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PubMed1994

Residual lung volume and ventilatory muscle strength changes following maximal and submaximal exercise.

In order to evaluate a mechanism which may be responsible for the often observed acute increase in residual lung volume (RV) following exercise, 12 non-smoking males (20-30 yrs) performed two bouts of exercise on separate days; one to maximal heart rate (HRmax) and one to 85% of HRmax for 20 min. Prior to exercise and at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min post-exercise, the following parameters were measured: RV, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0), forced expiratory flow (FEF75-85), maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax), and maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax). Significant (p < 0.05) increases occurred in RV at 5, 15 and 30 min following maximal exercise and at 5 and 30 min after submaximal exercise. Changes in RV between the two exercise bouts were generally greater (p < 0.05) for maximal exercise. Accompanying the increases in RV were significant (p < 0.05) decreases in PEmax and decreases in FVC, while FEV1.0 and FEF75-85 remained generally unchanged or were slightly elevated. The data suggest that decreases in expiratory muscle strength due to fatigue may in part be responsible for increases in RV.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiopulmonary adaptation to exercise in coal miners.

Twenty-six coal miners, without associated functional chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), assessed by normal airway resistance, were divided into three groups: (1) Group C, normal X-ray; (2) Group S1, micronodular silicosis; and (3) Group S2, complicated silicosis. All subjects were evaluated while at rest and during exercise. Significant lung volume reduction was observed in the S2 Group only. Blood gases, pulmonary pressure, and cardiac output were found to be within the normal range for all three groups when at rest. The pulmonary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were higher, however, for the S1 and S2 Groups when compared to the C Group. During exercise, pulmonary hypertension was observed in 50% of teh patients with complicated silicosis. When all data (N = 26) were included, the high values for pulmonary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance correlated well with the loss in vital capacity (VC) and the decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1.0). From the initial 26 patients, 19 were selected on the basis of their normal airway resistance and FEV 1.0/VC ratio. This selection did not alter the differences noted for the pulmonary pressure and total pulmonary vascular resistance, which previously existed between the groups, even though the correlations were not statistically significant. We conclude that silicosis without associated COLD leads to mineral hemodynamic impairment at rest and during exercise, and that airway resistance does not detect impairment of flow as effectively as FEV 1.0 reduction. The increased pulmonary vascular resistance observed, especially in complicated silicosis, may be best explained by the loss of lung parenchyma and possible impairment of small airways.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Sulfuric acid-layered ultrafine particles potentiate ozone-induced airway injury.

Urban air pollution in the United States is composed of a complex mixture of particles and gases. Among the most prominent products of the atmospheric pollutants are sulfur oxides and ozone. In this report, we use two exposure protocols to examine the interaction between exposure to these two pollutants. In the first exposure regimen, guinea pigs were exposed to sulfuric acid (pure sulfuric acid mist or sulfuric acid layered on ZnO) for 1 h. Each exposure is followed 2 h later by another exposure to 0.15 ppm ozone for 1 h. Pulmonary function parameters were measured immediately after the ozone exposure. In guinea pigs that were exposed to 300 micrograms/m3 pure sulfuric acid mist, subsequent exposure to 0.15 ppm ozone did not produce additional change in pulmonary functions. In guinea pigs that were exposed to 84 micrograms/m3 sulfuric acid layered on ZnO, subsequent exposure to 0.15 ppm ozone produced more than additive alterations in vital capacity and diffusing capacity. In the second exposure regimen, guinea pigs were exposed to 24 micrograms/m3 sulfuric acid layered on ZnO for 3 h/d for 5 d. On d 8 and 9, animals received two additional daily 3-h exposures to 24 micrograms/m3 sulfuric acid layered on ZnO, and pulmonary functions were measured at the end of the daily exposure. Greater reductions in lung volumes and diffusing capacity were observed in animals on d 9 than would be observed in animals that received no additional exposure. In the third exposure regimen, guinea pigs were exposed to 24 micrograms/m3 sulfuric acid layered on ZnO for 3 h/d for 5 d. On d 9, animals were exposed to 0.15 ppm ozone for 1 h and pulmonary functions were measured at the end of the ozone exposure. Ozone exposure on d 9 induced reductions in lung volumes and diffusing capacity that were not observed in animals receiving exposures to either ozone or sulfuric acid layered ZnO alone. We conclude that single or multiple exposure to sulfuric acid-layered ZnO sensitizes guinea pigs to subsequent sulfuric acid or ozone exposure.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2005

The maximum expiratory flow-volume loop in natives of Ladakh and acclimatized lowlanders.

