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PubMed1975

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of sperm antibodies in human serum and cervical mucus.

Sperm agglutinating antibodies are purified from sera and cervical mucus of women with unexplained causes of infertility which were positive in the FD-test. Fractionation was performed by affinity-chromatography in a batch device and the sperm agglutinating activity controlled by the Franklin and Dukes test. This sperm antibody fraction was determined via crossed immunoelectrophoresis by migration into an anti-human serum containing gel. In all cases only one big peak resulted. The negative control serum and mucus samples demonstrated no precipitation peaks. By absorption studies it was shown that the sperm agglutinating antibodies in sera were IgM and in cervical mucus IgA. The concentration of IgA and IgM was determined by comparison with standard human IgA and IgM. Thus only one serum- and one cervical mucus antibody seems to be responsible for agglutination. The number of experiments, however, is still too small for general conclusions. This method is easily and quickly performed and can therefore be used as a routine method for the determination of sperm agglutinating antibodies. Its application for sperm-immobilizing or cytotoxic activity remains to be tested.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1977

Human cervical mucus. I. Rheologic characteristics.

The viscoelastic properties of human cervical mucus were subjected to detailed characterization by microrheometry. An introduced to the range of parameters that can be measured and the sensitivity of microroheometry to variations in mucus viscoelasticity was presented, along with an interpretation of results obtained by this approach. Fresh cervical mucus samples were shown to be rheologically heterogeneous, reflecting compositional differences in situ. Mucas viscoelasticity was stable for several hours when samples were stored at ambient temperature in the microrheometer sample holder. Mucus viscoelasticity was strongly dependent upon nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentration. In order to eliminate (NDS) as a variable in comparative studies of mucus, procedures were developed for reconstitution of mucus at identical (NDS) or for normalization of viscoelasticity data derived from fresh samples to 2.5% NDS. The validity of this approach was then examined by applying these procedures to mucus collected during the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Overview of the biological aspects of the fertile period.

The fertile period of the human menstrual cycle consists of those days on which sexual intercourse can result in a pregnancy. Its duration is determined by the functional life span of the gametes within the female reproductive tract. Various mechanisms control gamete transport and survival in the reproductive tract of the human female. The ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone have an important role in regulating these mechanisms. The nature of cervical mucus and its governing influences on sperm transport and survival following coitus are of prime importance in defining the fertile days of the menstrual cycle. Man's early concepts of the fertile period were often based on erroneous theories of the female reproductive cycle. It is only since the late 1920's that a true understanding of ovulation and the menstrual cycle has evolved. Current approaches in natural family planning to recognizing the fertile and infertile days of the menstrual cycle are discussed and evaluated.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed1983

A prospective multicentre trial of the ovulation method of natural family planning. III. Characteristics of the menstrual cycle and of the fertile phase.

Seven hundred twenty-five women of proven fertility recorded the presence of cervical mucus at the vulva in 7514 menstrual cycles. The mean cycle length of the 6472 "normal" cycles was 28.5 days (standard deviation +/- 3.18). The peak day of mucus discharge was the last day of slippery, raw-egg-white-like mucus and occurred on average on day 15 (+/- 2.6). The fertile period was defined as any day on which mucus was reported before the peak day until 3 days after the peak. Its mean length was 9.6 (+/- 2.6) days. The probability of pregnancy was maximal on the peak day and declined on the days before and after the peak.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alternative causes of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Seminal fluid from asymptomatic men reveals a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The number of bacteria tends to correlate with the sexual experience of the individual. Experimental evidence has shown that these bacteria can attach themselves to moving spermatozoa and travel through ovulatory-phase cervical mucus. Exogenously added bacteria also exhibit the same potential. These experimental results suggest a rational explanation for the development of pelvic inflammatory disease in promiscuous women with multiple sexual partners. In addition, the findings help to explain the marked difference observed in the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease among patients using barrier-type birth control and oral contraceptives as compared with the rate among women who use intrauterine devices, with which the ovulatory-phase cervical mucus is unprotected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Purification of human midcycle cervical mucin and characterization of its oligosaccharides with respect to size, composition, and microheterogeneity.

