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PubMed2003

Subjective perceptions and physiological variables during weaning from mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND: As costs related to mechanical ventilation increase, clear indicators of patients' readiness to be weaned are needed. Research has not yet yielded a consensus on physiological variables that are consistent correlates of weaning outcomes. Subjective perceptions rarely have been examined for their contribution to successful weaning. OBJECTIVE: To explore the subjective perceptions of dyspnea, fatigue, and self-efficacy and selected physiological variables in patients being weaned from mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 68 patients being weaned from mechanical ventilation. Subjective perceptions were measured by using 3 visual analog scales; physiological variables were measured by using the Burns Weaning Assessment Program and a patient profile. Weaning outcomes were recorded 24 hours after data collection. RESULTS: Participants were primarily white women and required mechanical ventilation for a mean of less than 4 days. Participants reported mild dyspnea, moderate fatigue, and high weaning self-efficacy. High PaO2, low PaCO2, stable hemodynamic status, adequate cough and swallow reflexes, no metabolic changes, and no abdominal problems were associated with complete weaning (P = .05). Subjective perceptions were associated with physiological variables but not with weaning outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Multidimensional assessment of both primary and secondary indicators of readiness to be weaned is necessary for timely, efficient weaning from mechanical ventilation. Primary assessments include physiological variables related to gas exchange, hemodynamic status, diaphragmatic expansion, and airway clearance. Secondary assessments include perceptions related to key physiological variables. Additional research is needed to determine the predictive value of physiological variables and perceptions of dyspnea, fatigue, and self-efficacy.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Study on the relationship between toddler temperament and development (first report)--the correlation among toddler temperament, maternal perception and rearing environment].

The purpose of this study is to clarify how a child's temperament and maternal perception influences the rearing environment. As the conceptual framework, we used A.J. Sameroff's transactional model and Miyake's conceptual model of mother and child. The following process was hypothesized: toddler temperament influences maternal perception, which in turn influences rearing environment under which children are developing. Questionnaires concerning toddler temperament, maternal perception and rearing environment were sent to mothers whose children were scheduled to receive 1 year and 6 months child health examinations, and results from 306 mothers and children who answered the questionnaires were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Child temperament showed a tendency to accord with maternal perception of how easy it is to handle him/her. (2) Maternal perception was related to rearing environment. (3) Temperamental characteristics were related to rearing environment. (4) While the influence of child temperament and maternal perception on the rearing environment was not shown to be strong, the hypothesized process of this study was supported to a certain degree. From these results, it appears that it is important to pay attention to a child's temperament as a contributing factor in the health practice of mother and child.

Child Rearing↗

PubMed2005

Students' perceptions of laboratory science careers: changing ideas with an education module.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a Web-based education module in changing students' perceptions of laboratory science careers. DESIGN: Perception was measured with a short examination and then a Web-based exercise was presented. Following the exercise, the test was administered again. Frequency data from the pre-test and post-test were compared for changes in perception. The correlated pre-test/post-test pairs were also examined for opinion changes and these were analyzed for significance. SETTING: Large parochial high schools in New Orleans, Louisiana. A small team visited the schools during their appointed class times for biology. PARTICIPANTS: Study participants were high school biology students in grades 9-10. Two-hundred-forty-five students participated (149 male and 96 female). INTERVENTIONS: A Web-based exercise on blood film examination was presented to the students in a classroom setting (www.mclno.org/labpartners/index_03.htm). The exercise contained focused messages about: (1) the numbers of healthcare workers acquiring AIDS from on-the-job exposure and (2) common career paths available to the laboratory science workforce. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The shift in perception of: What medical service generates the most diagnostic data. Which professional group performs laboratory tests. The risk of acquiring AIDS while working in the healthcare setting. Interest in a science-related career. How much education is required to work in a science-related field. RESULTS: The intervention significantly shifted perception in all areas measured except that of interest in a science-related career. CONCLUSIONS: Many students perceive that the risk of acquiring AIDS while working in the healthcare setting is "high". Web-based presentations and similar partnerships with science teachers can change perceptions that might lead to increased interest in clinical laboratory science careers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Role of food and nutrition in the health perceptions of young children.

