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PubMed1984

[An example of applied data processing in medicine: medical management in a dialysis center].

An application of computers to haemodialysis units is presented. In fact these centers are characterised by an enormous amount of data which should benefit from computerization, and therefore in the haemodialysis unit of the Cantonal Hospital, Fribourg, a program has been developed to handle medical data. This program, as far as we know the only one of its kind in Switzerland, has already been in use for the last 9 months. Swiftly, surely and simply it allows storage and retrieval of all the administrative and medical data of each patient. Facility of data retrieval, graphic data display and automatic data evaluation has been found to improve clinical management of patients. It also considerably facilitates scientific work. Once the adaptation period is over it permits definite time savings. We are convinced that, after the necessary period of introduction, computers can be of considerable help in medical care.

Computers↗
PubMed1993

Graphical display of categorical data.

Categorical data are usually displayed in medical publications with pie graphs and bar graphs. We here consider some of the problems that occur in displaying the rank, magnitude, width, and spacing of categorical data. A solution to some of these problems is offered by the dot chart, which has been used in other scientific literature, but not in medical publications. The dot chart can be a preferred alternative to pie graphs and offers a useful alternative to bar graphs. Dot charts can also be helpful in displaying categorical data for two groups.

Data Display↗
PubMed1994

Converting data into information.

Transforming data into information is a challenge to all professionals working in the quality arena. Reams of data do not provide the answers being sought to challenging questions. Several continuous quality improvement tools, including run charts, control charts, and Pareto charts, can be used to visually display data and provide further ideas for analysis. This article describes in detail when to use these tools and how to construct and use them. Examples from hospital settings further illustrate their benefit in converting data to information.

Data Display↗
PubMed1995

Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: improved assessment using fluorescent polymerase chain reaction.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Microsatellite instability was first described in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers and sporadic colorectal cancers, in which it was associated with a good prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess the advantages of a novel fluorescent assay for detecting microsatellite instability. METHODS: Eleven fluorescently tagged microsatellites and an automated DNA sequencer were used to investigate 54 sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas. RESULTS: This fluorescent assay combined accurate allele sizing with cross-sectional data display and allowed improved assessment of microsatellite instability. Twenty-two percent of cancers (12 of 54) showed microsatellite instability with at least one marker. For tumors showing microsatellite instability, results were obtained for a minimum of eight markers. Six tumors showed microsatellite instability at high frequency (at least 63% of markers affected), and 42% of the patients who had a tumor showing microsatellite instability had a synchronous and/or metachronous colorectal tumor (vs. 7% of patients whose tumor did not show microsatellite instability). Patients with a microsatellite instability-positive tumor had an improved prognosis (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The use of this fluorescent assay improved the assessment of microsatellite instability with the automated analysis and cross-sectional data display. The assay identified a subgroup of patients who showed microsatellite instability and who also showed clinical features that differed from the microsatellite instability-negative cases.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

Interaction of human low density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B with ternary lipid microemulsion. Physical and functional properties.

Based on data from sedimentation velocity experiments, electrophoresis, electron microscopy, cellular uptake studies, scanning molecular sieve chromatography using a quasi-three-dimensional data display and flow performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), models for the interaction of human serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) and of apolipoprotein B (apo B) with a ternary lipid microemulsion (ME) are proposed. The initial step in the interaction of LDL (Stokes radius 110 A) with the ternary microemulsion (Stokes radius 270 A) appears to be attachment of the LDL to emulsion particles. This attachment is followed by a very slow fusion into particles having a radius of approx. 280 A. Sonication of this mixture yields large aggregates. Electron micrographs of deoxycholate-solubilized apo B indicate an arrangement of apo B resembling strings of beads. During incubation, these particles also attach to the ternary microemulsion particles and, upon sonication, spherical particles result which resemble native LDL particles in size. Scanning chromatography corroborates the electron microscopy results. By appropriate choice of display angles in a quasi-three-dimensional display of the scanning data (corrected for gel apparent absorbance) taken at equal time intervals during passage of a sample through the column, changes in molecular radius of less than 10 A can be detected visually. Such a display gives a quantitative estimate of 101 +/- 2 A for these particles (compared to 110 A for native LDL). The LDL-ME particles and apo B-ME particles compete efficiently with native LDL for cellular binding and uptake. Cellular association studies indicate that both LDL- and apo B-ME particles are effective vehicles for lipid delivery into cells.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed1994

The accuracy of 'power' maps to display curvature data in corneal topography systems.

PURPOSE: To quantify the error introduced by videokeratographic corneal topography devices in using a paraxial formula to calculate power over the entire corneal surface, including areas removed from the central paraxial region where the formula is known to be invalid. METHODS: Corneal refractive power and two paraxial power approximations were computed as a function of distance from the apex for three theoretical surfaces, a sphere and two ellipsoids with 0.3 and 0.5 eccentricities. Color dioptric maps were then theoretically created. RESULTS: For the spherical surface, both curvature-based paraxial power approximations were uniform over the entire surface because curvature is constant. However, the corneal refractive power increased from center to periphery, demonstrating the known phenomenon of spherical aberration. For the ellipsoids, which have been shown to model the human cornea, curvature-based power approximations decreased from center to periphery because the curvature flattens peripherally. However, refractive power increased from center to periphery. The limits of the central paraxial region for these surfaces was shown to be approximately 2 mm in diameter for the paraxial power approximation used by videokeratographic devices to measure 8 mm in diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The direct correlation between corneal curvature and power with which clinicians are familiar is not valid in the peripheral regions measured by videokeratographic devices. Topographic devices measure curvature, which should not be interpreted as corneal power except in the central region. A recommendation to device manufacturers is to display "color curvature maps" instead of color dioptric maps, and to label the color bar with curvature values instead of power.

