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PubMed1982

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) arabica sp. n. parasitizing goats and sheep in the Yemen Arab Republic and Saudi Arabia.

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) arabica sp. n. is described from 62 adults (29 males, 33 females) taken throughout the year from 23 goats and two sheep, mostly at 200 m altitude in the southern tihama foothills of Ta'izz Province, Yemen Arab Republic. One female from a goat at 2,300 m altitude in this Province may have attached to the host elsewhere and a male from Mecca, Saudi Arabia, was on a goat imported from an unknown source for the traditional religious pilgrimage feast. We postulate that the original host of adults was the Nubian ibex, Capra ibex nubiana F. Cuvier (Artiodactyla: Caprinae). This parasite is most closely related to H. (H.) kumari Sharif, which infests chiefly wild and domestic Caprinae from India to northwestern Iran and Tadzhik, SSR. It also shows relationships to H. (H.) punt Hoogstraal, Kaiser and Pedersen, which parasitizes gazelles and domestic mammals in Somalia and Ethiopia, but differs more widely from the third African-Arabian member of this subgenus, H. (H.) rhipicephaloides Neumann, which feeds on the Nubian ibex and gazelles in the Red Sea and Dead Sea areas. The Hyalomma subgenus Hyalommina now contains seven species, four confined to the Indian subcontinent (including Nepal, Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan) and Southwest Asia, and three in eastern Africa north of the equator and Arabia.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Desiccation tolerance of Muellerius cf. capillaris (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) first-stage larvae.

Muellerius cf. capillaris is the most common lung worm of wild Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) in the northern Negev desert, Israel. The capacity of the free-living stages (L1) of the parasite to survive extreme desiccation was tested under 2 different dehydration regimes at 23 C: rapid dehydration through direct exposure to 0% relative humidity (RH), and a slow dehydration regime of preconditioning at 33% RH for 7 days prior to exposure to 0% RH for a further 21 days. In direct exposures to 0% and 33% RH, by day 11 survival rates of L1 were significantly higher than when stored in water and in 97% RH (P < 0.05). The slow dehydration regime enhanced the survival of L1 up to 10-fold by day 28 as compared with direct exposure to 0% RH. The same mean numbers of larvae were recovered from the land snail Theba pisana infected with L1 exposed for 21 days at 33% RH and from T. pisana infected with nondesiccated L1 (P > 0.1). L1 surviving after 21 days of desiccation at 0% RH were, on the other hand, less infective to T. pisana. The percentage of such postdesiccated L1 reaching infective stage (L3) was, however, the same as that of the control group. The ability of M. cf. capillaris L1 to survive anhydrobiosis and retain infectivity to land snails after extreme desiccation enables their coexistence with the Nubian ibex in desert habitat.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Comparative and functional anatomy of the mammalian lumbar spine.

As an essential organ of both weight bearing and locomotion, the spine is subject to the conflict of providing maximal stability while maintaining crucial mobility, in addition to maintaining the integrity of the neural structures. Comparative morphological adaptation of the lumbar spine of mammals, especially in respect to locomotion, has however received only limited scientific attention. Specialised features of the human lumbar spine, have therefore not been adequately highlighted through comparative anatomy. Mathematical averages were determined of 14 measurements taken on each lumbar vertebrae of ten mammalian species (human, chimpanzee, orang-utan, kangaroo, dolphin, seal, Przewalski's horse, cheetah, lama, ibex). The revealed traits are analysed with respect to the differing spinal loading patterns. All examined mammalian lumbar spines suggest an exact accommodation to specific biomechanical demands. The lumbar spine has reacted to flexion in a predominant plane with narrowing of the vertebral bodies in quadrupeds. Torsion of the lumbar spine is withstood by an increase in the transverse distance between the inferior articular processes in the upper lumbar spine in primates, but lower lumbar spine in humans, quadrupeds and the seal. Sagittal zygapophyseal joint areas resist torsion in the seal and humans. Ventral shear is resisted by frontal zygapophyseal joint areas in humans and primates, and dorsal shear by encompassing joints in the ibex. The human fifth lumbar vertebra is remarkable in possessing the largest endplate surface area and the widest distance between the inferior articular processes, as an indicator of the high degree of axial load and torsion in bipedalism.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Anti-peroxidation effects of vitamin E on low density lipoprotein and milk fat globule membrane of lactating goats: in vivo versus metal ion challenge in vitro.