Sixty healthy children, 4 to 7 years of age, were interviewed to evaluate their health perceptions in general and to determine the degree to which they included food and eating behavior in their perceptions. Individual interviews with children incorporated both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Concept maps were used to analyze interview transcripts. The pretest/posttest experimental design randomly assigned children to experimental and control groups. Children in the experimental group completed a 4-week, home-based, nutrition education program to determine the feasibility of changing children's health perceptions with an educational intervention. Pretest and posttest health perception scores were compared by analysis of covariance. Results indicated that children perceived nutrition as a meaningful concept in relation to their health perceptions at pretest, but that after program participation, children significantly increased their perception that health and nutrition were related concepts. Our findings indicate that young children are cognitively ready to learn more about food, nutrition, and health than previously thought, but closed-ended questions may not be sensitive enough to evaluate their learning at this age.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1989

Staff nurses: role perception and role performance.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between role perception and role-performance. A sample of three hundred Staff Nurses was drawn from a Central Government hospital of Delhi. To assess role perception and role performance, a role perception questionnaire and a role performance inventory were administered respectively to each subject individually. The results indicated that inner-directed role perception had a negative relationship with role performance. Other directed role perception had a significant positive relationship with role performance. To achieve job success, Staff Nurses seemingly can concentrate on other directed role perception.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

The relationship of body image perception and weight status to recent change in weight status of the adolescent female.

This descriptive correlational study investigated the relationship of body image perception and weight status to recent change in weight status of the adolescent female. Based on earlier research findings supporting the position that obese adolescent females demonstrate a negative body image perception as compared to the nonobese, this investigation identified the need to study body image perception as it applies to all adolescent females and to include a recent change in weight status as it may affect that perception. A convenience sample of 90 adolescent females between the ages of 13 and 17 years was selected from health and gym classes at a large midwestern metropolitan high school. Subjects were grouped into three categories: nonobese, overweight, and obese based on height, weight, and skinfold measurement. They were administered two questionnaires: the Body-Cathexis Scale and a self-report recent change in weight status and demographic questionnaire. Results indicated a significant positive correlation for the overall association of body image perception and weight status. When the analysis was partialled according to defined weight groups, the relationship held only for the overweight group. Differences in body image scores were obtained in association with each of the recent change-in-weight-status questions. Findings confirmed the need to study the association between body image perception and weight status to recent change in weight status with a more heterogeneous group of adolescent females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Parental perception of urgency and utilization of pediatric emergency services.

Emergency Room utilization has increased dramatically in recent years. Parental perception of urgency may be one factor that influences utilization of pediatric emergency services, yet little is understood about factors influencing this perception. The goal of this study was to determine if the perception of urgency is a critical factor in the decision of a parent to seek care in an emergency room, if demographic and access factors influence parental perception of urgency, and whether there is agreement of urgency rating by parent and physician. One hundred and one parents were interviewed to determine background demographic and access factors and perception of urgency. Physician and parental urgency was evaluated on a 5 level scale. Chi-square analysis was used to determine association between demographic and access factors and parental urgency ratings. Pearson product moment correlation was used to determine agreement between parent and physician urgency ratings. The majority of visits were acknowledged by both parents and physicians to be non-emergent. Fourteen (13.9%) and 10 (9.9%) of parents and physicians rated the visits as emergent (levels 1 and 2) while 65 (64.4%) parents and 76 (75.3%) physicians rated the visits as nonemergent. No association between demographic or access variables and parental perception of urgency was demonstrated.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Self-perception in late adolescence: an interactive perspective.

Self-perception during late adolescence was examined as a correlate of individual temperament. Harter's Self-Perception Scale for College Students and the Adult Form of the Dimensions of Temperament Survey-Revised were administered to 111 college students. It was found that positive self-perception was generally associated with an approaching, flexible, and positive mood pattern, and with high task orientation. Different aspects of self-perception showed distinct relationships with specific temperament dimensions. Self-perception differences for men and women also were noted. An interactive model was used to explain the research outcomes and to suggest environmental features that might be related to the development of positive self-perception.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health behaviors and health promotion/disease prevention perceptions of medical students.