Differences in static and dynamic volumes may exist between high altitude residents of Indian Himalayas and their South American counterparts, as well as with acclimatized lowlander sojourners. Maximum expiratory flow-volume loops were recorded in healthy native highlanders of Ladakh (NH, N = 75) and in healthy acclimatized lowlanders (AL, N = 32) at an altitude of 3450 m in the western Indian Himalayas. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), both corrected for a height of 168 cm, were significantly higher in NH [FVC: 5.02 (0.51) vs. 3.89 (0.45) L, p < 0.0001; FEV1: 4.27 (0.47) vs. 3.44 (0.37) L, p < 0.0001]. The flow rates at larger lung volumes (PEFR, FEF25, and FEF50) were similar in the two groups. The NH showed significantly higher flow rates at low lung volumes, that is, FEF75 and FEF75-85% [FEF75: 2.03 (0.69) vs. 1.70 (0.52) L/s, p = 0.0092; FEF75-85%: 1.42 (0.54) vs. 1.06 (0.35) L/s, p = 0.0001]. The exact mechanisms allowing the higher flow rates at low lung volumes remain to be elucidated, but it is possible that these findings may indicate an inherited adaptive response in the Ladakhi highlander.

Acclimatization↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of lung volume on expiratory flow rates in diffuse interstitial lung disease.

This study evaluated maximum expiratory flow rates with respect to lung volume and maximum recoil pressure in selected patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease who had normal large airway function by standard technique. Coefficient of retraction was normal or greater than normal in all. Peak flow varied directly with lung volume as in normals. At 50% vital capacity (VC) and 25% VC, the absolute flow rates varied from higher to lower than normal. However, when flow was adjusted to volume, the flow/volume ratio was normal or high in all. Flow/volume ratio at mid-lung volume appeared to increase with increase in coefficient of retraction. Patients with frequency dependence of compliance had lower flow/volume ratios at 25% VC than those without, although still within normal range. Thus, despite recognized wide variations in normals, the flow/volume ratio is pertinent to the evaluation of reduced air flow rates in in interstitial lung disease to distinguish abnormal upstream airway resistance from volume-dependent reduction of flow rate. An effort-independent flow rate that yields a supernormal flow/volume ratio suggests increased recoil properties of the respiratory system.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Pulmonary function tests before and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Pulmonary function tests were performed in 22 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Measurements were made before, 24 h after, and 6 weeks after operation (12 patients). At 24 h postoperatively there were significant decreases in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, vital capacity, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity to 75% (p < 0.001), 73% (p < 0.001), 92% (p = 0.002) and 83% (p < 0.001) of pre-operative values respectively. Inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures decreased to 66% (p < 0.001) and 63% (p < 0.001) of the pre-operative pressures respectively. There was a reduction in PaO2 (p < 0.01) and an increase in alveolar-arterial gradient (p < 0.001) but no change in PaCO2 at 24 h. The pulmonary function tests measured in the patients who returned after 6 weeks had returned to pre-operative values.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1992

Postoperative pulmonary complication rate and long-term changes in respiratory function following esophagectomy with esophagogastrostomy.

Upper abdominal surgery has a high incidence of postoperative respiratory complications. Although operations involving a thoracic as well as an upper abdominal incision as encountered in esophageal surgery are likely to be associated with an even higher complication rate and perhaps permanent alterations of respiratory function, only a few studies have addressed this problem. We evaluated the postoperative course of patients undergoing thoracoabdominal esophagectomy with esophagogastrostomy. Twenty patients were evaluated, of whom 10 (50%) developed respiratory complications as defined by our criteria, which were the simultaneous occurrence of rectal temperature over 38 degrees C on the first postoperative day and radiographic evidence of pulmonary infiltration. Although there is no general consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria of a postoperative pulmonary complication, we were able to validate the clinical relevance of our definition by showing that these patients suffered from a more severe and more prolonged impairment of global oxygen exchange than those who did not fulfill the criteria. They also required a longer period of respiratory support (median duration of intubation 12 vs. 3 days, P less than 0.005). A comparison of the preoperative pulmonary function with that determined at least 6 months after the operation showed that only vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC) were significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced following the operation, but not to a clinically relevant degree (VC-6%, TLC-7%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Computerized single-breath nitrogen washout in children: variability and reproducibility.

The variability, short-term (1 hour) and long-term (2 weeks) reproducibility of the variables derived from the single-breath N2 test were evaluated in a group of 56 healthy children aged 10 to 16 years with a computerized system. The variability was low for vital capacity and total lung capacity (coefficient of variation less than 3%), moderate for residual volume and phase III N2 slope (9 and 13%) and very high for closing volume (more than 50%). A closing volume could not be identified by the computer algorithm in 18.3% of the trials. The reproducibility of the variables was satisfactory both at 1 hour and at 2 weeks, with the exception of the closing volume, whose increase at 2 weeks seemed to be due to methodological factors. We conclude that reliable results of static lung volumes and phase III N2 slope, but not of closing volume, may be obtained in children by a computerized system in epidemiological studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Pulmonary mechanics and diffusion after 'shock lung'.