Human cervical mucin was solubilized from the gel phase of pooled midcycle cervical mucus using 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and 10 mM dithiothreitol and was then alkylated with iodoacetamide. Mucin was then purified by gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-50m resin in buffer containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The purified mucin gave a single band upon electrophoresis in either 5% acrylamide or 1% agarose gels. Protein comprised 21% of the glycoprotein by weight and amino acid analysis revealed a high content of Ser and Thr. Saccharide analysis yielded approximate molar ratios of Fuc:Gal:GlcNAc:GalNAc:NeuAc = 1:2:1:1:0.5. Inorganic sulfate, 1% by weight, was detected, but mannose was absent. Reductive alkali treatment of mucin resulted in release of oligosaccharides with concomitant conversion of 77% of GalNAc to its reduced derivative N-acetylgalactosaminitol (GalNAcol) thus demonstrating O-glycosidic linkage of GalNAc to protein. Reduced oligosaccharides were purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, paper chromatography, and high resolution gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 resin. A total of 16 reduced oligosaccharides were identified by thin layer chromatography. These included neutral, sialylated, and sulfated oligosaccharides and they varied in size from a disaccharide to a nonasaccharide. The major neutral oligosaccharide isolated (21% of recovered GalNAcol) was a tetrasaccharide, Gal:GlcNAc:GalNAcol = 2:1:1, and the major acidic oligosaccharide isolated (11% of recovered GalNAcol) was a trisaccharide, Gal:GalNAcol:NeuAc = 1:1:1.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1982

Ovulation detection in the human.

The importance of predicting human ovulation for either optimizing or avoiding conception has been considered from an endocrine, morphological and clinical view point. Of the biochemical markers in peripheral blood, a knowledge of the LH peak is the most clearly defined, with a two to four fold increase above baseline levels for a relatively short 24-30 hour preovulatory period. Ovulation is considered to occur 28-36 hours after the beginning of the LH rise or 8-20 hours after the LH peak. Daily assessment of the rise in preovular oestrogen reflects Graafian follicle development but the rise is less distinct and spread over 3-4 days with marked day to day fluctuations. LH induces a marked reduction in oestrogen production some 12 hours prior to ovulation and at the same time induces a two to three fold increase in progesterone production above baseline levels. While these changes in themselves are not great enough for day to day discrimination, a knowledge of their reciprocal relationship may be. The preovular rise in FSH is relatively small compared to LH and the radioimmunoassay technique has not generally been refined to be as rapid and reliable. Monitoring the day to day growth of the preovular follicle ultrasonically is both linear and potentially predictable but there is a wide range of its final diameter (17-26 mm) prior to ovulation making prediction inaccurate. With further refinements in ultrasonic resolution, detection of intrafollicular changes of the cumulus oophorus and granulosal cell layer configuration and thickness may give a closer prediction of the time of ovulation. At a clinical level a knowledge of menstrual cycle length in association with body messages which herald ovulation are useful and may forewarn that ovulation in terms of days is approaching. Such markers as preovulation pain, the detection of periovular cervical mucus and the change in physical character and position of the cervix are reliable signs of preovulation for many well motivated and informed women for either promoting or avoiding conception. A knowledge of the basal body temperature is not a prospective guide to ovulation, but once the thermal shift is established in association with loss of periovular mucus symptoms, the fertile period can be considered to have passed. Because we do not have a precise and simple marker of human ovulation, it is necessary that the most suitable marker of pre- or postovulation is chosen for the particular need in a given individual.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1981

In vivo production of nucleolar channel system in human endocervical secretory cells.

Human endocervical mucosa taken from the proliferative, ovulatory and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle in normal fertile women and those after administration of norethiosterone acetate for contraception was studied by electron microscopy. The fine structure of secretory cells, with special reference to the secretory granules and nucleolar differentiation, has been described and discussed. The 'nucleolar channel system' has been observed for the first time in the endocervical nucleolus in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. On the basis of results of antifertilization effects of norethiosterone acetate, it has been suggested that the 'nucleolar channel system' may be a cell organelle prerequisite for the secretion of endocervical mucosa in fertility.

Adult↗