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PubMed1990

[Computed tomography of the soft tissues of the neck. Lymph node metastases and their differential diagnosis. I. Methods and the principal CT criteria for lymph node metastases].

Standardisation of the examination method is imperative to guarantee reproducible and valid assessability of the cervical lymph node status. To this end, update high-resolution CT equipment of the third generation will be suitable, provided it meets certain minimum requirements, such as: 120 kV, 280 mAs, 480 projections over 360 degrees, 4-5 mm slice thickness, continuous tomography. If a primary tumour is known to exist, no plain examination is needed. The decisive examination is effected after intravenous administration of contrast medium in a dosage of 2.0-2.5 ml contrast medium/kg body weight (assuming a body weight of 70 kg, this would amount to 150 ml = 45 g iodine), one-third of the total dosage to be given as bolus and two-thirds as a rapid infusion. This procedure ensures sharp definition of lymph nodes against vessels and musculature over the entire period of examination. If tumour anamnesis has been established the size of the lymph node is significant for assessing the lymph node status. Even lymph node metastases less than 15 mm can be properly identified if the structure of the lymph nodes is known and employed as a criterion (central hypodensity with rim enhancement, inhomogeneity).

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1991

The human peripheral lymph node vascular addressin is a ligand for LECAM-1, the peripheral lymph node homing receptor.

The trafficking of lymphocytes from the blood and into lymphoid organs is controlled by tissue-selective lymphocyte interactions with specialized endothelial cells lining post capillary venules, in particular the high endothelial venules (HEV) found in lymphoid tissues and sites of chronic inflammation. Lymphocyte interactions with HEV are mediated in part by lymphocyte homing receptors and tissue-specific HEV determinants, the vascular addressins. A peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) has been detected immunohistologically in mouse and man by monoclonal antibody MECA-79, which inhibits lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes and lymphocyte binding to lymph node and tonsillar HEV. The human MECA-79 antigen, PNAd, is molecularly distinct from the 65-kD mucosal vascular addressin. The most abundant iodinated species by SDS-PAGE is 105 kD. When affinity isolated and immobilized on glass slides, MECA-79 immunoisolated material binds human and mouse lymphocytes avidly in a calcium dependent manner. Binding is blocked by mAb MECA-79, by antibodies against mouse or human LECAM-1 (the peripheral lymph node homing receptor, the MEL-14 antigen, LAM-1), and by treatment of PNAd with neuraminidase. Expression of LECAM-1 cDNA confers PNAd binding ability on a transfected B cell line. We conclude that LECAM-1 mediates lymphocyte binding to PNAd, an interaction that involves the lectin activity of LECAM-1 and carbohydrate determinants on the addressin.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1985

Sonographic appearance of normal lymph nodes.

Normal lymph nodes appear sonographically as somewhat flattened hypoechogenic structures. Chronic inflammation, obesity, and degenerative changes leading to benign fatty replacement of lymphoid tissue are responsible for the variations seen with high-resolution ultrasonography. These fatty deposits, beginning in the center of the lymph node and progressing toward the periphery, are easily recognized as highly reflective defects in the hypoechogenic lymphoid tissue.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Immunohistochemical study of bovine lymph nodes with antibodies against S100 protein subunits: comparison between lymph nodes of healthy and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected cattle.

Using immunohistochemistry, the differential distribution of the alpha subunit (S100 alpha) and beta subunit (S100 beta) of S100 protein was studied in mesenteric lymph nodes from normal or Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected cattle. In epithelioid cell granulomas, S100 alpha-positive epithelioid cells and some giant cells were scattered among S100 alpha-negative cells, which were predominant. The S100 beta-positive and -negative cells contained acid-fast bacilli. The presence of S100 beta-positive cells was not demonstrated in the granulomas. In normal component cells in the lymph nodes, follicular dendritic cells in the germinal centres and endothelium of lymphatic sinus and lymph vessels were positive for S100 alpha. S100 beta was positive only in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. Results shown in the present paper are discussed in light of results obtained in other work on human tissues using the same sources of antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Studies of c-myb gene regulation in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Identification of a 5' c-myb nuclear protein binding site and high levels of binding factors in nuclear extracts of lpr/lpr lymph node cells.

