[150 YEARS' DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSCOPY---A SURVEY].
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England↗
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Results for “Microscopy, Polarization”
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Phase behavior and structure of aqueous dispersions of sphingomyelin.
The phase behavior of bovine brain sphingomyelin in water has been determined by polarizing light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. Lamellar phases, in which water is intercalated between sheets of lipid molecules arranged in the classical bilayer fashion, are present over much of the phase diagram. An order-disorder transition separates the high temperature, liquid crystalline, lamellar phase from a more ordered lamellar phase at low temperatures. The hydration characteristics of sphingomyelin are similar to the structurally related lecithin in that only limited amounts of water are incorporated above and below the transition. Above the transition at 47 degrees C, a maximum of 35% by weight of water can be incorporated between the lipid bilayers, the total thickness at maximum hydration being 60.2 A, the lipid thickness 38 A, and the surface area per lipid molecule at the interface 60 A(2). Water in excess of 35% by weight is present as a separate phase. Below the phase transition, at 25 degrees C a maximum of 42% by weight of water may be incorporated between the lipid bilayers. On increasing the hydration, the lamellar repeat distance increases from 63.5 A to a limiting value of 76 A. Within this hydration range the calculated lipid thickness decreases from 63.5 to 42.5 A, and the surface area per lipid molecule increases from 36.1 to 53.6 A(2). Although these changes may be accounted for by a structure in which the hexagonally packed ordered hydrocarbon chains tilt progressively with respect to the normal to the bilayer plane on increasing hydration, it is possible that changes in other more complex lamellar structures may be responsible for these variations in lipid thickness and surface area.
Animals↗
Pseudogout associated with meniscal cysts - report of two patients.
Two patients with pseudogout developed large meniscal cysts at the knee. In the first case the diagnosis of meniscal cyst was confirmed surically. In the second case, the cyst resolved following thorough aspiration. Polarized microscopy of repeated aspirated from cyst in this case as well as of fluids from the knees of both patients consistently showed positively birefringent rhomboid crystals. X-ray diffraction of fluids from the knee of the second patient identified the crystals as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate.
Aged↗
[Ovarian thecoma with amyloidosis].
A case of diagnosis of a variety of ovarian thecoma, a thecoma with amyloidosis of the stroma, in a patient with fibromyoma of the uterus is described. Brief clinical data, characteristics of the tumor morphology including polarization microscopy and histochemistry, and differential diagnosis of forms of amyloidosis are presented. The presence of amyloid in the thecoma is considered to reflect the capacity of the tumor theca-cells of mesenchymal origin to produce amyloid.
Amyloidosis↗
Hepatic failure and death from erythropoietic protoporphyria.
A 60-year-old white male presenting with a clinical picture of obstructive jaundice was subsequently found to have erythropoietic protoporphyria. The diagnosis was suspected because of a history of life-long photosensitivity and was confirmed by finding high levels of erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Liver biopsy revealed birefringent deposits of protoporphyrin by polarization microscopy accompanied by severe hepatic injury and fibrosis. The patient died rapidly from liver failure, and at autopsy the biliary tree was patent. Despite the autosomal dominant transmission of erythropoietic protoporphyria, we failed to detect any family members with the disease. This report is concluded with a brief discussion of the liver involvement in erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Cholestasis↗
Immunocytochemical studies of intermediate filament aggregates and their relationship to microtubules in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with giant axonal neuropathy.
Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a severe autosomal recessive disease affecting both the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is characterized by segmental axonal ballooning due to large neurofilamentous masses and abnormal aggregation of filaments in other cell types including glial cells. Coomassie blue staining of the detergent-resistant cytoskeleton of cultured skin fibroblasts from three patients with GAN revealed the presence of large cytoplasmic filamentous aggregates in the great majority of cells. The aggregates were birefringent when viewed under polarization microscopy and electron microscopy showed that they were composed of aggregates of 8 to 10 nm intermediate filaments. The aggregates stained with antisera specific for vimentin but did not stain with antibodies to actin, tubulin, or the high molecular weight (HMW) microtubule associated protein. Examination of the fibroblasts containing the vimentin aggregates with antibodies to tubulin and the HMW protein showed that they had a normal distribution of microtubules and that the microtubules present were normally associated with the HMW protein. The results suggest that giant axonal neuropathy is a generalized inborn error of organization of intermediate filaments and that a defect in microtubules or their association with HMW protein is not responsible for the observed aggregation of intermediate filaments in this disease. Further study of GAN may be useful in understanding the function of intermediate filaments.