Pulmonary function studies performed in seven patients who had recovered from 'shock lung' showed a highly significant decrease of diffusing properties of the lung, a slight loss of lung recoil pressure, and a borderline increase of residual volume with normal vital capacity and total lung capacity. Pulmonary compliance was normal. The interpretation of these findings is discussed.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

Pulmonary function in healthy young adult Indians in Madras.

Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, functional residual capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and single breath diffusing capacity measurements (effective alveolar volume, carbon monoxide transfer factor, and transfer coefficient) were measured in 247 young healthy adults (130 male, 117 female) aged 15-40 years living in Madras. Subjects were of Dravidian stock, living at sea level with rice as their staple diet. Regression equations were derived for men and women for predicting normal pulmonary function for young adults in South India. The values were similar to those reported for subjects from Western India and lower than those reported for North Indians and caucasians.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Pulmonary function changes in ozone-interaction of concentration and ventilation.

A total of 28 healthy young subjects have been exposed for 2 h to ozone (0.37-0.75 ppm) under conditions of either rest or intermittent light exercise (sufficient to increase the respiratory minute volume by a factor of 2.5). All pulmonary function tests (vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, maximum expiratory flow-volume curve, slope of phase III of alveolar nitrogen plateau) showed a significant deterioration relative to parallel control experiments. Responses were related to the dose of ozone as calculated from the product of concentration, exposure time, and respiratory minute volume during exposure, changes at 1 h averaging approximately one-half those seen at 2 h.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Postural effects on lung volumes and asynchronous ventilation in anesthetized horses.

Quasi-static pressure-volume curves and single-breath nitrogen washouts were performed simultaneously on eight anesthetized horses (average body wt = 485 kg) in left lateral, right lateral, prone, and supine postures (sequence randomized). The shift from prone to lateral or supine posture decreased expiratory reserve volume (ERV), vital capacity (VC), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), and total lung capacity (TLC); RV and FRC expressed as %TLC were unchanged, suggesting that in the lateral and supine postures a significant portion of the lung volume was not recruited by VC maneuvers. Phase III slope increased from 0.13 %N2/l in prone horses to 0.34 %N2/l in the lateral and supine positions. The onset of phase IV was not significantly different from FRC in the prone or laterally recombent animal, but exceeded FRC in the supine horse. The sequence of body positions had no effect on any of our results indicating that all changes in lung volumes and regional asynchronous ventilation c;n be reversed by placing the horse in the prone posture. The reduction in lung volume and increased asynchronous ventilation in the lateral and supine horse suggests that impaired gas exchange in anesthetized horses is predominantly related to posture, and not general anesthesia.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed1981

Previous volume history of the lung and regional distribution of residual volume.

By use of 133Xe, the regional distribution of residual volume (RV) was measured in six seated healthy men, following a fast vital capacity (VC) expiration a) without and b) with a breath hold at residual volume of approximately 30 s and c) following a slow (greater than 30 s) VC expiration from total lung capacity (TLC) without a breath hold at RV. After the breath hold at RV, regional RV/TLC in the lower lung zones decreased significantly compared wih results obtained with fast expiratory VC and no breath hold at RV. At lung top the opposite was true. The distribution of regional RV/TLC was the same following the slow VC expiration with no breath hold at RV as with the fast expiration with the breath hold at RV. The different regional distribution of RV in b and c relative to a was probably due mainly to collateral ventilation, i.e., during the breath hold at RV and the slow expiration some of the gas that was trapped in the dependent lung zones behind closed airways escaped into the upper regions of the lung where the small airways had remained patent, leading to increased expansion of upper alveoli.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Effect of central vascular engorgement and immersion on various lung volumes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contribution of central vascular engorgement (CVE) and increased hydrostatic pressure on various lung volumes during head-out immersion in water. Residual volume (RV) and vital capacity (VC) were determined on 12 male volunteers under three randomly assigned conditions: control, CVE, and immersion. CVE was produced via G-suit inflation. There were significant (P less than 0.01) mean decreases, compared with the control value, of 4.9% (280 ml) and 5.9% (340 ml) in VC during CVE and immersion, respectively. RV was not significantly changed across the three conditions. It was concluded that more than 80% of the decrease in VC during immersion can be attributed to CVE. However, the mechanism by which CVE decreased VC is still unclear. In addition, these data suggest that RV is relatively insensitive to the increase in CVE normally associated with immersion. Therefore, during immersion, RV is not simply the result of the balance of these opposing forces (i.e., CVE and hydrostatic pressure), as previously suggested.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of prolonged bed rest on lung volume in normal individuals.