Ruminants are animals with mild oxidation risk considering characteristics of their plasma. The purpose of the present study was to determine if surplus vitamin E supplementation further improved their peroxidation status. Four lactating goats (Capra ibex ibex) receiving a single intramuscular injection of 3000 IU d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate were monitored daily for a week. Plasma and milk levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured to estimate the peroxidation status of overall body and mammary gland, respectively. Lipid hydroperoxide content of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) were determined both immediately after isolation and after metal ion challenge to evaluate their spontaneous peroxidation in vivo and peroxidation susceptibility in vitro, respectively. The results showed that while plasma and milk levels of alpha-tocopherol peaked at day 2, the corresponding TBARS dropped to their lowest weekly levels. Content of preformed lipid hydroperoxides in LDL and MFGM remained unchanged (P>0.05) during the study period, while peroxidation in LDL and MFGM on extended exposure to Cu(2+) was prevented by vitamin E enrichment. Therefore, surplus vitamin E was beneficial to the peroxidation-resistant mechanisms of the overall body and those specifically within mammary gland of lactating goats. Furthermore, peroxidation resistance of LDL and MFGM to copper challenge in vitro also benefited from vitamin E enrichment despite the fact their endogenous peroxidation seemed unresponsive. The hypothesis that peroxidation of LDL and MFGM of lactating goats in situ, which proceeds with metal ion-independent mechanisms, is minor was discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Myostatin rapid sequence evolution in ruminants predates domestication.

Myostatin (GDF-8) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development. This gene has previously been implicated in the double muscling phenotype in mice and cattle. A systematic analysis of myostatin sequence evolution in ruminants was performed in a phylogenetic context. The myostatin coding sequence was determined from duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia caffra), eland (Taurotragus derbianus), gaur (Bos gaurus), ibex (Capra ibex), impala (Aepyceros melampus rednilis), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), and tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus). Analysis of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rate ratios (Ka/Ks) indicates that positive selection may have been operating on this gene during the time of divergence of Bovinae and Antilopinae, starting from approximately 23 million years ago, a period that appears to account for most of the sequence difference between myostatin in these groups. These periods of positive selective pressure on myostatin may correlate with changes in skeletal muscle mass during the same period.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

Migratory behaviour and desiccation tolerance of protostrongylid nematode first-stage larvae.

Migration of first-stage larvae (L1) from faeces to soil is a crucial stage in the life-history of protostrongylids transmitted via land snails. Migration of Muellerius cf. capillaris and a Cystocaulus sp. L1 from fresh Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) faeces (48-50% water content, W.C.) to substrate soils (at 100% r.h., 26 degrees C) was measured experimentally using dry (3 +/- 1% W.C.), wet (31 +/- 0.43% W.C.) and flooded (48.4 +/- 2.45% W.C.) soils. The highest migration rates (90.4 +/- 1.6% migration) in both species occurred on flooded soils when the faecal pellet W.C. reached 90%. The next highest migration rates (43.2 +/- 3.6% migration, at 60% faecal W.C.) were on the wet soils and no migration occurred on dry soil or dry-substrate papers. Migration rates did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between species. Active Theba pisana were not infected by M. cf. capillaris L1 on dry infested soils, but were infected following rehydration of the same soils. By day 10, L1 of M. cf. capillaris demonstrated lower survival rates in water and in 97% and 76% r.h. (74.5%, 15.2% and 1.9%, respectively) than the Cystocaulus sp. (97.5%, 43.8%, 43.3%) and Protostrongylus sp. (97.9%, 43.2%, 23.8%, P < 0.05). All three nematodes had a remarkably high survival rate (> 99% overall survival, by day 10) when exposed directly to 0% r.h. at 23 degrees C. Results demonstrate the ability of L1 to survive extreme desiccation through anhydrobiosis. Migration of L1 from faeces to soil can take place only during rains which coincide with peak activity of land snails in desert habitat.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Detection of space-time clusters and epidemiological examinations of scabies in chamois.

