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PubMed1981

The Income Survey Development Program: design features and initial findings.

This article summarizes the principal design features of the Income Survey Development Program (ISDP) and presents initial findings of its 1979 Research Panel. The ISDP was designed to meet the need for improved data--particularly information on cash and in-kind income, assets and debts, tax liabilities, and participation in the major income security programs. The ISDP examined many technical and operational problems that were difficult to satisfy with existing surveys and administrative record systems. The ISDP field tests indicated that several experimental features were successful. These include use of more frequent interviews, a sample that is followed over a period of more than a year, a flexible questionnaire structure that permits insertion of questions on emerging policy issues, and procedures to maximize the linking of survey data with information in administrative records. Initial findings from the 1979 Research Panel indicate the number of persons receiving benefits from more than one major transfer program and compare the assets of food stamp recipients with those of eligible nonparticipants and ineligible persons.

Food Services↗
PubMed1996

Evaluating the Healthy Start program. Design development to evaluative assessment.

The national evaluation of the federally funded Healthy Start program involved translating a design for a process and outcomes evaluation and standard maternal and infant data set, both developed prior to the national evaluation contract award, into an evaluation design and client data collection protocol that could be used to evaluate 15 diverse grantees. This article discusses the experience of creating a process and outcomes evaluation design that was both substantively and methodologically appropriate given such issues as the diversity of grantees and their community-based intervention strategies; the process of accessing secondary data sources, including vital records; the quality of client level data submissions; and the need to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative approaches into the evaluation design. The relevance of this experience for the conduct of other field studies of public health interventions is discussed.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed2005

PrimerSelect: a transcriptome-wide oligonucleotide primer pair design program for kinetic RT-PCR-based transcript profiling.

We describe PrimerSelect, a program capable of transcriptome-wide design of primer pairs for optimal performance in kinetic reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PrimerSelect designs primer pairs for 86% of genomic open reading frames (ORFs) using design criteria we previously established to be optimal for kinetic RT-PCR (kRT-PCR)-based transcript quantitation. Primer pairs designed by PrimerSelect for 230 yeast ORFs were evaluated for primer dimer potential, PCR cyclewise yield, and cross-priming. Performance of 95% of these primer pairs is optimal with respect to primer dimer potential and PCR cyclewise yield for quantitating even the rarest yeast transcript. All of the primer pairs produced a single amplicon of the expected size from yeast genomic DNA template. The utility of PrimerSelect for designing primer pairs complementary to ORF sequences defined for multiple isolates of the human bacterial pathogens Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus aureus is also demonstrated.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed1996

Visualisation in the SPROUT molecular design program.

SPROUT is an interactive computer system for structure based molecular design. The system consists of several modules that address the different subproblems of structure based drug design. This paper describes the visualisation techniques applied in the program: the display of the novel (geometric region) representation of the interaction sites and the molecular surface display based on a 3D grid representation of the cavity. The hydrogen bonding regions are represented by set operations (subtraction and intersection) of simple spherical and conical 3D objects (with given radii and opening angle) Some complex hydrogen bonding regions are represented by intersections of six or more basic objects. A method for calculating a triangular mesh representation (with normal vectors) of the analytical surfaces of the objects, that have sharp edges and corners because of the intersections, is presented in the paper. The geometric parameters of the interaction regions can be changed interactively in which case the surface display is updated real-time. The volume of space that is available for ligand generation (the cavity of the receptor site) is represented on a 3D grid within SPROUT. The surface of the available space is visualised using an algorithm presented in the paper, that generates a polygonial mesh of the grid points. The grid is also used to cut out stericaly forbidden parts of the interaction site regions. The surface of the reduced object is also visualised using further sphere subtractions. The presented algorithms are fast, aplicable in interactive visualisation programs. Result images of the rendering of the surfaces, calculated by the algorithms, are demonstrated on examples taken from applications of SPROUT to practical ligand design problems.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1987

HERSIM: a microcomputer program designed to compute the limits of conversion for real homogeneous isothermal enzymic reactors.

HERSIM is a program written in BASIC designed to aid the investigator interested in determining the substrate conversion in a real homogeneous isothermal enzymic reactor, for various kinetic equations. The program runs after tracer data relative to a Dirac impulse to the reactor have been entered, and computes the two limits of real conversion: total segregation and maximum mixedness. The kinetic constants of the reacting system are input as data, and the variation of conversion with reactor temperature between given limits is computed as accurately as requested.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1980

A package of computer programs designed to simulate pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug therapy.

