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Results for “Bone Conduction”

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PubMed1990

Reproducibility of hearing threshold measurements. Supplementary data on bone-conduction and speech audiometry.

The reproducibility of bone-conduction pure-tone audiometry and speech recognition thresholds has been tested in groups of normal-hearing subjects. Each person was tested twice during the same day, and the test-retest difference was calculated. The reproducibility is presented as the standard deviation of this difference. Bone-conduction threshold measurements have a high degree of test-retest precision, whereas air-bone gaps show a large range of distribution in these normal-hearing subjects. This makes the interpretation of such gaps spurious when values are below 20-30 dB. Speech recognition threshold has the highest degree of test-retest precision of all audiometric tests, and this is probably due to the steep slope of the psychometric function at 50% intelligibility. A more detailed graphic presentation of the 50% point of intersection will bring the reproducibility down to less than 2.5 dB.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Bone conduction calibration: current status.

Attempts to specify normal threshold sensitivity by bone conduction have been unsuccessful because of problems in obtaining reliable measurements from commercially available artificial mastoids. Recent design modifications incorporated in the Bruel and Kjaer 4930 artificial mastoids have resulted in greater uniformity among these units. However, the new design has resulted in impedances that are higher than those recommended in current standards. Bone-conduction thresholds referenced to measurements made on B & K 4930 artificial mastoids with the new design were performed on 60 normal listeners by three participating laboratories. The results are reported for consideration in the development of a reference threshold for hearing by bone conduction.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗

PubMed1998

Short- and long-term results with implantable transcutaneous and percutaneous bone-conduction devices.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the percutaneous bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA; type NBC-HC-200, Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) and the transcutaneous temporal bone stimulator (TBS; Xomed-Treace, Jacksonville, Fla) with conventional hearing aids and to evaluate long-term results. DESIGN: In a prospective clinical study, the new implantable bone-conduction devices were compared with the patients' previous conventional hearing aids. Speech perception in quiet and in noise were studied, and a questionnaire concerning the actual use of the device and speech recognition was administered. During follow-up that exceeded 4 1/2 years, relevant technical and medical problems were documented. PATIENTS: Forty-one successive subjects who were fitted with a BAHA and 17 subjects who were fitted with a TBS. RESULTS: In most subjects who had previously used a bone-conduction device, the new BAHA and TBS devices led to improved or comparable results on speech recognition tests and the questionnaire. However, among the subjects who had previously used air-conduction hearing aids, the results were ambiguous. In the long-term, the percentage of nonusers in the BAHA group was 5% (2/39); in the TBS group, 65% (13/20). The main reasons for not using the TBS were insufficient gain and medical and technical problems. The vulnerability of the percutaneous coupling of the BAHA to trauma or inflammation was not a major issue; only 4 implants were lost during the total follow-up of more than 250 years. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that the BAHA is the better choice.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comments on the acoustic-reflex response for bone-conducted signals.

Previous studies which have measured acoustic-reflex responses to bone-conducted signals have not effectively differentiated reflex responses from artifacts. A convenient method for identifying such artifacts was developed and employed on some acoustic-reflex measures for bone-conducted signals. The findings indicated that artifacts result when a frequently-used acoustic admittance meter (Grason-Stadler 1720B) and a conventional bone vibrator were used to measure reflex responses for tonal and noise-activating signals. It was suggested that the method be employed in future studies which investigate the acoustic reflex in response to bone-conducted signals.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗

PubMed1991

Effect of vibrator to head coupling force on the auditory brain stem response to bone conducted clicks in newborn infants.

The effect of vibrator to head coupling force on the auditory brain stem response (ABR) to bone conducted clicks in newborn infants was investigated. Twenty full term newborn infants were tested. ABRs to bone conducted clicks were obtained with four different coupling forces (225, 325, 425, and 525 g) at stimulus intensities of 15 and 30 dB nHL. ABRs to air conducted clicks were also obtained at 30 dB nHL. The results of this study indicated that ABR wave V latencies to bone conducted clicks in newborn infants were affected significantly when the vibrator to head coupling force shift exceeded 200 g. It is recommended that the coupling force be controlled and remain consistent when implementing ABR to bone conducted stimuli in newborn infants.