Cornea↗
PubMed1987

Data acquisition and analysis of pulsatile signals using a personal computer: an application in cardiovascular physiology.

Software is described which collects and analyzes pulsatile analog signals using an APPLE PC and a modestly priced analog-digital interface. The program will input and output data, store and retrieve data to disk and display data on the monitor. Four types of data analysis determine mean, maximum and minimum values and frequency in various combinations. For example, the present program analyzes cardiovascular signals for heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, systolic, diastolic and mean pressures over a representative 10 s period. Simple modifications to the program are described which extend its range of application.

Computers↗
PubMed1983

Topography of brain electrical activity: a bioengineering approach.

The aim of this work is to describe a system for the mono- and bi-dimensional analysis of brain electrical activity. The analysis was carried on either by visual inspection of mono- and bi-dimensional data, or by automatic feature extraction from the bidimensional data. Because of the importance of visual inspection for the analysis of experimental data, particular care was devoted to optimize the displayed data perceptually. For automatic screening of large amounts of data (and to allow long term studies of clinical records), statistical facilities were also provided. One purpose of the system was to develop image processing algorithms oriented toward biomedical images, that could be easily implemented on special purpose, low cost hardware, like VLSI or microcomputer arrays. This was possible because of the modularity of the larger part of bidimensional processing, such as interpolation and statistical analysis. Results of an experiment on Visual Evoked Response are presented, showing that through abidimensional analysis of the recorded data the resolution achievable in the localization of brain electrical activity can be increased to less than 1 cm.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Real-time display of flow-pressure-volume loops.

Graphic display of respiratory waveforms can be valuable for monitoring the progress of ventilated patients. A system has been developed that can display flow-pressure-volume loops as derived from a patient's respiratory circuit in real time. It can also display, store, print, and retrieve ventilatory waveforms. Five loops can be displayed at once: current, previous, reference, "ideal," and previously saved. Two components, the data-display device (DDD) and the data-collection device (DCD), comprise the system. An IBM 286/386 computer with a graphics card (VGA) and bidirectional parallel port is used for the DDD; an eight-bit microprocessor card and an A/D convertor card make up the DCD. A real-time multitasking operating system was written to control the DDD, while the DCD operates from in-line assembly code. The DCD samples the pressure and flow sensors at 100 Hz and looks for a complete flow waveform pattern based on flow slope. These waveforms are then passed to the DDD via the mutual parallel port. Within the DDD a process integrates the flow to create a volume signal and performs a multilinear regression on the pressure, flow, and volume data to calculate the elastance, resistance, pressure offset, and coefficient of determination. Elastance, resistance, and offset are used to calculate Pr and Pc where: Pr[k] = P[k]-offset-(elastance.V[k]) and Pc[k] = P[k]-offset-(resistance.F[k]). Volume vs. Pc and flow vs. Pr can be displayed in real time. Patient data from previous clinical tests were loaded into the device to verify the software calculations. An analog waveform generator was used to simulate flow and pressure waveforms that validated the system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1985

Resident tracking health information system. Inpatient setting.

The tracking of residents' patient care activities in the hospital setting is valuable to the residency program directors for consideration of curricular changes and to the resident for documentation of experience. Furthermore, the cost-effective method of using patient data generated by hospital billing systems eliminates the need for double entry and assures a high degree of accuracy. This article discusses the use of a computerized tracking system, providing examples of data displays and interpretations.

Area Health Education Centers↗
PubMed1993

A measure of intraoperative attention to monitor displays.

Vigilance is an important but difficult to measure attribute in anesthesia practitioners. We present a modified standard method to assess intraoperative vigilance toward electronic data displays. The response time to detect a simulated abnormal value on the physiologic monitor was measured. Eight anesthesia residents were studied during 60 surgical procedures. Responses to 439 abnormal values were analyzed. The average response time was 61 +/- 61 s (mean +/- SD), and 56% of the detections were made within 60 s. However, 16% of the abnormal values were undetected during the 5 min that they were displayed. Response times and the rate of missed events were greater during induction of anesthesia (a time of high workload) than during the maintenance or emergence phases of anesthesia. Response times were shorter during procedures on ASA 1 patients than on ASA 3 patients. The results suggest that anesthesiologists usually quickly detect abnormal values on physiologic monitors and that less attention is devoted to monitors during periods of high workload.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1977

FP/MIS: a management information system for a community family planning clinic.

The management information system (FP/MIS) used by the Howard University Center for Family Planning Services, which operates community family planning clinics in Washington, D.C. is described. The system was developed to satisfy program objectives in patient management, program planning and evaluation, resource management, federal reporting systems and clinical, epidemiological and health services research. The data collection forms used in the system and the output from the four data display groups--patient profile, resource management, quality of care and epidemiology-are described along with examples of their use.

Computers↗