Health promotion and disease prevention must be addressed in medical education, and the assessment of future physicians' health preventive perceptions and behaviors is a critical step in the process. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 512 medical students enrolled during the 1992-1993 academic year. Outcome measures were self-reported health behaviors and ratings of the importance of prevention. Overall, results indicated that the preponderance of respondents are engaging in healthy behaviors; however, some high-risk behaviors, such as drinking and driving and possible binge drinking, were reported by at least 15% of the respondents. Significant differences were detected regarding students' perceptions; a linear decreasing trend was noted with first-year students rating the importance of prevention the highest and fourth-year students rating it the lowest. Additionally, this study attempted to correlate health behaviors with perceptions. The results show significant relationships between student-reported behaviors and corresponding perceptions. Even though this cohort is healthy overall, some students are engaging in behaviors that are not conducive to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It is important to identify and address negative health behaviors in this population, not only in terms of personal health, but also in its effect on their interaction with future patient populations. The attrition of interest in prevention during undergraduate medical training is cause for concern; future clinical practice will be strongly motivated by their perceptions. Medical schools should identify health issues and assess preventive health perceptions among students in order to facilitate the adoption of preventive practices by future physicians. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): health promotion, prevention, medical students, health behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Decrease and asymmetry in taste perception in patients with nerve trunk damage].

The purpose of this article was the gustatory perception state study (NaCl solution perception) in patients with one-sided damages of branchial plexus as well as of radial, facial and ulnar nervous trunks. The decrease of gustatory perception was observed in 78 (70.3%) cases, while the lack of such alterations in 33 (29.7%) patients. The gustatory perception disturbances (increase of the absolute threshold on the ipsilateral tongue's half) took place in 82.2% and 69.6% at right and left limbs damages respectively. The results presented testified the strengthening of normally existing asymmetry in gustatory perception especially in patients with left-sided denervation. The degree of gustatory perception restoration may serve as a prognostic test at surgery of such patients.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1999

Cortical activation during perception of a rotating wide-field acoustic stimulus.

We describe sound stimuli that produce the perception of complete rotation around the head. Such stimuli are analogous to wide-field motion stimuli used in visual research, though auditory stimuli, unlike visual stimuli, can be perceived at any point around the head; they are the only cues for spatial perception behind the subject. Using PET on six subjects, we have compared regional brain activity during the perception of such motion stimuli, with the perception of a control stimulus producing equivalent amplitude changes without rotation. Rotation produced activation of the premotor cortex bilaterally and the right superior parietal cortex. The premotor activation involved the frontal eye fields and ventral premotor areas. The bifrontal and right parietal activation is consistent with previous demonstrations of activation within a frontoparietal network of areas during perception of a linear motion stimulus. The inferior premotor activation in this experiment may reflect preparation for head turning in response to auditory targets that cannot be tracked visually.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1992

Role of vestibular and neck inputs for the perception of object motion in space.

UNLABELLED: The contribution of vestibular and neck inputs to the perception of visual object motion in space was studied in the absence of a visual background (in the dark) in normal human subjects (Ss). Measures of these contributions were obtained by means of a closed loop nulling procedure; Ss fixed their eyes on a luminous spot (object) and nulled its actual or apparent motion in space during head rotation in space (vestibular stimulus) and/or trunk rotation relative to the head (neck stimulus) with the help of a joystick. Vestibular and neck contributions were expressed in terms of gain and phase with respect to the visuo-oculomotor/joystick feedback loop which was assumed to have almost ideal transfer characteristics. The stimuli were applied as sinusoidal rotations in the horizontal plane (f = 0.025-0.8 Hz; peak angular displacements, 1-16 degrees). RESULTS: (1) During vestibular stimulation, Ss perceived the object, when kept in fixed alignment with the moving body, as moving in space. However, they underestimated the object motion; the gain was only about 0.7 at 0.2-0.8 Hz and clearly decreased at lower stimulus frequencies, while the phase exhibited a small lead. (2) During pure neck stimulation (trunk rotating relative to the stationary head), the object, when stationary, appeared to move in space counter to the trunk excursion. This neck-contingent object motion illusion was small at 0.2-0.8 Hz, but increased considerably with decreasing frequency, while its phase developed a small lag. (3) Vestibular, neck, and visuo-oculomotor effects summed linearly during combined stimulations. (4) The erroneous vestibular and neck contributions to the object motion perception were complementary to each other, and the perception became about veridical (G approximately 1, phi approximately 0 degree), when both inputs were combined during head rotation with the trunk stationary. The results are simulated by an extended version of a computer model that previously had been developed to describe vestibular and neck effects on human perception of head motion in space. In the model, the perception of object motion in space is derived from the superposition of three signals, representing "object to head" (visuo-oculomotor; head coordinates), "head on trunk" (neck; trunk coordinates), and "trunk in space" (vestibular-neck interaction; space coordinates).