Three programs are presented which have been developed to simulate conditions encountered in the pharmacokinetic adjustment of dosage regimens. The programs include a drug with one-compartment kinetics, whose elimination is dependent on renal function (gentamicin), a drug with two-compartment kinetics (theophylline), and a drug whose elimination follows non-linear Michaelis-Menten kinetics (phenytoin). The programs may be used as an aid to instruction in clinical pharmacokinetics and to develop and test new methods of pharmacokinetic adjustment of dosage regimens.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

Mailbox: program designed to improve communication in clinical laboratories.

A MUMPS program called MAILBOX allows information to be more efficiently disseminated in a hospital department of clinical biochemistry. Readily accessible to all staff as the department is equipped with video display units in every laboratory and office, MAILBOX allows laboratory staff to send and read departmental messages; send, read, and save personal messages; sign in to and out of the department; and locate all other staff. Departmental messages containing information of general interest are automatically displayed on signing on to MAILBOX. Personal messages are directed to specific people, who are so informed when signing on; they can only be read by the sender and intended recipient(s).

Communication↗
PubMed2006

Medical student and senior participants' perceptions of a mentoring program designed to enhance geriatric medical education.

In 2000, the Senior Mentor Program was implemented as an innovative, instructional method in the University of South Carolina's medical school curriculum designed to enhance and strengthen student training in geriatrics. This study qualitatively analyzed second- year medical students' and senior participants' perceptions of and attitudes towards the Senior Mentor Program as an effective learning modality. A total of 36 second-year students from two consecutive classes (2002-2003) and 42 senior mentors at USC's School of Medicine participated in five and seven separate focus group interviews, respectively. The group discussions were transcribed and a content analysis performed using NVivo. The coding scheme and analyses were driven by the data collected and recurrent themes were examined across all focus groups. Overall, student and senior mentor participants viewed the program positively. Thematic comparisons by participant type indicate a shared view that the mentoring relationship has a far-reaching, educational, professional, and personal impact. Both students and seniors agreed that myths and stereotypes about aging were dispelled and students indicated that a close, caring relationship with an older person will change they way they practice. A longitudinal mentoring program that pairs students with community-dwelling seniors can be a valuable addition to traditional geriatric curricular activities designed to increase students' skills and compassion for caring for older adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Pharmacokinetic estimation for therapeutic dosage regimens (PETDR)--a software program designed to determine intravenous drug dosage regimens for veterinary applications.

Pharmacokinetic estimation for therapeutic dosage regimens (PETDR) is a soft-ware program used to design individualized intravenous dosage regimens, determine concentration-time profiles, predict serum concentrations at a specific time after intravenous dosing and predict the time after the last dose to achieve a specified concentration of drug. The reference pharmacokinetic parameters may be based on an individual animal's pharmacokinetic disposition of drug or on FARAD (Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank) mean population kinetic parameters. An individual animal's kinetic parameters may be input for predetermined analysis or the program can calculate these values by input of raw serum concentration-time data. The program allows the user to specify certain parameters of the dosage regimen, then calculates the other parameters (given desired maximum and minimum serum concentrations, dose and interval are calculated; given desired maximum serum concentration and interval, dose is calculated, etc.). Given the kinetic parameters, the dose and dosing interval, the program calculates and plots the serum concentration-time profile of the drug for that animal. The time and the number of doses to reach steady state can be calculated as well as the determination of loading dose. The percentage of the time of a dosing interval at steady state that the serum concentration is above a specific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) allows evaluation of efficacy of an antimicrobial regimen. Similarly, the time to reach a specific concentration (e.g. residue tolerance) or the MIC of a drug can be calculated. Legal tissue tolerances can be accessed from FARAD to aid in predicting for what period of time illegal residues will remain in the animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Retaining men in nursing program designed for women.

Men continue to represent a small percentage of the nursing workforce. Along with concerns regarding the nursing shortage are concerns that nursing should reflect the racial, ethnic, and gender characteristics of the population it serves. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of the challenges male nursing students face and offer strategies to retain these students in educational programs traditionally designed for women.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed2006

Genetic Parallel Programming: design and implementation.

This paper presents a novel Genetic Parallel Programming (GPP) paradigm for evolving parallel programs running on a Multi-Arithmetic-Logic-Unit (Multi-ALU) Processor (MAP). The MAP is a Multiple Instruction-streams, Multiple Data-streams (MIMD), general-purpose register machine that can be implemented on modern Very Large-Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIs) in order to evaluate genetic programs at high speed. For human programmers, writing parallel programs is more difficult than writing sequential programs. However, experimental results show that GPP evolves parallel programs with less computational effort than that of their sequential counterparts. It creates a new approach to evolving a feasible problem solution in parallel program form and then serializes it into a sequential program if required. The effectiveness and efficiency of GPP are investigated using a suite of 14 well-studied benchmark problems. Experimental results show that GPP speeds up evolution substantially.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1979

Counseling for women requesting sterilization: a comprehensive program designed to insure informed consent.