Audiometry, Evoked Response↗

PubMed1990

Effects of contralateral masking on high-frequency bone-conduction thresholds.

The present study reports effects of contralateral masking on high-frequency threshold force levels in 28 normal-hearing subjects. High-frequency air- and bone-conduction thresholds were measured with a high-frequency auditory evaluation system using matched Koss HV/1A earphones and the Pracitronic KH 70/5 bone vibrator. Measurements were made for both unmasked and masked bone-conduction thresholds at the ipsilateral mastoid of the better ear. The contralateral masked condition was performed using 30-dB-SL 400-Hz narrow-band masking noise centered at frequency of test tone. The results demonstrated that masked high-frequency bone-conduction thresholds were 1.5 to 3.4 dB poorer than the unmasked thresholds and that these differences were statistically significant at 0.01 level of confidence except at 12 kHz. ANSI and ISO standards for bone-conduction threshold force levels for frequencies below 8.0 kHz have been established with contralateral masking stimuli. This study supports the need to use effective contralateral masking to eliminate cross hearing in investigations of high-frequency bone-conduction threshold measurements.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Development of hearing in neonatal rats: air and bone conducted ABR thresholds.

While the human full-term neonate can hear at birth, in the rat the onset of auditory function as monitored by recording auditory nerve-brainstem evoked responses (ABR) has been reported to begin on post-natal day (PND) 12-14 and reaches adult thresholds at about 22 days. In order to determine the factors involved in this late onset and then rapid threshold improvement in rats, the ABR to both air conducted (AC) and bone-conducted (BC) auditory stimulation was determined in neonatal rats. ABR to maximal intensity BC stimuli (55 dB above adult rat ABR threshold--55 dB HL*) could be recorded from PND 7-8 while AC responses to 80 dB HL* stimuli, only from PND 11. The air-bone gap (a measure of conductive immaturities only) disappeared on PND 15. This shows that there are both conductive (external and middle ear--Air-bone gap) and sensori-neural (inner ear--BC threshold) immaturities in the neonatal rat; the conductive factors are resolved by PND 15 while the sensori-neural continue after that. With respect to conductive factors, it seems that the state of the ear canal is not important while the chief conductive factors involved probably include mesenchyme resorption and/or ossicular ossification. The chief sensori-neural factor may be the development of the endocochlear potential. It is likely that the human fetus in-utero undergoes similar stages of development.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical implications in calibration requirements in bone conduction standardisation.

Although international agreement has long been reached on a standard threshold for air conduction audiometry, no similar standard exists for bone conduction autiometry. It is argued that the techniques applied to the determination of the air conduction thresholds are not applicable to those for bone conduction which should instead be brought into line with ISO 1964 and not established independently. A pilot study has been carried out which shows that by adopting the new approach now advocated international agreement could be attained with the expenditure of minimal time and effort.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1989

Labyrinthine fistulae caused by cholesteatoma. Improved bone conduction by treatment.

In five cases of labyrinthine fistulae caused by extensive cholesteatoma, more than 30-dB improvement in bone conduction was observed in four postoperative cases and in one case after preoperative administration of antibiotics. In each case, a fistula of more than 2 mm in length was present at the lateral semicircular canal, and membranous labyrinthine wall was exposed when the cholesteatoma membrane was removed. These five cases were considered to be in the stage of serous labyrinthitis. The experience with these cases shows that emergent antibiotic treatment and surgery are appropriate for cases with reduced bone conduction in which labyrinthine fistula caused by cholesteatoma is suspected. In addition, as the reduction of bone conduction does not necessarily preclude the possibility of good postoperative hearing, tympanoplasty may be appropriate even for cases with markedly reduced bone conduction due to labyrinthine fistulae.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

The limited accuracy of bone-conduction audiometry: its significance in medicolegal assessments.

Accurate bone-conduction testing with masking is always difficult, but for clinical purposes limited accuracy suffices. However, when assessing claimants for compensation, extreme care is needed since even small apparent air-bone gaps are sometimes translated into financial abatement. This paper sets out the stringent test conditions required to achieve adequate precision. It also indicates the inaccuracies inherent in such tests, and recommends procedures for interpreting the significance of bone-conduction thresholds.