Humans↗

PubMed1988

Solid perception mechanism by a shading pattern: spatial frequency components in a corrugated wave pattern.

Illumination allows solid object perception to be obtained and depicted by a shading pattern produced by lighting. The shading cue, as one of solid perception cues (Gibson 1979), was investigated in regard to a white corrugated wave shape, using computer graphic device: Tospix-2. The reason the corrugated wave was chosen, is that an alternately bright and dark pattern, produced by shading, can be conveniently analyzed into contained spatial frequencies. This paper reports spatial frequency properties contained in the shading pattern. The shading patterns, input into the computer graphic device, are analyzed by Fourier Transformation by the same device. After the filtration by various spatial frequency low and high pass filters, Inverse Fourier Transformation is carried out for the residual components. The result of the analysis indicates that the third through higher harmonics components are important in regard to presenting a solid reality feeling in solid perception. Sakata (1983) also reported that an edged pattern, superimposed onto a lower sinusoidal pattern, was important in solid perception. The third through higher harmonics components express the changing position of luminance on the pattern, and a slanted plane relating to the light direction. Detection of a solid shape, constructed with flat planes, is assumed to be on the bottom of the perfect curved solid perception mechanism. Apparent evidence for this assumption, in difficult visual conditions, is that a flat paneled solid is seen before the curved solid. This mechanism is explained by two spatial frequency neural network systems, assumed as having correspondence with higher spatial frequency detection and lower spatial frequency detection.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed1983

Speech perception and memory coding in relation to reading ability.

Previous work has demonstrated that children who are poor readers have short-term memory deficits in tasks in which the stimuli lend themselves to phonetic coding. The aim of the present study was to explore whether the poor readers' memory deficit may have its origin in perception with the encoding of the stimuli. Three experiments were conducted with third grade good and poor readers. As in earlier experiments, the poor readers were found to perform less well on recall of random word strings and to be less affected by the phonetic characteristics (rhyming or not rhyming) of the items (Experiment 1). In addition, the poor readers produced more errors of transposition (in the nonrhyming strings) than did the good readers, a further indication of the poor readers' problems with memory for order. The subjects were tested on two auditory perception tasks, one employing words (Experiment 2) and the other nonspeech environmental sounds (Experiment 3). Each was presented under two conditions: with a favorable signal-to-noise ratio and with masking. The poor readers made significantly more errors than the good readers when listening to speech in noise, but did not differ in perception of speech without noise or in perception of nonspeech environmental sounds, whether noise-masked or not. Together, the results of the perception studies suggest that poor readers have a perceptual difficulty that is specific to speech. It is suggested that the short-term memory deficits characteristic of poor readers may stem from material-specific problems of perceptual processing.

Auditory Perception↗

PubMed1994

Psychophysical evidence of differential latencies of colour inputs to motion perception.