In this paper some methodological approaches towards the detection of temporal, spatial and space-time clusters are presented and discussed in context with epidemiological factors of scabies in chamois. This presentation comprises in particular the use of the Scan Test (Wallenstein, 1980) for the detection of temporal clusters and the tests developed by Knox (1964) and Mantel (1967) for the testing of spatiotemporal interactions. Between 1952 and 1998 a total of 1689 cases of scabies in chamois and six cases in ibex were documented in 137 game preserves of the Austrian province of Styria. The evaluations indicate the presence of spatial and temporal clusters. Some possibilities for the spread of scabies in chamois are presented and reveal ibex as a probable vector for scabies transmission between chamois populations. The information may lead to strategies for controlling the spread of the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

High polymorphism in the kappa-casein (CSN3) gene from wild and domestic caprine species revealed by DNA sequencing.

We assessed polymorphisms in exon IV of the kappa-casein gene (CSN3) in ten different breeds of domestic goat (Capra hircus) from three continents and in three related wild caprine taxa (Capra ibex, Capra sibirica and Capra aegagrus). Thirty-five DNA samples were sequenced within a 558 bp fragment of exon IV. Nine polymorphic sites were identified in domestic goat, including four new polymorphisms. In addition to four previously described polymorphic positions, a total of 13 polymorphisms allowed the identification of 13 DNA variants, corresponding to 10 protein variants. Because of conflicting nomenclature of these variants, we propose a standardized allele designation. CSN3*A, CSN3*B, and CSN3*D were found as widely distributed alleles in European goat breeds. Within Capra ibex we identified three variants and showed that the sequence of Capra aegagrus is identical to the most common Capra hircus variant, consistent with Capra aegagrus being the wild progenitor of domestic goats. A dendrogram was drawn to represent the molecular network between the caprine CSN3 variants.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Contact rates and exposure to inter-species disease transmission in mountain ungulates.

The risk for a pathogen to cross the species barrier depends on the rate of efficient contacts between the species. However, contact rates between species have rarely been estimated from observations. Here we estimate contact rates and exposure of chamois Rupicapra rupicapra and Alpine ibex Capra ibex exposed to domestic pasteurellosis and brucellosis carried by sheep or cattle herds summering in mountain pastures. We use field observation data on animal positions treated in a geographic information system (GIS). Comparing 10 pastures, we show that the management of domestic herds influences the risk of inter-species transmission. Exposure to direct transmission of pasteurellosis is high when herds are not guarded nor enclosed, whereas exposure to indirect transmission of brucellosis is increased on epidemiological dangerous points such as salt deposits. Our preliminary results need further investigation, but they underline the importance of both herd management and pathogen transmission mode when the aim is to reduce the risk of contamination of wild populations by a pathogen associated with domestic pathogens.

Altitude↗

PubMed2001

Mitochondrial DNA reveal that domestic goat (Capra hircus) are genetically affected by two subspecies of bezoar (Capra aegagurus).

This article describes the complete sequences of the mitochondrial DNA displacement loop (D-loop) region and cytochrome b gene from domestic goats in Laos (Laos native) and wild goat "markhor" (C. falconeri). The wild goat "bezoar" (Capra aegagrus) has been considered to be the strongest candidate for the ancestor of the domestic goats (C. hircus); however, there is not sufficient molecular data to verify the hypothesis at present. In phylogenetic analyses, two wild goats, the markhor and the ibex (C. ibex), appeared as an outgroup, while the bezoar was located in a cluster of domestic goats. Mitochondrial haplotypes of Laos natives revealed two distinct major clusters: one was the same as the bezoar, the second, unique to Laos natives. The topology and calibrated levels of sequence divergence suggests that these clusters might represent at least two different subspecies of ancestral bezoars.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Allozyme divergence and phylogenetic relationships among Capra, Ovis and Rupicapra (Artyodactyla, Bovidae).

Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships between the chamois (Rupicaprini, Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) and three species of the Caprini (Capra aegagrus hircus, Capra ibex ibex and Ovis ammon musimon) have been studied by multilocus protein electrophoresis. Dendrograms have been constructed both with distance and parsimony methods. Goat, sheep and chamois pair-wise genetic distances had very similar values. All the topologies showed that Capra, Ovis and Rupicapra originate from the same internode, suggesting the hypothesis of a common, and almost contemporaneous, ancestor. The estimated divergence times among the three genera ranged from 5.28 to 7.08 Myr. These findings suggest the need to reconsider the evolutionary relationships in the Capriae.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Mitochondrial DNA diversity of Pakistani goats.