Child↗
Specific attachment of morphologically-distinct intermediate filaments to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes in the epidermis of the tadpole of the anuran, Pseudis paradoxus.
Polarization microscopy disclosed the presence of strongly birefringent intracellular structures in the basal cells of the epidermis of the tadpole of the anuran Pseudis paradoxus. The electron microscopic picture of the birefringent structures showed that they were composed of thick intermediate filaments (average diameter: 11.2 +/- 0.8 nm) oriented in a parallel disposition to form closely packed bundles which attached to the hemidesmosomes present on the basal surface of the cells of the basal layer of the epidermis. Thinner intermediate filaments (average diameter: 8.2 +/- 0.8 nm) were localized to the cortical zone of the cytoplasm; these thinner intermediate filaments converged upon the sites of cell-to-cell adhesion (desmosomes).
Animals↗
[Amyloid deposits in hypophyseal adenomas. Polarization optic, immunohistologic and electron microscopy studies].
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Adenoma↗
Conjunctival synthetic fiber granuloma. A lesion that resembles conjunctivitis nodosa.
Histopathologic examination of forniceal conjunctival lesions excised from five young patients revealed granulomatous inflammation surrounding filamentous foreign material. Polarization microscopy, special histochemical stains, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray elemental analysis identified the inciting material as predominantly synthetic fabric fiber. Three of these cases initially were diagnosed as conjunctivitis nodosa, an inflammatory reaction to caterpillar setae. Many synthetic fibers contained numerous granules of titanium, barium, or zinc delustering agent, which served to differentiate them from natural fibers or caterpillar hairs. Synthetic fabric fiber is a previously unrecognized cause of conjunctival inflammatory mass lesions.
Adolescent↗
Sartorial ridge gout.
A 54-year-old man presented with acute swelling and pain in the posteromedial aspect of the knee not involving the joint itself. Aspiration of the soft tissue swelling produced viscous fluid in which multiple, negatively birefringent crystals were noted on compensated polarized microscopy. The first described case of acute gout involving the sartorial ridge, this case underlines the need for examining aspirated fluid from soft tissue as well as from joints for crystals.
Acute Disease↗
Douche-induced pelvic peritoneal starch granuloma.
A case of granulomatous peritonitis occurring in a patient without previous surgical history is described. The patient was initially seen because of vaginal bleeding. Gynecologic examination disclosed an ovarian mass which, at laparotomy, grossly mimicked a carcinoma with peritoneal seeding. Histological studies revealed focal chronic granulomatous peritonitis with starch granules as determined by polarization microscopy. It is hypothesized that prolonged use by the patient of a suspension of powder in water as a douche introduced the offending agent into the pelvic peritoneum.
Biopsy↗
Light cycle--dependent axial variations in frog rod outer segment structure.
Polarized light microscopy reveals that the structural parameters of Rana pipiens rod outer segments (ROS) are not uniform along the cell axis. In addition to a pronounced birefringence (delta n) gradient found in the basal half of most ROS, periodic delta n bands are seen in approximately 10% of intact ROS isolated by agitating retinas in frog Ringer's solution. These small delta n differences appear as very faint light and dark striations that have a period and width that depends on the duration of light and dark exposure. In ROS from frogs kept on a 14 hr light/10 hr dark cycle at 20 degrees to 22.5 degrees C, the band period for a light-dark band pair is 1.0 to 1.6 micron. Portions of ROS produced during total darkness or constant light are free of distinct periodic bands. Quantitative delta n measurements show that the ROS sections generated in the dark have a relatively higher delta n than those produced in light. Band contrast is irreversibly enhanced when ROS are treated with the calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence of calcium-free saline solution. These results indicate that the synthesis of some calcium-sensitive ROS component is different when the frog is in the dark than when exposed to light.
Animals↗
Collagenous architecture of the growth plate and perichondrial ossification groove.
