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PubMed1984

[Abscessing staphylococcal pneumonia following virus infection of the respiratory tract].

Severe abscessing staphylococcic pneumonia due to viral infections of the respiratory tract developed in two infants age 1 7/12 and 3 1/12 years. Clinical features, roentgenological symptomatology and the importance of bacteriological and virological diagnostics are discussed, fundamental characteristics of the chemotherapy are explained. The causal relation between viral infections of the respiratory tract and abscessing staphyloccic pneumonia as well as the special diagnostical and therapeutic problems are discussed.

Abscess↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Light microscopic and ultrastructural characterization of cells recovered by respiratory-tract lavage of 2- and 6-week-old chickens.

This study characterized the cell population recovered by respiratory-tract lavage of 57 two-week-old and 59 six-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens as a prerequisite to study the response of the avian respiratory tract to infectious agents. The respiratory tract of each bird was lavaged through the trachea with a series of three lavages of 10 ml of room-temperature, neutral phosphate-buffered saline per lavage. The three lavages per bird were pooled for analysis. Total recovery volumes were measured, lavage fluid cellularity was determined, and a 200-cell differential count of non-erythrocyte cells was performed. Lavage fluid recovery was greater from 2-week-old birds (91.3 percent) than from 6-week-old birds (86.3 percent). Total cells recovered were greater for 6-week-old chickens (6.79 x 10(5)) than for 2-week-old chickens (5.03 x 10(5)). Cells of epithelial origin included squamous cells, goblet cells, and both ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells. Cells of non-epithelial origin consisted of heterophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and erythrocytes. Cells of epithelial origin were the predominant cell type recovered from the 2-week-old chickens, followed by heterophils. In 6-week-old chickens, heterophils were the predominant cell type recovered, followed by cells of epithelial origin. In descending order of prevalence, the remainder of cell types recovered from chickens of both ages were lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Experimental models for testing respiratory tract carcinogens.

The usefulness of the mouse, rat, and Syrian golden hamster as experimental models for studies of the development of respiratory tract cancer is considered. Three different application methods for examining the effects of environmental chemicals on the respiratory tract in these species are discussed: implantation, intratracheal instillation, and inhalation. The results of various investigations are presented to demonstrate that each particular method has both advantages and disadvantages. The techniques are also considered in comparison with the human situation and in the light of obtaining the most valid data for extrapolation to man. Brief attention is paid to the relevance to respiratory tract carcinogenesis of more recently developed organ and cell culture systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Congenital respiratory tract defects in lambs.

One hundred and forty-seven newborn lambs with congenital defects of the respiratory tract were examined during a 3-year investigation into the causes of perinatal lamb mortality. Respiratory defects were found in 3.3% of the 4,417 lambs examined and in one-third (36.6%) of the 401 congenitally malformed lambs. All the defects were secondary to other more extensive malformations. The upper respiratory tract was involved 3 times more than the lower tract. Males were involved more than females (4:3). The upper tract defects were harelip, cleft palate, atelorrhinia, arrhinia, proboscis, fused nostrils and choanal atresia. One of the facial clefts was a rare median harelip associated with cleft palate and fused nostrils. The lower tract defects were pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia and duplication. The 2 most common defects were choanal atresia and secondary pulmonary hypoplasia. It was concluded that primary defects of the respiratory tract of sheep are rare and that secondary defects are relatively common.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1986

[Incidence of respiratory tract diseases in children].

Children living in areas with increased levels of air pollution seem to suffer more frequently from respiratory tract disease. In preexisting respiratory tract disease air pollution may serve as an additional aggravating factor.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed1989

Colonization with potentially pathogenic respiratory tract bacteria. A household study.

A group of 235 persons (180 adults and 55 children 0-15 years old) recorded symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection daily during two three-month periods (autumn 1986 and spring 1987). Samples for culture were taken from the nasopharynx and throat once during each period. Fifteen per cent of asymptomatic subjects harboured respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx, as did 28% of those subjects with minor respiratory tract infections and 46% of those with more severe respiratory tract infections. Of children up to seven years of age, 58% were colonized with potential respiratory pathogens, which is important to keep in mind when evaluating culture reports from young children. Adults living with young children were colonized significantly more often than other adults. Branhamella catarrhalis was the most common pathogen.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Seroepidemiological studies of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in 1-36 months old children with respiratory tract infections and other diseases in Poland.