Pulmonary function was assessed in supine subjects before, during, and after three separate bed-rest studies of 11 and 12 days duration. Forced vital capacity (FVC) increased during bed rest in each subject. Total lung capacity (TLC) was measured by helium dilution in one bed-rest study and increased in each subject, while residual volume and functional residual capacity of the respiratory system did not change. No change in FVC was found in an ambulatory control group using identical measurement techniques. Maintaining base-line plasma volume during one bed rest by the use of exogenous estrogen did not prevent an increase in FVC, and decreasing plasma volume with diuretics in ambulatory subjects to the same degree as seen in the bed rests did not cause an increase in FVC. We conclude that prolonged bed rest results in a small significant increase in TLC and that this change is not dependent on alterations in plasma volume.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of rib cage and abdominal restriction on total respiratory resistance and reactance.

In 14 healthy male subjects we studied the effects of rib cage and abdominal strapping on lung volumes, airway resistance (Raw), and total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs). Rib cage, as well as abdominal, strapping caused a significant decrease in vital capacity (respectively, -36 and -34%), total lung capacity (TLC) (-31 and -27%), functional residual capacity (FRC) (-28 and -28%), and expiratory reserve volume (-40 and -48%) and an increase in specific airway conductance (+24 and +30%) and in maximal expiratory flow at 50% of control TLC (+47 and +42%). The decrease of residual volume (RV) was significant (-12%) with rib cage strapping only. Abdominal strapping resulted in a minor overall increase in Rrs, whereas rib cage strapping produced a more marked increase at low frequencies; thus a frequency dependence of Rrs was induced. A similar pattern, but with lower absolute values, of Rrs was obtained by thoracic strapping when the subject was breathing at control FRC. Xrs was decreased, especially at low frequencies, with abdominal strapping and even more with thoracic strapping; thus the resonant frequency of the respiratory system was shifted toward higher frequencies. Partitioning Rrs and Xrs into resistance and reactance of lungs and chest wall demonstrated that the different effects of chest wall and abdominal strapping on Rrs and Xrs reflect changes mainly of chest wall mechanics.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1987

Effects of swim training on lung volumes and inspiratory muscle conditioning.

Lung volumes and inspiratory muscle (IM) function tests were measured in 16 competitive female swimmers (age 19 +/- 1 yr) before and after 12 wk of swim training. Eight underwent additional IM training; the remaining eight were controls. Vital capacity (VC) increased 0.25 +/- 0.25 liters (P less than 0.01), functional residual capacity (FRC) increased 0.39 +/- 0.29 liters (P less than 0.001), and total lung capacity (TLC) increased 0.35 +/- 0.47 (P less than 0.025) in swimmers, irrespective of IM training. Residual volume (RV) did not change. Maximum inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) measured at FRC changed -43 +/- 18 cmH2O (P less than 0.005) in swimmers undergoing IM conditioning and -29 +/- 25 (P less than 0.05) in controls. The time that 65% of prestudy PImax could be endured increased in IM trainers (P less than 0.001) and controls (P less than 0.05). All results were compared with similar IM training in normal females (age 21.1 +/- 0.8 yr) in which significant increases in PImax and endurance were observed in IM trainers only with no changes in VC, FRC, or TLC (Clanton et al., Chest 87: 62-66, 1985). We conclude that 1) swim training in mature females increases VC, TLC, and FRC with no effect on RV, and 2) swim training increases IM strength and endurance measured near FRC.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Breathing pattern during exercise in young black and Caucasian subjects.

Lung volumes in sex-, age-, height-, and weight-matched Black subjects are 10-15% lower than those in Caucasians. To determine whether this decreased lung volume affected the ventilatory adaptation to exercise, minute ventilation (VE), its components, frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT), and breathing pattern were observed during incremental cycle-ergometer exercise. Eighteen Caucasian (age 8-30 yr) and 14 Black (age 8-25 yr) subjects were studied. Vital capacity (VC) was lower (P less than 0.001) in the Black subjects [90.6 +/- 8.6 (SD) vs. 112.9 +/- 9.9% predicted], whereas functional residual capacity/total lung capacity was higher (P less than 0.05). VE, mixed expired O2 and CO2, VT, f, and inspiratory (TI), expiratory (TE), and total respiratory cycle (TT) duration were measured during the last 30 s of each 2-min load. Statistical comparisons with increasing power output were made at rest and from 0.6 to 2.4 W/kg in 0.3-W/kg increments. VE was higher in Blacks at all work loads and reached significance (P less than 0.05) at 0.6 and 1.5 W/kg. VE/VO2 was also higher throughout exercise, reaching significance (P less than 0.01) at 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 W/kg. The Black subjects attained any given level of VE with a higher f (P less than 0.001) and lower VT. TI and TE were shortened proportionately so that TI/TT was not different. Differences in lung volume and the ventilatory response to exercise in these Black and Caucasian subjects suggest differences in the respiratory pressure-volume relationships or that the Black subjects may breathe higher on their pressure-volume curve.

Adolescent↗