natural history of patients with gastric cancer in both countries.

Altretamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identifying research priorities for the health care of children and adolescents.

In an effort to identify priority statements for research into the healthcare of children and adolescents a search of multiple research databases and the Internet was undertaken. There is a considerable body of literature outlining research priorities that are built around specific disorders or specialist services, which are not readily applicable to the general healthcare of children and adolescents. A few general statements of research priorities were identified, but these were mainly developed to inform research programs in the US. In addition there was little evidence that these agendas had incorporated the needs of the consumers of this healthcare namely, children and adolescents, and their families. Therefore, there is a need to address the needs of a broader community in regards to the research agenda for the healthcare of children and adolescents. The advantage of an agenda developed by multiple stakeholder groups is that it will have broader meaning to a wider community. However at this stage, there is no such statement that can readily inform a general program of reserch into the healthcare of children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Elusive locus of control in biological development: genetic versus developmental programs.

Taken as a composite, the meaning of the composite term "genetic program"-widely taken to suggest an explanation of biological development - simultaneously depends upon and underwrites the particular presumption that a "plan of procedure" for development is itself written in the sequence of nucleotide bases. Is this presumption correct? I want to argue that, at best, it must be said to be misleading, and at worst, simply false: To the extent that we may speak at all of a developmental program, or of a set of instructions for development, in contra-distinction to the data or resources for such a program, current research obliges us to acknowledge that these "instructions" are not written into the DNA itself (or at least, are not all written in the DNA), but rather are distributed throughout the fertilized egg. I will argue that the notion of genetic program depends upon, and sustains, a fundamental category error in which two independent distinctions, one between "genetic" and "epigenetic," and the other, between program and data, are pulled into mistaken alignment. The net effect of such alignment is to reinforce two outmoded associations: on the one hand, between "genetic" and active, and, on the other, between "epigenetic" and passive. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 285:283-290, 1999.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Pushing the frontiers of science--the Mellon reproductive biology centers.

The 20-year history of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's support for US reproductive biology centers and junior investigators is summarized. The main results of the Foundation's program during the 1990s are described under the following headings: research generated by seed money, research generated by the twinning program, and commercial partnerships. The twinning program supports research collaborations between US centers and reproductive biology centers in developing countries, and was recently reviewed by an external panel. Both the seed money and twinning mechanisms were judged to have been successful in promoting research relevant to contraception which, in many instances, resulted in publications in peer-reviewed journals and in follow-on funding from other sources. The Foundation established a new program in 1998. The paper lists the US centers included in the new program and the 'target' areas of research that will be emphasized.

Contraception↗
PubMed1994

Developing a research program in a community-based department of family medicine: one department's experience.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing consensus that an improved research environment is needed for family medicine to continue to evolve. At the same time, there is relatively little discussion about practical ways to implement such an environment. Many believe that our efforts in this area lag far behind our accomplishments in education, training, and the practice of family medicine. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: This manuscript discusses one community-based academic department's experience in formulating and implementing a research program. By slowly involving faculty in research and by instructing and encouraging residents, a research environment can be incorporated into a residency program's routine. The approach described in this manuscript is evolutionary and relies on committing resources to research while slowly involving faculty and residents in the process. PROGRAM EVALUATION: Measures of research output (funding, publishing in refereed journals, and presenting at professional conferences) suggest that the program has achieved some momentum in the area of research. Although relatively modest by the standards of some university-based programs, the program's achievements demonstrate that a community-based, university-affiliated program can initiate a viable research effort. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience has taught us that implementing a research program is a relatively lengthy process comprised of multiple components. First, individual projects typically consist of a process of funding, presenting, and publishing. Sharing research results with colleagues locally and at professional meetings is an especially important socialization component of research and scholarship. Second, it is important to use refereed and nonrefereed journals as outlets for scholarship, since the process of writing is itself important, especially for family physicians who lack formal research training. Finally, funding proposals and publications almost always require revision and resubmission, a process which contributes to creating and further refining the skills needed by successful researchers.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program.