Presence of specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae was evaluated in children aged 1 week to 36 months to investigate the role of C. pneumoniae in respiratory infections and other diseases. Serum samples were obtained from 150 hospitalized children, including 123 children presenting the clinical symptoms of various respiratory tract infections, two children with acute diarrhoea, two children with meningitis, 14 children with urinary tract infection, and 9 children with non-infectious diseases. Levels of specific C. pneumoniae IgM, IgG and IgA serum antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). C. pneumoniae IgM antibodies were detected in 16 (13.0 %) of 123 children with respiratory tract infections. Specific IgG antibodies were found in sera of 11 children under 12 months old. Among 27 children without symptoms of a respiratory tract disease, specific C. pneumoniae IgM were found in two (7.4%) children, including one child with meningitis and another child with urinary tract infection. Specific IgA antibodies were not found in any tested child. All cases of C. pneumoniae infections were identified within two calendar years out of eight that were analyzed, i.e. in 1997 and 2000. The incidence of C. pneumoniae infections varied seasonally, with most children infected in autumn. C. pneumoniae IgM antibodies were detected more often in girls (17.9%) then in boys (7.2%). C. pneumoniae infections occur among small children in central Poland. The results of this study indicate that C. pneumoniae may play a role in the etiology of respiratory tract infections in infants and young children.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2002

Antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections: how well do pediatric residents do?

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are often used inappropriately for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children, and the emergence of resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern. OBJECTIVE: To assess awareness and compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, Ga) and American Academy of Pediatrics (Elk Grove Village, Ill) principles for judicious antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections among residents from a sample of pediatric residency programs in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Residents at the participating programs were requested to complete a survey questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 524 pediatric residents surveyed, 74% (388 participants) completed the questionnaire. Familiarity with the principles increased with a year of training; 16%, 36%, and 50% of first-year (PL1), second-year (PL2), and third- or fourth-year (PL3/PL4) residents, respectively, had heard or read about the principles (chi(2)(trend); P<.001). In response to a direct question about the use of antibiotics for an otherwise well, afebrile 18-month-old child with purulent rhinorrhea, 29%, 25%, and 15% of PL1, PL2, and PL3/PL4 residents, respectively, would prescribe antibiotics within 10 days of onset of illness (chi(2)(trend); P =.008). A significant difference was found between PL1 vs PL3/PL4 participants (difference = 20%; 95% CI = 3%-26%). If the same infant had a temperature of 38.8 degrees C, then 63%, 45%, and 47% of PL1, PL2, and PL3/PL4 residents, respectively, would prescribe antibiotics (chi(2)(trend); P =.008). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness among pediatric residents about the judicious use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections is often lacking, and inappropriate use of antibiotics for this condition continues to be prevalent. This was especially noted among PL1 residents, with an improving trend noted with increasing years of training.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1997

[Patient compliance in the treatment of respiratory tract infections].

The survey on outpatients compliance in the treatment of respiratory tract infections was performed in Croatia during April 1996. A total of 213 physicians, 201 adult patients, and 178 parents of sick children were polled by the appropriate questionnaires. The results have shown that in the treatment of respiratory tract infections physicians commonly prescribe thrice-daily antibiotic regimens for 8-10 days. Concerning patients' knowledge, 85% of patients deem that regularity, and 64% that duration of antibiotic administration influences treatment outcome. Over 80% of patients are compliant with once-or twice-daily regimens, but only 50% take regularly and timely drugs that are dosed every 6 or 8 hours. Common reasons for irregular taking of antibiotics are forgetfulness and dosing during sleeping. In terms of appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy, about 20% of patients usually take antibiotic for 8-10 days, 60% for 5-7 days, and 20% for < or = 4 days. It may be concluded that the patients are poorly compliant with oral antibiotics treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Severe lower respiratory tract infections associated with human parainfluenza viruses 1-3 in children infected and noninfected with HIV type 1.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical course of severe lower respiratory tract infections associated with human parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (HPIV 1-3) in hospitalised children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) versus that in hospitalised children not infected with HIV-1. Children were enrolled prospectively as part of a broader study that evaluated the aetiology of lower respiratory tract infections in HIV-1-infected and -noninfected children from March 1997 through March 1999. HPIV types 1-3 were isolated from nasopharyngeal aspirate samples that were analysed using immunofluorescein monoclonal antibody assays. Thirty percent (24 of 80) of the children from whom HPIV was isolated were infected with HIV-1. Sixty-six percent (47 of 62) and 22% (14 of 62) of the HPIV isolates that were typed were subtypes 3 and 1, respectively. The clinical presentation of severe lower respiratory tract infection was similar in both HIV-1-infected and -noninfected children, except that the former were less likely to have wheezing (4.2% vs. 28.6%, P=0.01). Furthermore, the duration of hospitalisation was longer in HIV-1-infected children than in HIV-1-noninfected children (median 11.5 days [range 1-15 days] vs. median 7.5 days [range 1-22 days]; P=0.02), and mortality was higher (5 of 24 [20.8%] infected children vs. 0 of 56 noninfected children; P=0.001). Importantly, four of five (80%) of the HIV-1-infected children who died had other concurrent illnesses or predisposing factors for severe HPIV-associated disease. HPIV-associated lower respiratory tract infection causes greater morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected children than in HIV-1-noninfected children; however, this may be due to other concurrent illnesses in HIV-1-infected children.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1997