Lymph node T cells of MRL-lpr/lpr mice are characterized by the production of very large amounts of c-myb mRNA. To study the control of c-myb expression, a search was made for sites on the 5' c-myb gene which could bind regulatory proteins. DNase I digestion of nuclear chromatin uncovered four DNase I hypersensitive sites in the first intron of the c-myb gene, and a single site approximately 300 bp 5' to the initiation codon. Lambda exonuclease digestion of a 5'-myb fragment in the presence of nuclear extracts from either MRL-lpr/lpr PLN or EL-4 thymoma revealed stop sites approximately 300 bp 5' (-271 to -322) to the ATG initiation codon. DNase I footprint analysis demonstrated a guanine-cytosine enriched region of potential binding sites (-274 to -319) in the region of the stop sites and a fifth potential binding site closer to the initiation codon (-163 to -168). Specific gel shift bands were detected by a 5'-myb fragment (-346 to -155) with extracts from a number of different lymphoid cell lines and the appropriate specific and non-specific competitor DNA. The DNA giving rise to these gel shift bands encompassed the region defined by the stop site and footprinting studies. To determine whether or not the protein binding to the 5' c-myb gene at -274 to -319 was associated with increased c-myb mRNA, we studied nuclear extracts of several cell lines and compared the amount of binding to the amount of c-myb mRNA found on Northern analyses. Among the cell lines, there was a correlation between c-myb expression and the amount of the 5'-myb DNA binding protein. In addition, MRL-lpr/lpr lymph node cells had high c-myb expression and large amounts of the 5'-myb binding protein. This result suggests that the binding may play some role in the c-myb expression. Moreover, the most immature cell lines had the greatest amount of the binding factor, suggesting that its regulatory effect on c-myb expression might be important in early differentiation events.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. VIII. Effect of two asynchronous tumor foci on lymph node cell cytotoxicity.

Results suggest that cytotoxicity by cells from nodes regional to a primary tumor is unique. While a primary tumor was present, A) cytotoxicity was displayed by cells from lymph nodes (RLNs) to that tumor, B) cells from nonregional lymph nodes regional (NRLNs) possessed lesser cytotoxicity which failed to increase in response to a second tumor focus in an area drained by those nodes, and C) the second focus attenuated cytotoxicity of cells from LNs regional to the primary tumor. Following removal of the primary tumor, cells from RLNs rapidly lost cytotoxicity and with passage of time were unable to regain that function in response to a second tumor focus. In contrast, cells from NRLNs demonstrated increased cytotoxicity at any time following removal of the primary tumor when exposed to a second focus. These observations suggest that nodes regional to a distant metastatic focus may be unable to react to it and thus contribute little to the host response generated by the primary tumor. In addition, since nodes regional to a primary tumor manifest diminished cytotoxicity in the presence of a distant tumor focus, tumor cells gaining access and lodging in those nodes subsequent to the development of other metastatic foci are likely to proliferate, resulting in the "positive" lymph node. The findings are in keeping with our contention that host factors responsible for metastases, and perhaps metastases themselves, are at least in part responsible for growth of tumor in RLNs. They also have relevance to the site of administration of specific immunotherapeutic agents and to the significance of the removal of RLNs with a primary tumor.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1989

Metachronous seeding of lymph node metastases in rats bearing the MT-100-TC mammary carcinoma: the effect of elective lymph node dissection.

Following the introduction of cancer cells into the lymphatic system, metastases in 'down-stream' lymph nodes often appear in a sequential manner. This could be due to synchronous seeding of the in-line nodes with progressively diminishing numbers of tumorigenic cancer cells, or alternatively, by discrete, stepwise (metachronous) seeding of 'down-stream' nodes by 'up-stream' nodal metastases acting as 'generalizing' sites. Metachronous seeding to local lymph nodes is potentially curable by elective lymph node dissection; synchronous seeding is not. Synchronous versus metachronous seeding of lymph node metastases was investigated using the MT-100-TC mammary carcinoma injected into the hind foot-webs of rats. When the primary tumor was removed by amputation one week after injection, 1/15 animals survived; in contrast, removal of the draining popliteal lymph node in addition to the primary lesion, resulted in 8/19 long-term survivors. At this time, occult metastases detectable by bioassay but not by conventional histology, were present in all draining popliteal nodes and in 60 percent of lungs. The fact that some amputees were cured when the popliteal node was removed, indicated the metachronous nature of nodal metastases in this system. Further, recurrence of nodal and lung metastases in those amputees in which the popliteal node was left intact, identified the popliteal node as a 'generalizing' site. By the time popliteal node involvement was evident by conventional histology, micrometastases were present in 'down-stream' nodes, and accordingly, removal of the popliteal node and the primary lesion at this time was not curative.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1976

[Antigen-specific lysis in vitro of lymph node cells of intact mice injected with RNA from viable lymph node cells of immunized animals].