Audiometry↗

PubMed2001

Bone-conducted vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with congenital atresia of the external auditory canal.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether vestibular evoked myogenic potentials from the sternocleidomastoid muscle in response to bone-conducted clicks and short tone-bursts can be used to assess vestibular apparatus function in patients with conductive hearing problems, particularly bilateral external auditory canal atresia. DESIGN: Evoked-potential responses to bone-conducted auditory stimuli were recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscle of 15 patients (11 male and four female, aged 4--20 years) with congenital bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal, with or without the middle ear anomalies. SETTING: This study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of the Tokyo University Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokyo. INTERVENTION: Diagnostic. OUTCOME MEASURES: Bone-conducted vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in response to clicks and short tone-bursts were recorded with surface electrodes over both sternocleidomastoids in each patient. RESULTS: In all patients, bone-conducted clicks and short tone-bursts evoked larger biphasic responses from the sternocleidomastoid ipsilateral to the stimulated ear. Short tone-bursts evoked vestibular evoked myogenic potentials with higher amplitude and better waveform morphology than clicks at the same subjective intensity. CONCLUSION: Loud auditory stimuli delivered by bone conduction can evoke myogenic potentials from the sternocleidomastoid. This method is a noninvasive, rapid, and convenient test for investigating the vestibular system function in patients with bilateral external auditory canal atresia, with or without the middle ear anomalies.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Occlusion effect: bone conduction speech audiometry using forehead and mastoid placement.

The occlusion effect (OE) was determined for bone conduction speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in 24 normally hearing subjects using forehead and mastoid placement. Results indicated that the OE was about 3 dB greater using forehead as opposed to mastoid placement. The intersubject variability of the OE is similar for the forehead and mastoid positions. The formula for effective masking for bone conduction speech should be equal to the minimum masking level for bone conduction speech plus the air-bone gap of the nontest ear plus 18 dB to account for the OE when using mastoid placement.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1987

A developmental study of bone conduction auditory brain stem response in infants.

Two studies, vibrator placement and masking, were performed to evaluate the developmental aspect of bone conduction auditory brain stem response (ABR) in human infants. Subject groups included newborns, 1-yr-olds, and adults. In the vibrator studies, ABRs were obtained from placements of the bone conduction vibrator on the frontal, occipital, and temporal bones. Results showed that temporal placements in neonates and 1-yr-olds produce significantly shorter wave V latencies of ABR than frontal or occipital placements. In adults, differences of wave V latencies from various vibrator placements were comparatively small. In the masking studies, ABRs were acquired from vibrator placements at the temporal bone in the presence of ipsilateral air conducted masking noise from the experimental groups. Results showed that interaural attenuations of bone conduction click stimuli are the largest in neonates, somewhat smaller from 1-yr-olds, and the smallest in adults. The findings of this research strongly suggest that temporal placements for bone conduction ABR should be used, in some instances, when testing infants and 1-yr-olds. The results of this study support the proposition that bone conduction ABR is a feasible and reliable diagnostic tool in testing infants.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Auditory brain stem responses to air- and bone-conducted clicks in the audiological assessment of at-risk infants.

Auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) to air- and bone-conducted clicks were used to assess the auditory status of 170 at-risk neonates. During the perinatal period, 20.6% (35/170 cases) of the at-risk infants failed ABRs to air-conducted clicks at 30 dB nHL in at least one ear. Ear-specific results indicated an initial failure rate of 15.0% (51/340 ears). Approximately two-thirds (32/51 ears) of these initial failures showed purely conductive deficits, whereas the remaining one-third (19/51 ears) involved suspected sensorineural components. Follow-up audiological evaluations were performed for 87.1% (148 cases) of these at-risk infants at 4 mo and/or 1 yr corrected age. Based on the initial tests and follow-up assessments, the tentative operating characteristics of ABRs to both air- and bone-conducted clicks for identification of sensorineural deficits in at-risk neonates were calculated. It was found that the ABR to bone-conducted clicks yielded better specificity, predictive value of positive results, and overall efficiency. It is suggested that the ABR to bone-conducted stimuli should be viewed as a valuable addition in the assessment of cochlear reserve in infants who fail a newborn auditory screening to air-conducted stimuli.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1992

[Masking in bone-conduction testing--proposal of ABC method].