[Use of mucolytic preparations (Mucosolvan) in selected diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Part II].

The majority of publications in the recent years emphasizes the importance of mucolytic preparations in the upper respiratory tract diseases. There have been very few report about the important role which mucolytic drugs may play in the diseases of the upper respiratory tract. This paper undertakes the task of attempting to evaluate the usefulness of Mucosolvan preparation in laryngological diseases. The main condition of the successful treatment of otolaryngological diseases is maintaining the efficient mechanism of the clearing of upper respiratory tract. This is achieved by means of the mucocilia apparatus, namely cilia and mucosa protecting the epithelium from harmful factors. Tests were carried out on 60 patients with paranasal sinuses and ear diseases. The first group comprised 45 patients who were qualified on the basis of inflammatory changes in paranasal sinuses. The second group comprised 12 children and 3 adults with otitis media with effusion. Mucosolvan which was used in the supplementary treatment fulfilled our expectations. The use of the mucolytic drug accelerated the healing process, proper regeneration of the epithelium and the reduction of the period of drug administration.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

In vitro activity of trimethoprim alone compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and other antimicrobials against bacterial species associated with upper respiratory tract infections.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been used to treat various respiratory tract infections. Nevertheless, for many patients, intolerance of the sulfonamide component precludes use of this combination. This study examined the activity of trimethoprim alone in comparison to that of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and other antimicrobials against bacterial species implicated in respiratory tract infections. For Haemophilus influenzae, minimal inhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim were equal to or one dilution greater than those of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with 56 of 58 strains inhibited by the former at < or = 0.25 microgram/ml. All oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and 96.7% of Streptococcus pyogenes were inhibited by trimethoprim < or = 2 micrograms/ml. In contrast, only 50% of Streptococcus pneumoniae were inhibited by this concentration of trimethoprim, whereas 93.3% were susceptible to the combination at < or = 2/38 micrograms/ml. All oxacillin-resistant S. aureus and all Moraxella catarrhalis were resistant to trimethoprim, although many of the former and all of the latter were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1996

Aspects on the interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae with human respiratory tract mucosa.

Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common causes of respiratory tract infections. H. influenzae attach to receptor epitopes in mucins and in epithelial cell membranes. Attachment is followed by an epithelial cell cytokine response. Secreted cytokines then initiate inflammation, upset the integrity of the mucosal barrier, and lead to disease. S. pneumoniae do not bind to mucins but attach to respiratory tract epithelial cells. Attachment is increased by viral infection of the epithelial cells. Unlike H. Influenzae, S. pneumoniae induce apoptosis in epithelial cells, thus disrupting the mucosal barrier. Attachment and persistence is counterbalanced by antiadhesive as well as bactericidal molecules in secretions such as human milk. These examples illustrate the balance between host defenses and microbial virulence as it has coevolved to maintain the health of the respiratory mucosa.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗

PubMed1991

Effect of respiratory tract viral infection on murine airway beta-adrenoceptor function, distribution and density.