The orientation of collagen fibers in the growth plate and contiguous structures of a growing long bone was demonstrated by polarized light microscopy. Five major groups of collagen fibers were demonstrated: transphyseal (longitudinal), perichondrial-periosteal (longitudinal), epiphyseal (radial), perichondrial ring (circumferential), and metaphyseal bone (circumferential). Transphyseal collagen fibers extend from spicules of calcified cartilage in the metaphysis across the growth plate and into the epiphyseal cartilage and secondary ossification center. The transphyseal fibers interdigitate with radially oriented epiphyseal fibers which lie between the secondary ossification center and the zone of resting cells. A radial columnar alignment of cells, similar to the longitudinal cell columns of the growth plate, was correlated with the radial epiphyseal collagen fibers. Collagen fibers that are longitudinally oriented predominate in the perichondrium-periosteum. In the primary spongiosa, bone collagen is oriented obliquely and circumferentially on the longitudinal septa of calcified cartilage. A marked abundance of circumferentially oriented collagen fibers is seen within the perichondrial groove and in the perichondrium-periosteum directly over the groove. The perichondrial rings is the largest and most prominent of these circumferential groups.
Animals↗
Synthetic absorbable and nonabsorbable microsutures: a histological comparison.
The increasing usage of microsurgery in gynaecology and the recent release of a synthetic absorbable microsuture prompted a comparative study between this material and a nonabsorbable microsuture. Ethilon and Coated Vicryl sutures (Ethicon Inc.) were inserted into rabbit uteri and the histological response compared at 35 and 70 days using both light and polarizing microscopy. The results indicated that although the predominating cell types differed, the overall histological sequelae were markedly less with the synthetic absorbable suture than with the nonabsorbable suture materials.
Animals↗
Production of experimental occlusive myocardial infarction in mice.
A method is described for production of occlusive myocardial infarction in mice. The dynamics of development as well as the morphological changes in ischaemized myocardium of mice, large laboratory animals, and humans were identical. Polarization microscopy helped reveal myocardiocytic changes in the ischaemic zone already within the first minutes after coronary artery ligation. The method reported upon has the following advantages: feasibility of all stages of the operation by a single operator, low postoperative mortality of the animals and their modest requirements for postoperative care, and low consumption of isotopes and costly therapeutic remedies.
Animals↗
Topo-optical study of the pulmonary ciliary membrane surface.
In hydrophilic media of high refraction index the cilia of the epithelium of the tracheo-bronchial mucous membrane and the mucous film demonstrate birefringence positive to the longitudinal axis of the mucous membrane owing to the identical orientation the glycoprotein macromolecules and of the fatty acid chains of the ciliary membrane. By means of toluidine blue staining the mucous film and the ciliary zone can be studied selectively by polarization microscopy. The opposite optical character suggests that the dye molecules are perpendicularly connected to the long glycoprotein chains of the mucous, and there is an oriented connection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cilium in its lipid membrane. In smears of bronchial secretion or mucous membrane scrapings after staining, with toluidine blue pH 7.0, the selective optical reaction of the cilia provides a possibility for the study of isolated desquamated ciliary cells. The reaction is given by the lipid membrane boundary of the cilia. In embedded, lipid-extracted sections, the cilia and the mucous film show a minimum of birefringence in the unstained state. After toluidine blue staining or aldehyde-bisulphite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction the mucoid surface and the ciliary zone display an opposite optical reaction originating from the dehydrated mucoproteins adsorbed onto the surface of lipid-extracted cilia.
Animals↗
Intranephronic calculosis in the Brazilian squirrel monkey.
Brazilian squirrel monkey kidneys removed before and after administration of parathormone were studied by microdissection, polarizing microscopy, alizarin red and von Kossa's stains, and microchemical analysis. Intralumenal crystalline-matrix masses were observed in both groups but were increased in frequency after parathormone administration. Specific staining showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus, and specific chemical tests suggested the presence of uric acid or urate salts. Refractile alizarin red positive droplets were observed in the tubular cells of the pars convoluta in parathormone-treated animals. Urinary stone formation in these animals is unique in that the location and types of stones produced are similar to that seen in man. The squirrel monkey is a good experimental model to study renal stone disease and further studies of its etiology, structure, composition, and means of control should be performed.
Animals↗
Primary tooth ankylosis: report of case with histological analysis.
Two primary molars in infraclusion showing clinical and radiographic signs of ankylosis, were subject to histological examination by bright field and polarization microscopy. The roots revealed signs of ongoing resorptive and reparative processes and in some areas dentin with signs of resorption-or repair cementum-were fused with simple lamellar or osteonic bone. These results suggest that ankylosis of primary molars can result from a disturbance of root resorption, with repair processes prevailing over resorptive ones and leading to excessive deposition of bone besides cementum-as a consequence of bone-inductive properties of dentin.
Alveolar Process↗