OBJECTIVE: Recent research on access to food among low-income populations in industrialised countries has begun to focus on neighbourhood food availability as a key determinant of dietary behaviour. This study examined the relationship between various measures of food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the Food Stamp Program, America's largest domestic food assistance programme. DESIGN: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 1996-97 National Food Stamp Program Survey. The survey employed a 1-week food inventory method, including two at-home interviews, to determine household food use. Separate linear regression models were developed to analyse fruit and vegetable use. Independent variables included distance to store, travel time to store, ownership of a car and difficulty of supermarket access. All models controlled for a full set of socio-economic variables. SUBJECTS: A nationally representative sample of participants (n=963) in the Food Stamp Program. RESULTS: After controlling for confounding variables, easy access to supermarket shopping was associated with increased household use of fruits (84 grams per adult equivalent per day; 95% confidence interval 5, 162). Distance from home to food store was inversely associated with fruit use by households. Similar patterns were seen with vegetable use, though associations were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental factors are importantly related to dietary choice in a nationally representative sample of low-income households, reinforcing the importance of including such factors in interventions that seek to effect dietary improvements.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Poland and US collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology. I. Introduction and baseline findings.

The Poland-US Agreement for Health Cooperation has as its goal the sharing of scientific information in cardiovascular disease epidemiology between the two countries. Patterns of cardiovascular disease and identification of risk factors were investigated through two large epidemiologic studies, the Pol-Monica Study in Poland and the US Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study in the United States. These two studies are described with regard to methodological issues, comparability of data collection procedures, and demographic and behavioral characteristics of the two populations involved. Mean blood pressure, lipids, and body mass indices of participants in these studies are also compared.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The development of HIV research laboratories in the Royal Thai Army Medical Department.

The development of HIV research laboratories at the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army Medical Department in supporting of HIV-1 vaccine trials in Thailand was implemented in 1991. The collaboration between AFRIMS, Royal Thai Army Medical Department, and the US Military HIV Research Program with the ultimate goal to conduct the HIV-1 vaccine trial phase III. The HIV serology lab was set up for surveillance program in military recruits. Then, there was a need to strengthen more on the existing laboratories by training personnel to cope with the confidentiality of the lab results, specimen processing and data management which are critical. Later on, the necessary laboratory for measuring of vaccine immunogenicity was developed, such as lymphoproliferation assay. Additionally, a molecular biology lab was also developed. The HIV research laboratory management must include an ability to deal with some problems, such as late specimen receiving, fluctuating of power supply, technical staffs maintained. Good laboratory practices and safety must be strictly implemented. Communication network among facilities also played an important role in HIV laboratory strengthening at AFRIMS.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2006

Automated Tecan programming for bioanalytical sample preparation with EZTecan.

This paper reports the first successful automated Tecan (Tecan US, Research Triangle Park, NC) programming for bioanalytical sample analysis with an in-house developed software, called EZTecan. Based on the sample run list in the Watson Laboratory Information Management System (InnaPhase Corp., Philadelphia, PA), EZTecan can generate a Tecan program for bioanalytical sample preparation, including sample transfer, sample dilution, extraction, and reconstitution. Many built-in functions for EZTecan ensure the flexibility, quality, and efficiency of the liquid handling. It takes about 90 min to prepare two 96-well plates from sample transfer to reconstitution. Analytical results shown good inter- and intra-assay accuracy and precision, which meet the +/-15% Good Laboratory Performance acceptance criteria. With EZTecan, bioanalysts can prepare samples without writing a single line of Tecan program.

Automation↗
PubMed1999

Oversight and monitoring of blood safety in the United States.

The US blood safety vigilance system is composed of a network of interwoven programs, now organized under a formal structure, with the Assistant Secretary of Health and DHHS Blood Safety Committee bearing overall responsibility. It takes advantage of the breadth of expertise and close collaborative relationship of transfusion medicine and infectious disease scientists within and outside of the government. Core elements include an array of ongoing surveillance programs for monitoring established as well as new and emerging infectious agents that may pose a risk to blood safety, and the existence of historical and contemporary repositories of donor and recipient specimens that enable rapid investigation of putative new risks. This report summarizes the historical events that shaped the US blood safety oversight system, reviews the current organization and decision-making processes related to blood safety issues, and highlights key surveillance systems and research programs which monitor the US and global blood supplies for known and potential emerging risks.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed2002

Academic geriatric programs in US allopathic and osteopathic medical schools.