Pakistan contains numerous domestic goat breeds, but until now there has been no comprehensive study on genetic diversity or a phylogenetic analysis of Pakistani goats. In this study, we analysed the complete mitochondrial DNA D-loop and the cytochrome b gene of 13 Pakistani domestic goat breeds (Capra hircus) and one wild goat, the Sindh Ibex (Capra aegagrus blythi). The phylogenetic analyses and sequence divergence (SD) established four distinct mt-lineages termed as A, B and C (previously reported) and a new lineage D. The Sindh Ibex appeared as an outgroup of domestic goats. The estimated divergence times between the most recently evolved mt-lineages A and D were from 260,483 to 371,052 YA. This suggested that at least four different strains of wild Capra might have been the source of the modern domestic goats. The new mt-lineage D revealed high SD from mt-lineage A and may be the oldest branch under domestication, while mt-lineages B and C showed lower SD and might have been domesticated during an advanced stage of the domestication process.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Otzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps.

Samples of the intestinal content were collected from the ileum and colon of the Neolithic glacier mummy popularly known as the Tyrolean Iceman, or Otzi. DNA was extracted from the samples and PCR amplified, using a variety of primer pairs designed to bind to different genes (mammal mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene, plant/fungal nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene, plant chloroplast ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene). This made it possible to distinguish between animal and plant food residues (macroremains) and pollen (microremains). According to the DNA reconstruction, the man's last meal was composed of red deer (Cervus elaphus) meat, and, possibly, cereals; this meal had been preceded by another one based on ibex (Capra ibex), different species of dicots, and cereals. The DNA spectrum corresponding to pollen residues in the colon, on the other hand, fits with the hypothesis that the last journey of the Neolithic hunter/warrior was made through a subalpine coniferous forest to the site at over 3,200 m above sea level, where his mummified body was to be discovered 5,000 years later.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Sex-difference in the ossification rate of the appendicular skeleton in Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838, and its utility in the sex identification of long bones.

The main goal of our work is to quantify differences in the rate of ossification in post-cranial Iberian ibex skeletons, related to sex. Another objective is to improve criteria for assessing the sex of post-cranial bones by combining the degree of ossification of the distal epiphysis and biometrical data. Forty Capra pyrenaica skeletons were examined in order to determine the degree of ossification by means of an Ossification Index. Our results evidence that sexual differences in the rate of ossification become visible at 6 months of age. On average, females complete their bone development 2 years before males do. Finally, by means of lineal classification functions which take into account both biometrical and anatomical criteria, we can achieve, in average, a 95.5% of correct sex discrimination within a sample consisting of ibex metacarpi and metatarsi from individuals aging from <1 to 12 years. Therefore, we conclude that the rhythm of ossification in the post-cranial skeleton of C. pyrenaica may be used as a criterion for assessing the sex of skeletal remains and could be applicable to other dimorphic ungulates. Nevertheless, the results obtained for specimens belonging to a particular population may have limited application to other populations with different medium sizes and living at particular densities within habitats with variable quality.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Serological survey of herpesvirus infections in wild ruminants of France and Belgium.

The presence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovid herpesvirus 6 (BHV-6), herpesvirus of Cervidae type 1 (HVC-1), reindeer herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus 2 (BHV-2) and bovid herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) was investigated in wild ruminants of France and Belgium between 1981 and 1986. There were no animals serologically positive for BHV-4. Antibodies against BHV-2 were demonstrated in roe deer (Cervus capreolus) (less than 1%) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) (1%) in France. Animals seropositive to the four related viruses (BHV-1, BHV-6, HVC-1, reindeer herpesvirus) were detected in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in France and Belgium (1% and 11%, respectively), in roe deer (less than 1%) from France, in chamois (4%) in France and in ibex (Capra ibex) (4%) from France. The presence of antibodies against HVC-1, especially in red deer from Belgium, may suggest that wild ruminants in continental Europe are now infected with this virus, which previously has been isolated only in Scotland.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Sarcoptic mange in wild ruminants in zoological gardens in Israel.

Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) occurred among wild ruminant species in five zoological gardens in Israel, from 1984 to 1994. Infestation of five ruminants by S. scabiei is reported for the first time: mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella), Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana), a barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), elands (Taurotragus oryx), and an Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). All animals in the herds were administered ivermectin orally at a dose of 200 micrograms/kg body weight daily for 3 consecutive days. This was repeated three times at 2-wk intervals. The disease was eradicated in four small zoos, whereas in the biggest zoo, only control was achieved. Mortality among animals < 4 mo and > 8-yr-old animals composed 65% of mortality among all age classes.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1985

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) arabica: nymphal and larval identity and spiny mouse hosts in Saudi Arabia (Acarina: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae).