A novel psychophysical observation allows the determination of the relative latencies with which long, middle, and short cone signals provide input to motion perception. It is known that when two spatially displaced isoluminant stimuli in spectrally different colours are simultaneously presented, any temporal lag between the perception of the two will, due to the spatial displacement, cause the perception of apparent motion. The illusion reported here occurs through the inadvertent production of spatial displacement; peripheral observation of the boundary between two differently-coloured neighbouring areas which alternately interchange colours leads, due to transverse chromatic aberration caused by the eye's optics, to the formation of a double boundary on the retina, the serial perceptions of which create the sensation of motion. By offsetting the relative temporal phases of any two colours we have determined the relative magnitude of the latencies with which they provide input to motion perception. In all subjects motion of blue is perceived after that of red, and green is perceived after that of blue. The origins of these latencies are unclear.

Color Perception↗

PubMed1996

The shape of self-motion perception--II. framework and principles for simple and complex motion.

There have been numerous experimental studies on human perception and misperception of self-motion and orientation relative to the earth, each focusing on one or a few types of motion. We present a formal framework encompassing many types of motion and including all angular and linear components of velocity and acceleration. Using a mathematically rigorous presentation, the framework defines the space of all possible motions, the map from motion to sensor status, the space containing each possible status of the sensors, and the map from sensor status to perceived motion. The shape of the full perceptual map from actual motion to perceived motion is investigated with the framework, using formal theory and a number of published experimental results. Two principles of simple motion perception and four principles of complex motion perception are presented. The framework also distinguishes the roles of physics and the nervous system in the process of self-motion perception for both simple and complex motions. The present rigorous development of the self-motion perception framework allows the scientist to compare and contrast results from many studies with differing types of motion. The six principles formalized here comprise a foundation with which to explain and predict perceptual phenomena, both those observed in the past and those to be encountered in the future. The framework is especially aimed to expand our capacity to investigate complex motions such as those encountered in everyday life or in unusual motion environments.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

The relationship between object files and conscious perception.

Object files (OFs) are hypothesized mid-level representations which mediate our conscious perception of persisting objects-e.g. telling us 'which went where'. Despite the appeal of the OF framework, not previous research has directly explored whether OFs do indeed correspond to conscious percepts. Here we present at least one case wherein conscious percepts of 'which went where' in dynamic ambiguous displays diverge from the analogous correspondence computed by the OF system. Observers viewed a 'bouncing/streaming' display in which two identical objects moved such that they could have either bounced off or streamed past each other. We measured two dependent variables: (1) an explicit report of perceived bouncing or streaming; and (2) an implicit 'object-specific preview benefit' (OSPB), wherein a 'preview' of information on a specific object speeds the recognition of that information at a later point when it appears again on the same object (compared to when it reappears on a different object), beyond display-wide priming. When the displays were manipulated such that observers had a strong bias to perceive streaming (on over 95% of the trials), there was nevertheless a strong OSPB in the opposite direction-such that the object files appeared to have 'bounced' even though the percept 'streamed'. Given that OSPBs have been taken as a hallmark of the operation of object files, the five experiments reported here suggest that in at least some specialized (and perhaps ecologically invalid) cases, conscious percepts of 'which went where' in dynamic ambiguous displays can diverge from the mapping computed by the object-file system.

Attention↗

PubMed2006

Is conscious perception gradual or dichotomous? A comparison of report methodologies during a visual task.

In a recent article, [Sergent, C. & Dehaene, S. (2004). Is consciousness a gradual phenomenon? Evidence for an all-or-none bifurcation during the attentional blink, Psychological Science, 15(11), 720-729] claim to give experimental support to the thesis that there is a clear transition between conscious and unconscious perception. This idea is opposed to theoretical arguments that we should think of conscious perception as a continuum of clarity, with e.g., fringe conscious states [Mangan, B. (2001). Sensation's ghost-the non-sensory "fringe" of consciousness, Psyche, 7, 18]. In the experimental study described in this article, we find support for this opposite notion that we should have a parsimonious account of conscious perception. Our reported finding relates to the hypothesis that there is more than one perceptual threshold [Merikle, P.M., Smilek, D. & Eastwood, J.D. (2001). Perception without awareness: perspectives from cognitive psychology, Cognition, 79, 115-134], but goes further to argue that there are different "levels" of conscious perception.

Adolescent↗