1. The effects of a respiratory tract viral infection on beta-adrenoceptor density, distribution and function were investigated in murine airways. 2. Following intranasal inoculation of CBA/CaH mice with influenza A/PR-8/34 virus, the virus proliferated rapidly in trachea (peak titres 2 days post-inoculation) and lung (peak titres 4-6 days post-inoculation). Respiratory tract viral infection was associated with a significant increase in lung weight (88% higher than control mice at day 6 post-inoculation) that was related temporally to the development of peripheral lung inflammation and consolidation. 3. Analysis of specific binding of [125I]-cyanopindolol to beta-adrenoceptors revealed that on days 2, 4 and 8 post-inoculation with virus, mouse isolated tracheal sections contained, on average, 40% more beta-adrenoceptors than tracheal sections from time matched control mice. Subsequent quantitative autoradiographic studies demonstrated that this increase in total tracheal beta-adrenoceptors was due primarily to a 90% increase in the density of beta-adrenoceptors in the tracheal epithelium in virus-infected mice. 4. In contrast, virus-infection had no significant effect on the density of beta-adrenoceptors in tracheal airway smooth muscle, although within 2 days of inoculation with virus, mouse tracheal smooth muscle segments were approximately 2 fold less sensitive to the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, noradrenaline (mean pD2 = 6.57 +/- 0.04, n = 24) and to the adenylyl cyclase-activator forskolin (mean pD2 = 6.78 +/- 0.04, n = 12) compared to segments from control mice (mean pD2 = 6.84 +/- 0.06 for noradrenaline; mean pD2 = 7.03 +/- 0.07 for forskolin). Similar values were obtained 8 days post-inoculation. At day 2, but not day 8 post-inoculation with virus, relaxation responses to theophylline were also marginally attenuated compared with controls.5. Mouse isolated tracheal segments obtained 2 days after virus inoculation and segments from timematched control mice were equisensitive to the spasmogenic actions of the muscarinic cholinoceptor agonist, carbachol. However, tracheal segments from mice inoculated with virus were less responsive to carbachol on day 4 (mean pD2 = 6.45 + 0.04, n = 8) and day 8 (mean pD2 = 6.45 +/- 0.02, n = 12) compared to control preparations (day 4, mean pD2 = 6.73 +/- 0.06, n = 8; day 8, mean pD2= 6.65 +/- 0.04, n = 12, P < 0.05). In contrast, endothelin-l-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle were notaffected by virus-infection.6. These data demonstrate that respiratory tract viral infection can produce significant tissue-selective changes in airway /beta-adrenoceptor density as well as small reductions in airway smooth muscle muscarinic cholinoceptor and /beta-adrenoceptor function.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Predictors of an antibiotic prescription by GPs for respiratory tract infections: a pilot.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are over-prescribed for respiratory tract infections in Australia. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical predictors of GPs' prescribing of antibiotics. METHODS: We used Clinical Judgment Analysis to study the responses of GPs to hypothetical paper-based vignettes of a 20-year-old with a respiratory tract infection. The nature of four symptoms and signs (colour of nasal mucous discharge; soreness of the throat; presence of fever; and whether any cough was productive of sputum) was varied and their effect on prescribing measured using logistic regression. RESULTS: Twenty GPs participated. The nature of each symptom and sign significantly predicted prescribing of an antibiotic. Cough productive of yellow sputum; presence of sore throat; fever; and coloured nasal mucus increased the probability of an antibiotic being prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: GPs are influenced by clinical signs and symptoms to use antibiotics for respiratory infections for which there is poor evidence of efficacy from the literature.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 678 Thoroughbred racehorses.

The frequency of upper respiratory tract abnormalities was determined in a selected population of racing Thoroughbreds. The prevalence of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia was 34.2%; left laryngeal hemiplegia was 1.8%; and epiglottic entrapment was 0.74%. Excluding pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia and tracheal exudate, 3.7% of the population examined had upper respiratory tract abnormalities.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Treating respiratory tract infections in ambulatory care in Belgium: fluoroquinolone consumption and resistance development.

This study analyses consumption patterns of fluoroquinolones in treating respiratory tract infections in ambulatory care in Belgium and describes susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates to fluoroquinolones. Consumption data were obtained from IMS Health. Pneumococcal resistance was investigated in 600 blood isolates collected from 1998 to 2003. Although consumption of fluoroquinolones has increased rapidly over the last decade, this trend does not seem to persist more recently. Fluoroquinolones were mainly used to treat urinary and lower respiratory tract infections, but rarely in the management of upper respiratory tract infections. The use of new fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) and the ongoing use of older fluoroquinolones have not led to increased pneumococcal resistance, which remained below 1% for levofloxacin and was 0% for moxifloxacin.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1987

Sociocultural differences in patients' expectations at consultations for upper respiratory tract infection.

Among 214 patients consulting their general practitioner with upper respiratory tract infection, differences in expectation were apparent between Whites, Afro-Caribbeans and Asians. Significantly more Asians (84%) wanted prescriptions for antibiotics and/or other medication than did Afro-Caribbeans (72%) or Whites (47%) (P<O.001). There were no significant differences in terms of what was received but Asians tended to be dissatisfied with the outcome of the consultation. Self-medication before consultation was attempted by 82% of patients; 48% took two or more preparations. Afro-Caribbeans had taken significantly more preparations per person than other groups (P<0.05). Sociocultural factors may influence patients' expectations at consultations for upper respiratory tract infection.

Consumer Behavior↗