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PubMed2006

Tremor magnitude: a single index to assess writing and drawing in essential tremor.

Hand tremor often causes disability in patients with essential tremor (ET). Aim of the study was to investigate whether tremor magnitude, a new single quantitative score obtained from digital tablet recordings of writing and drawing, is able to adequately reflect disability in ET patients. Mean tremor magnitude values showed significant difference between 14 ET patients and 14 healthy age matched controls (p<0.0001). The tremor magnitude values showed significant correlation with standard methods of clinical assessment (p<0.01). We present tremor magnitude as an index that reflects disability resulting from tremor and can help to evaluate ET.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

When a rose is a rose in speech but a tulip in writing.

We report the pattern of performance on language tasks by a neurologically impaired patient, RCM, who makes semantic errors in writing to dictation and in written naming, but makes very few errors at all (and no semantic errors) in spoken naming, oral reading, or spontaneous speech. RCM also shows a significant effect of concreteness on spelling accuracy and other features of so-called "deep dysgraphia." However, it is shown that, unlike previously reported patients described as deep dysgraphic, RCM has intact semantic processing but impairment in accessing lexical-orthographic representations, at least for the items tested. These results demonstrate that the collection of features labelled as "deep dysgraphia" can arise from damage to different cognitive processes. Detailed analyses of RCM's performance across lexical tasks, at two different time periods of recovery, provide evidence that lexical orthographic representations can be either directly activated by lexical semantic representations, or activated by the interaction of lexical semantic and sublexical information from phonology-to-orthography conversion mechanisms.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Solving the problem of writing.

This paper explores the difficulties which some students appear to encounter with written work and recommends the teaching of a problem-solving approach. Exploration of the skills necessary for writing, e.g. language skills and memory functions, highlights the structured format of cognitive processes. Most study skill packages emphasise the need for planning and organising work. It may be that students require more detailed help and guidance in such skills. This paper promotes the teaching to students of a problem-solving approach to written work. We all solve problems every day, many we are completely unaware of. This approach seeks to harness these transferable skills and utilise them in a new area. It can be applied at a macro and at a micro level, i.e. the entire essay/project/report may be planned utilising this approach and then each section or paragraph further planned in the same manner. The use of a mnemonic further aids the student in developing and applying the problem solving approach to written work.

Humans↗

PubMed1997

Practice write-ups: an assessment instrument that contributes to bridging the differences between theory and practice for student nurses through the development of core skills.

Nurse education currently faces two major challenges. The first involves deciding the best way to increase the skill level of practitioners and the second involves determining how this can be achieved within a culture of lifetime learning. Each of these challenges needs to be confronted as early as possible and preferably at undergraduate level. Practice write-ups (PWUs) enable students to demonstrate competence in a range of core nursing skills. Although PWUs are essentially an assessment instrument, they are underlined by an educational commitment to encourage students to be reflective in their practice. In doing so students should be able to question existing strategies for implementing care and decide whether care is appropriate and contributing to the well-being of the patient.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1994

Nephrology and urinalysis in the writings of Moses Maimonides.

Moses Maimonides, renowned medieval Rabbi, philosopher, theologian, astronomer, and physician, wrote 10 medical treatises. These include extracts from Greek medicine and a series of monographs on health in general and several diseases in particular. This essay describes Maimonides' knowledge of nephrology as found in his writings and presents an English translation of an entire chapter from his Medical Aphorisms dealing with urinalysis.

History, Medieval↗

PubMed1998

[Different forms of writing in medical journals].

The author describes the editorial rules of the different forms of articles published in medical journals: editorial, original article, review article, clinical observation, letter, clinicopathological discussion, pedagogic article. The majority of these forms of articles must follow a simple plan of writing ("the IMReD plan"), including introduction (why I did this study?), methods (how I did this study?), results (what were my observations?) and discussion (what do I think about these results?).

Medicine↗

PubMed1999

How to write about pollen.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians and palynologists (pollen specialists) often have different ways of expressing the same thing when they write about pollen. OBJECTIVE: This brief paper considers the confusing use of the word pollens that is frequently encountered in medical literature. METHODS: Three common uses for the word pollens are considered citing examples from clinical literature. The problems associated with each case are explored. RESULTS: Words and phrases that can serve as suitable alternatives to the word pollens are presented. The advantages of these alternatives are discussed. CONCLUSION: The word pollens represents a vague usage that obscures the author's intended meaning. Consistent application of the suggested alternatives will enhance the transmission of key concepts in the medical literature.

Pollen↗

PubMed1994

Writing a philosophy of nursing?

Nurses in education and management settings are often required to write a philosophy for the facility. In this paper, the use of the concept of 'philosophy' in nursing education and nursing management is explored. The nature of philosophy is then outlined, with specific reference to its relationship with a special science such as nursing. In the light of this discussion, the real nature of the document that nursing authors call a 'philosophy' is discussed. The concepts of a life and world view and a mission statement are discussed in this regard. Specific proposals are then made for nurses in approaching the task of producing this planning document.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1997

A three-step method of self-reflection using reflective journal writing.

Fiscal and financial constraints present a challenge for nurse educators to broaden the diversity and scope of teaching/learning methodologies. One method designed to promote autonomy and self-direction of nursing students is self-reflection combined with reflective journal writing. This paper describes a three-step process of self-reflection encompassing critical appraisal, peer group discussion and self-awareness. This process of self-reflection was initiated with one group of clinical nursing students. Using student and teacher feedback, implications for employing this teaching/learning strategy in clinical practice are suggested.