CONTEXT: By 2030, 20% of the US population will be older than 65 years compared with 12.4% in 2000. The development of geriatric medicine research and training programs to prepare for this increasing number of older individuals is largely dependent on the successful establishment of academic geriatric medicine programs in medical schools. OBJECTIVE: To assess the structure, resources, and activities of academic geriatric medicine programs in US allopathic and osteopathic schools of medicine. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Survey distributed to the academic geriatric medicine leaders of the 144 US allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in March 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Organizational structure, program information, curriculum, budgetary issues, and characteristics of academic geriatric medicine leaders. RESULTS: A total of 121 program directors (84%) responded. Most schools (87%) had an identifiable academic geriatric program structure, with 67% established after 1984. The greatest proportion of faculty and staff time (40%) was spent in clinical practice, followed by research and scholarship (12%), residency and fellowship education (10% each), and medical student education (7.8%). Clinical practice accounted for the greatest portion (27%) of revenue, and 25.7% of the programs had total annual budgets of less than $250,000, while 11% had budgets of greater than $5 million. The largest obstacles to achieving the goals of an academic geriatric medicine program were a lack of research faculty and fellows and poor clinical reimbursement. CONCLUSIONS: Most US medical schools have an identifiable academic geriatric medicine program; most have been established within the last 15 years. Resources are needed to train faculty for roles as teachers and researchers and to develop medical school geriatric programs of the size and scope equivalent to other academic disciplines.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2002

A national survey of research requirements for family practice residents and faculty.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education recognizes that research education is a fundamental, although not always required, aspect of resident training. Since there is little information available on family practice resident research requirements, directors of US family practice training programs were surveyed about their programs' research requirements and research curricula. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was mailed to directors of family practice residency training programs listed in the American Academy of Family Physicians Directory of Family Practice Residency Programs. Seventy-five percent of residency program directors participated in the study. RESULTS: Almost half (48.6%) of responding programs required a resident research project, but only one fourth linked annual resident promotions to progress on the research project. Programs that required a project were more likely to say they provide a research curriculum, but information on these varied widely. Only 12.9% said faculty were required to engage in research/scholarly activities. The top two reasons for requiring resident research were (1) to develop critical thinking and patient care skills and (2) to understand the medical literature. The top two reasons for not requiring resident research were (1) attitude that it isn't necessary and (2) lack of faculty or time. CONCLUSIONS: The research requirement during family practice residency appears to be growing. However, the nature and benefit of family practice residency research education still remains undefined.

Faculty, Medical↗
PubMed1996

Technology transfer at US universities: seeking public benefit from the results of basic research.

The development of technology transfer programs at universities throughout the US was catalyzed by the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980. This landmark legislation allowed universities to own and manage all inventions developed by their employees with federal funding. An effective technology transfer program requires: productive and innovative researchers; clear, supportive policies; knowledgeable professional staff; and adequate funding for operating expenses and for patenting inventions. When all four components are in place, technology transfer can enhance the university's ability to interact with industry and can make a significant contribution to economic development at the local, state and national level.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2000

Amifostine: mechanisms of action underlying cytoprotection and chemoprevention.

Amifostine is an important drug in the new field of cytoprotection. It was developed by the Antiradiation Drug Development Program of the US Army Medical Research and Development Command as a radioprotective compound and was the first drug from that Program to be approved for clinical use in the protection of dose limiting normal tissues in patients against the damaging effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Its unique polyamine-like structure and attached sulfhydryl group give it the potential to participate in a range of cellular processes that make it an exciting candidate for use in both cytoprotection and chemoprevention. Amifostine protects against the DNA damaging effects of ionizing radiation and chemotherapy drug associated reactive species. It possesses anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties. At the molecular level, it has been demonstrated to affect redox sensitive transcription factors, gene expression, chromatin stability, and enzymatic activity. At the cellular level it has important effects on growth and cell cycle progression. This review focuses on relating its unique chemical design to mechanisms of action that underlie its broad usefulness as both a cytoprotective and chemopreventive agent for use in cancer therapy.

Adolescent↗