Supernatant fluid obtained after centrifugation of the suspension of viable lymph node cells of immunized animals proved to induce in vivo in the lymph node cells of intact mice sensitivity to lysis with a specific antigen in vitro. This property was possessed after chromatography of the supernatant fluid on Sephadex G-200 by the 3rd fraction (MW about 30000 dalton). DNA-ase, trypsin or deproteinization failed to influence whereas RNA-ase inactivated this fraction in respect to the inducing properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[A clinical study of 76 cases in carcinoma of the colon and rectum with metastasis to the peri-aortic lymph nodes. With particular reference to the skip metastasis in carcinoma of the sigmoid colon to the peri-aortic lymph nodes].

The therapeutic result by tumorous site were evaluated in 76 cases of carcinoma of the colon and rectum with the confirmed presence of metastasis to the peri-aortic lymph nodes. The results revealed that significant good out-comes were noted in the relatively non-curative cases of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon, with particularly good prognosis being found in six cases with skip metastasis. There was a 26.1% (6/23) incidence of the skip metastasis in carcinoma of the sigmoid colon with the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis. We confirmed two lymphatic routes of the skip metastasis; one route was from the lymph nodes near the tumor to the para-aortic lymph nodes directly, and the other was from the lymph nodes near the tumor to the lymph nodes at the aortic diffract directly and finally to the para-aortic lymph nodes. In the all six cases, the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis occurred only in inferior site of the inferior mesenteric artery. The average number of the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis were as few as 1.7 in these cases. The prognosis was favorable with three of the six cases scoring a three-year survival and included a five-year survival case.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lymph node macrophage heterogeneity: the phenotypic and functional characterization of two distinct populations of macrophages from rat lymph node.

The isolation and characterization of lymph node macrophages (M phi) has shown a hitherto unknown heterogeneity. Two types of M phi were distinguished by morphology, monoclonal antibody staining and functional assays. The type I M phi failed to express surface Ia even when activated, a characteristic which has only previously been reported for splenic marginal zone M phi; despite studies suggesting an antigen presentation role for the M phi, the failure to express surface Ia would seem to eliminate an interaction with T helper cells for the type I M phi in the lymph node. In contrast, the type I M phi, other characteristics of clustering with activated B cells in vitro, the colocalization of the type I M phi and activated B cells in situ, the specific uptake of thymus-independent type 2 antigens and the failure to undergo respiratory burst activity all suggest a M phi-B cell interaction, possibly of a trophic nature. The defective microbicidal activity of the type I M phi may have been compensated for by the type II M phi, which expresses both strong respiratory burst activity and surface Ia expression when freshly isolated. However, unlike the inflammatory M phi the activated phenotype of the type II M phi did not appear to be interferon-gamma dependent because type II M phi could also be isolated from nude rat lymph nodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Iliac lymph nodes as a primary lymph center draining the testicles.

The visceral radioisotopic lymphography, as a new technic, reveals new possibilities to investigate the lymph system of the testicle. The testicular lymph center is regularly visualized at the level of the para-aortic lymph nodes. But in 16.9% of the patients, respectively in 10.8% of the examined testes, iliac lymph nodes are demonstrated as a primary lymph center, draining the testicle. A preoperative scintigraphic search can be made for every patient with testicular neoplasma in the intention to obtain a more correct determination of the stage, the prognosis and the proper treatment planning.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes in patients with genitourinary malignant tumors. 2. NK activity and T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes].

We investigated natural killer (NK) activity and T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes in order to examine the host's defence mechanisms against cancer. The materials were obtained from 26 patients with genitourinary cancer and 9 patients with benign diseases, who were used as controls. NK activity was measured by ATP-chemiluminescence (ATP) assay, a new method which is well correlated to the 51Cr-release assay, and T-lymphocyte subsets were stained with anti-Leu-2, -3, -4, -7, and -11 monoclonal antibody. The NK activity of regional lymph nodes was lower than that of the peripheral blood in all 35 cases, and the percentage of Leu 7+ and Leu 11+ cells was in agreement with that of the NK activity detected by ATP assay. In the peripheral blood, the percentage of Leu 3+ cells was lower in high stage patients than it was in low stage patients and controls, but in the regional lymph nodes it was paradoxically higher. The NK activity of regional lymph nodes against autologous tumor cells was low in 8 patients with bladder cancer. It appears from this study that the regional lymph nodes have no function as immunological barriers for metastasis and we therefore conclude that they should be dissected during surgery.

Adult↗