Education, Nursing↗

PubMed2003

Writing and rewriting arabic numerals: dissociated processing pathways?

The present paper describes two patients, AB and FS, whose deficit in transcoding verbal to Arabic numerals was greatly affected by the format of the input. Despite intact comprehension of written verbal numerals and otherwise intact production of Arabic numerals they both transcode inefficiently the former into the latter. Yet, their ability to write the same Arabic numerals on dictation was fully preserved. Moreover, in both patients' performance, a systematic error pattern emerged reflecting the influence of the lexico-syntactic structure of the input numerals in the transcoding processes. Current models of number transcoding may not easily account for this pattern of dissociation without postulating different code-dependent pathways for verbal to Arabic transcoding. Within a more parsimonious approach, it is tentatively suggested that spoken and written verbal codes activate with different efficiency the same transcoding algorithm.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The effect on sitting posture of a desk with a 10 degree inclination for reading and writing.

A pilot study was carried out on 10 subjects to examine the effect that a desk with a 10 degree inclination had on their sitting posture while reading and writing. A continuous recording of the subjects head and trunk positions was made. Each subject was studied during two periods of 1.5 h on different days. The subject worked at a flat desk on the first day and at a desk with a 10 degree inclination on the second. On average, the position of the head in the sagittal plane was found to be 6 degrees more erect and the position of the trunk 7 degrees more erect when working at a desk with a 10 degree inclination than when working at a flat desk. The maximal decrease in load observed on the cervical spine was 35% and on the thoracic spine 95%. The angle between the head and the trunk did not change significantly when using an inclined desk. Differences in posture in the frontal plane were not observed in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

On-the-job writing tasks of clerkship preceptors.

The frequency with which various types of documents were written on-the-job by Pharm. D. clerkship preceptors was studied, along with the value that these documents added to their professional practice. A survey was mailed in April 1999 to 129 practicing pharmacists serving as preceptors for Albany College of Pharmacy Pharm. D. clerkship rotations. The survey asked recipients to indicate the frequency with which they wrote each of 23 types of documents and how valuable it was to their practice. In addition, participants were invited to identify documents they wrote that were not on the list. Sixty-six preceptors returned usable surveys (response rate, 51%). Sixty-four (97%) had either direct or indirect patient care responsibilities. Four types of documents (memorandum or letter, pharmacy care plan, progress notes, and patient consultation notes) were written daily, weekly, or monthly. Sixteen of the 23 document types were rated as highly valuable; of these, most were written at least quarterly and 1 was written daily. The respondents indicated 15 additional types of documents they generated in their practice; 11 of these were rated as being of high or highest value. Clerkship preceptors reported writing numerous types of documents. Document types that were written most often were generally considered valuable to the respondents' practice.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2004

The effects of very early Alzheimer's disease on the characteristics of writing by a renowned author.

Iris Murdoch (I.M.) was among the most celebrated British writers of the post-war era. Her final novel, however, received a less than enthusiastic critical response on its publication in 1995. Not long afterwards, I.M. began to show signs of insidious cognitive decline, and received a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, which was confirmed histologically after her death in 1999. Anecdotal evidence, as well as the natural history of the condition, would suggest that the changes of Alzheimer's disease were already established in I.M. while she was writing her final work. The end product was unlikely, however, to have been influenced by the compensatory use of dictionaries or thesauri, let alone by later editorial interference. These facts present a unique opportunity to examine the effects of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease on spontaneous written output from an individual with exceptional expertise in this area. Techniques of automated textual analysis were used to obtain detailed comparisons among three of her novels: her first published work, a work written during the prime of her creative life and the final novel. Whilst there were few disparities at the levels of overall structure and syntax, measures of lexical diversity and the lexical characteristics of these three texts varied markedly and in a consistent fashion. This unique set of findings is discussed in the context of the debate as to whether syntax and semantics decline separately or in parallel in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Effective proposal writing.

Equipment, staffing, and space are the most common reasons for endoscopy managers to formulate a proposal. This article provides the necessary background to aid an endoscopy manager in preparing a proposal. The article discusses planning, research, and sales proposals. Recommendations for effective proposal writing including origin, intention, and audience are presented.

Competitive Bidding↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Strategies for writing a competitive research abstract.

This article focuses on the process of preparing research abstracts for submission to scientific meetings of professional organizations. Perspectives on the process of specifying an abstract's focus, choosing a scientific meeting, selecting the type of presentation, developing an abstract, and writing an abstract in its form are presented.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Promoting clinical scholarship through scholarly writing.

To promote clinical scholarship, critical thinking, problem-solving ability, and effective writing and research skills in their students, faculty replaced their major care plan with a capstone scholarly paper. The authors discuss how faculty, who serve as mentors, guide their students through the development of the scholarly paper.

Education, Nursing, Associate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Writing better test items.

Professional development specialists have had little opportunity to learn how to write test items to meet the expectations of today's graduate nurse. Schools of nursing have moved away from knowledge-level test items and have had to develop more application and analysis items to prepare graduates for the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). This same type of question can be used effectively to support a competence assessment system and document critical thinking skills.

Educational Measurement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Writing a grant proposal--part 1: research methods.

The methods section is a critical part of a grant proposal. This article describes several important aspects of writing the methods section of a research proposal, including the conceptual framework, research design and study variables, and their measurement. It is the third part of a series of Spotlights on Research focused on successful grantsmanship.

Causality↗