A new strategic masking technique, namely the ABC method, has been developed. In performing this method of measuring thresholds of bone-conduction, the vibrator is placed at the forehead with both ears occluded by air-conduction earphones. One of the earphones is for masking noise and the other is a dummy which balances out the occlusive effect of the test ear against the nontest ear. The ABC method is based on the ABC rule that, in bone-conduction testing, the effective masking noise level necessary to block out the nontest ear can be calculated by a simple equation: right AC (A) + left AC (B)--unmasked BCu (C) under the assumption that the BCu belongs to the nontest ear. In some cases of hearing loss, the above noise level might produce overmasking, then an additive safety noise level, BCu + Interaural Attenuation, is employed. This method offers testers step by step directions which consist of indications of the noise level and a criterion for determining whether the measured bone-conduction is free from cross hearing and overmasking for the given configuration of air-conduction of both ears, BCu, and the masking noise level. Compared to the well known Plato method, in which measurements of thresholds are repeated at several masking noise levels in order to find a single bone-conduction threshold, the ABC method can essentially find the threshold at only one masking noise level. Therefore the ABC method makes it possible to save a great deal of time in performing bone conduction testing.

Audiometry↗

PubMed2002

Soft tissue movement and stress shielding do not affect bone ingrowth in the bone conduction chamber.

A variety of bone chambers are used in orthopedic research to study bone and tissue ingrowth in small and large animals. If different bone chambers are placed in one species, differences in bone ingrowth are observed. For instance, bone ingrowth in the bone conduction chamber (BCC) is high, but is low or absent in the repeated sampling bone chamber (RSBC). This difference may be explained by the design and fixation of these chambers. It is known that stress shielding and micromovement can influence bone formation. The objective of the study reported here was to determine whether stress shielding or soft tissue movement affected bone ingrowth in the BCC in the goat. Two types of caps were made, with fixation similar to that of the fixation plate of the RSBC. By placing the caps over the BCCs and fixating the caps directly to the tibial bone, the effect of stress shielding was studied. One cap was in direct contact with the bone chamber underneath, the other cap did not touch the chamber. This difference was used to observe whether movement of the soft tissue on top of the chamber and cap would affect bone ingrowth. Each limb received one control chamber without a cap and a chamber with a cap, either with or without contacting the BCC, yielding four implants per goat. After 12 weeks, bone and total tissue ingrowths were measured. Bone ingrowth was seen in 38 of 40 chambers. Total tissue and bone ingrowths were comparable between control chambers and BCCs with a cap, irrespective of type. Neither stress shielding, nor lack of movement of soft tissue affected bone ingrowth. Other factors in the design of the chambers were responsible for the difference in bone ingrowth between the BCC and the RSBC.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Confirmation of G. von Békésy's theory of paradoxical wave propagation along the cochlear partition by means of bone-conducted auditory brainstem responses.

In order to investigate the propagation time of the traveling wave in the cochlea after bone-conduction stimulation of the inner ear, bone-conducted auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were recorded in 6 normally hearing subjects after masking the basal cochlear region using high-pass filtered noise. As in air-conducted ABRs, Jewett V wave latency is delayed corresponding to the propagation time of the traveling wave front traversing the desynchronized hair cell region. These results support the theory of paradoxical wave propagation proposed by von Békésy in 1952, who postulated that wave motion always starts from the stiffest part of the basilar membrane, independent of the location of the vibrating force. In addition, we also found a latency delay of the Jewett V wave of bone-conducted ABRs in 8 patients with high-frequency hearing loss which corresponded to the severity of their hearing impairment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Reliability of bone-conducted electrocochleography. A clinical study.

The correlation between pure-tone bone conduction thresholds (BC) and thresholds obtained by electrocochleography with bone conducted stimulation (BC-ECoG) for 1, 2, 4 and 8 kHz was studied in 26 ears due for ear surgery. The correlations proved to be statistically highly significant and the results lend support to the conclusion that BC-ECoG can be considered to be well adapted for clinical use in cases where conventional audiometry has failed to reveal the capacity of the cochlea.

Audiometry↗