This paper describes the counseling program implemented by a social worker and a family planning counselor for female clinic patients requesting sterilization. Rather than limiting counseling to the guidelines for informed consent established by New York City law, a comprehensive approach is utilized. The program combines the provision of information regarding the procedure and contraceptive alternatives, with an opportunity for individuals to examine the psychosocial components of their request for sterilization. It is the authors' assessment that such comprehensive counseling is essential to provide individuals with the full assistance they need in making the decision to eliminate reproductive capacity, and that legal guidelines should be expanded accordingly.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Pediatric parenteral nutrition mixtures design program: validity and stability study.

The formulation and elaboration of a correct parenteral nutrition (PN) in infancy requires the use of many parameters, the realization of complicated mathematical calculations, and repeated and individualized adjustments of the final constituents. The use of computer programs in the confection of PN has simplified the whole process, but, to our understanding, the programs being used at the moment lack the flexibility needed to generalize its use in the pediatric age. The aim of this work is to present a new computer program able to make up complete pediatric units of PN by itself, which follow the nutritional requirements and the marketed preparations established for each clinical situation. The program provides, automatically, standard amounts for each nutrient, according to age, water needs, and route of administration. The program turns these amounts, which can be modified before or after knowing the final composition, into milliliters of each commercial product and provides a complete analysis of the PN solution. It is also possible to adapt the basic configuration of the program to the needs of each patient, modifying the nutritional requirements and the products that the program will use. In order to assess the validity of the program, we made up a series of PN solutions, for a simulated sample of patients, which represented different clinical situations and age groups. We analyzed the composition of the mixtures and its physical-chemical stability. No problems in the PN solutions generated by the program when using our standard configuration were found. A study of reproducibility was carried out and no difficulties of execution, errors, or differences in the composition of the PN solutions designed by the different physicians were found. Average time needed for the design of a PN was less than 5 min. The use of computer programs in the design of mixtures of PN reduces errors and time, allowing a better use of this technique of nutritional support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Health promotion and allied health professionals: considerations for program design.

There is growing public and corporate interest in health promotion programs. Available literature suggests that health promotion may contribute to greater longevity and life satisfaction while resulting in lower health care costs. Allied health professionals are perfectly positioned to make the difference between a successful or unsuccessful health promotion effort, whether in their own lives or in the lives of patients. However, allied health professionals need to commit themselves to making behavior changes to improve their own health so that they can effectively assist patients in making similar changes. These ideas are demonstrated through a study of an employee health promotion program for allied health professionals in a health maintenance organization.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Development of a hypermedia program designed to assist patients with localized prostate cancer in making treatment decisions.

The Prostate Centre, a hypermedia program integrating CD-ROM and Internet technology, was developed to help patients with localized prostate cancer access detailed and current information about available treatment options. Personal interviews with ten patients confirmed the need for more specific information examining the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, as well as the suitability of computers for conveying this information. Sample screen designs effectively determined patients' visual preferences and were a useful springboard for conversation about a number of other relevant topics. Pilot testing of the resulting prototype elicited a positive response about the program from this sample audience. Patients regarded the program as useful, relevant to their needs, and navigable. Although the small sample size limited the study's generalizability, the method of involving patients in the design process successfully guided the program's development toward a greater fit with the users' needs.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed2004

Using mobile DXA to improve access to osteoporosis care: unit design, program development, implementation, and outcomes.

Osteoporosis diagnosis and monitoring is best accomplished with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but technology availability can hinder access to care. We designed a mobile DXA program incorporating a Hologic Delphi-C trade mark bone densitometer housed in a specially configured 30-ft Winnebago trade mark. The mobile DXA program provided osteoporosis testing and education at the convenience of the patient's primary care site within our rural health care system. DXA results were sent electronically to the patient's physician within 48-72 h. The mobile DXA patient group tended to be older and at high risk for future fracture. The service provided was rated as excellent by patients. Given the volume of patients studied, the program was financially self-sustaining. Other healthcare systems or groups should consider development of a similar program.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1990

WHAT IF: a molecular modeling and drug design program.

A FORTRAN 77 computer program has been written to aid with macromolecular modeling and drug design. Called WHAT IF, it provides an intelligent and flexible environment for displaying, manipulating, and analyzing small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and their interactions. A relational protein structure database is incorporated to be queried. The program is suitable for most common crystallographic work. The menu-driven operation of WHAT IF, combined with the use of default values wherever user input is required, makes it very easy to use for a novice user while keeping full flexibility for more sophisticated studies. Although there are not too many unique features in WHAT IF, the fact that everything is integrated in one program makes it a unique tool for many purposes.

Computer Graphics↗