Nymphal and larval Hyalomma (Hyalommina) arabica Pegram, Hoogstraal, and Wassef, 1982, described herein, closely resemble those of Hyalomma (Hyalommina) rhipicephaloides Neumann, differing chiefly in body size (both stages), nymphal basis capituli and scutal proportional dimensions, and distinctness of larval coxal spurs. Females of these species are also structurally similar but males differ in major critical characters. Nymphs and larvae of both species parasitize the spiny mouse (Acomys spp.), but immatures of the third African- Arabian species of this subgenus, Hyalomma (Hyalommina) punt Hoogstraal, Kaiser, and Pedersen, are unknown. Hyalomma (Hyalommina) arabica occurs in valleys and hills of western Saudi Arabia and western Yemen; H. (H.) rhipicephaloides in the Red Sea and Dead Sea areas; and H. (H.) punt in northeastern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. The ibex (Capra ibex nubiana Cuvier) is probably the original host of adult H. (H.) arabica and H. (H.) rhipicephaloides; the related domestic goat is an important host of adults of the 3 species, which also parasitize domestic sheep. Gazelles are recorded hosts of adults of H. (H.) rhipicephaloides and H. (H.) punt and the latter is also recorded from goats, sheep, camels and cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[On the genus Nematodirus Ransom 1907 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)].

N. roscidus Railliet, 1911, from Dama dama (Italy); N. abnormalis May, 1920, from Ovis aries, Capra hircus and Rupicapra rupicapra (France, Italy, Australia); N. lanceolatus Ault, 1944, from Ovis aries (Iran); N. europaeus Jansen, 1972, from Capreolus caperolus and Ovis musimon (first record) (France); N. davtiani alpinus Biocca, Balbo & Costantini, 1974, from Rupicapra rupicapra (Italy); N. rupicaprae Biocca, Balbo & Costantini, 1983, from Rupicapra rupicapra (France); N. ibicis Biocca, Balbo & Costantini, 1983, from Capra ibex (Italy). In addition four new species are described: N. Bioccai n. sp. from Ovis aries (Iran), resembles N. lamae Becklund, 1963 from Lama pacos and Vicugna vicugna (Peru), N. ibicis Biocca, Balbo & Costantini, 1983 from Capra ibex (Italy), and N. archari Sokolova, 1948 from Ovis ammon (USSR), in that ray 8 is long and closely adpressed to ray 6 throughout most of its length. The new species differs from the first of the above in the form of the point of the spicules and from the remaining two since the two branches of the dorsal ray are well separated and the dorsal lobe well differentiated from the rest of the bursa. N. chabaudi n. sp. from Rupicapra rupicapra (France) is similar to N. oiratianus Rajewskaja, 1929, from Cervus canadensis asiaticus and Ovis aries (USSR), and N. europaeus Jansen, 1972 from Capreolus capreolus (Holland), in the disposition of its bursal rays. Il is distinguished mainly by the presence of three tubercles on the tail of the female. N. hugonnetae n. sp., from Rupicapra rupicapra (France), resembles N. bioccai n. sp. in the general form of the bursa and in that the spicules are fused at their extremities, but is distinguished by the form of the point of the spicules and by the disposition of the bursal bosses. N. iranicus n. sp. from Ovis aries (Iran), resembles N. hugonnetae n. sp. in the disposition of the bursal rays but is distinguished by having more cuticular ridges and a shorter ray 8. On the basis of morphology, host distribution and host paleogeography, an hypothesis is given on the evolution of the Nematodirus and the Nematodirinae. According to this hypothesis Nematodirus arose in North American Camelidae from an ancestor similar to lamanema (which occurs in neotropical Camelidae), later passed to nearctic Odocoileinae and Caprinae, and was transported secondarily into the palaearctic region with its hosts. Beginning with this genus, the Nematodirinae evolved in holarctic ruminants (Nematodirella), holarctic Leporidae (Nematodiroides and Rauschia) and palaearctic and oriental Ochotonidae (Murielus).

Animals↗