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PubMed1994

Effect of Melia azedarach L. leaf extracts on human complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

The effect of the water extract of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) leaves on human complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. This extract showed a strong anticomplementary activity, which was more pronounced in the classical pathway assay. The extract did not affect the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, nor the respiratory burst of these cells as measured by the nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2005

Administration of yeast glucan enhances survival and some non-specific and specific immune parameters in carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Effects of beta-glucan administration on survival and immune modulations were studied in Cyprinus carpio against the bacterial pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Beta-glucan was extracted from Saccharomyces cervisiae and purified. A virulent strain of the pathogen A. hydrophila was collected from infected fish. Different concentrations of beta-glucan were administered to test animals on day 1, 3 and 5 through different routes (intraperitoneal injection (ip), bathing and oral administration). Control and test animals were challenged by ip injection of LD50 concentration of A. hydrophila on day 7 and mortality was observed and Relative Percent Survival (RPS) was calculated. Intraperitoneal injection of 500 microg of glucan significantly enhanced the RPS; bathing and oral administration of glucan did not influence the RPS. On day 7, test animals injected with 100, 500 and 1000 microg of glucan had a significant increase in total blood leucocyte counts and an increase in the proportion of neutrophils and monocytes. Superoxide anion production by kidney macrophages was also elevated. RT-PCR and northern blot analysis of interleukin-1 mRNA showed elevated expression in kidney on day 7 in fish injected with glucan. Glucan had an adjuvant effect on antibody production as pretreatment by injection of 100-1000 microg glucan/fish resulted in the highest antibody titer against A. hydrophila following vaccination. Classical and alternative complement pathways were not affected by glucan administration by any of the three routes.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed2006

Effects of dietary beta-1, 3 glucan on innate immune response of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary beta-1, 3 glucan on the innate immune response and protection against Vibrio harveyi infection in large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. A basal diet was supplemented with 0% (control), 0.09% (low) and 0.18% (high) beta-1, 3 glucan to formulate three experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in floating sea cages (1.5 x 1.5 x 2.0m), and each cage was stocked with 100 fish (initial average weight 9.75+/-0.35 g). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:00) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results of 8 weeks feeding trial showed that low glucan supplementation (0.09%) significantly enhanced fish growth, whereas high supplementation (0.18%) did not. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly increased with the increase of dietary glucan (P < 0.05), and fish fed the diet with high glucan had significantly higher lysozyme activity compared with low glucan. There were no significant differences in alternative complement pathway (ACP) activity between fish fed diets with and without supplementation of glucan. The phagocytosis percentage (PP) and respiratory burst activity in fish fed the diet with 0.09% glucan were significantly higher than those in fish fed with the control diet (P < 0.05), but both immunological parameters significantly decreased in fish fed the diet with high supplementation compared with low supplementation and no significant difference was observed between the control and high supplementation groups. The challenge experiment showed that fish fed the diet with low glucan had significantly lower cumulative mortality compared with the control and high glucan groups (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the control and high supplementation groups. These results suggested that low glucan could enhance growth and innate immunity of large yellow croaker with an 8-week oral administration, but higher supplementation did not influence growth, or further improve immunity of large yellow croaker.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Intravascular schistosomes and complement.

Schistosomes are exposed to a variety of immunological effectors, such as host complement, in the bloodstream of their definitive hosts. The parasites are reported to possess a plethora of regulatory proteins, including molecules acquired from the host, which impede the complement cascade. Evidence for the presence of a surface C2-binding protein, a C3-binding protein and a C8- and C9-binding protein has been reported. In addition, a surface Fc receptor might bind immunoglobulin and limit its ability to fix complement. However, the actual protective role of these proteins in vivo remains unresolved.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Complement deficiencies.

The complement proteins play an important role in innate immunity, promoting inflammation and microbial killing. They play a role in the adaptive immune response, as well. Inherited total deficiencies of complement proteins are extremely rare. Table 1 lists more than 40 proteins that comprise the elements of the complement system. Deficiency of the proteins that promote lysis and opsonization is so rare that two papers are able to list all the observed cases to 1991. The exception is mannan-binding lectin, in which deficiency may be commoner. Diseases of regulatory proteins, such as occurs in hereditary angioedema or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are commoner but still are quite rare. As we learn more about complement proteins and their mechanism of action, we will understand more clearly how these proteins function. Polymorphisms of the proteins exists. Learning how these polymorphisms contribute to the development of disease will be the focus of complement studies in the next decade.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Laboratory aspects of immune deficiency in children.

The pediatrician confronted with a patient who may have a host defense abnormality often has at his disposal the tools to properly evaluate such an individual. Utilizing the simple screening tests listed in Table 3, all of the major arms of the immune system can be evaluated. If the history is not a strong one for immune deficiency and the screening tests are normal, then a thorough explanation of the normal patient with recurrent infections should be made and the patient simply observed for the development of more severe problems. Abnormal screening evaluations, or a suggestive history, usually indicates the need for referral to an immunologic center where more complicated tests of immune function can be made. Although curative therapy has not been developed for most immune deficiency diseases, definition of the patient's specific defect with appropriate laboratory tests leads to more informed genetic counselling, more appropriate therapy, and a better overall prognosis. Furthermore, only through the collection and study of such patients will successful therapeutic regimens be developed for severe immune deficiency disease.

Agammaglobulinemia↗
PubMed1999

Neutral polysaccharide from Cedrela tubiflora with anticomplementary activity.

A water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from leaves of the Meliaceae Cedrela tubiflora was separated into neutral and acidic polysaccharide fractions. The best anticomplementary activity was exhibited by the neutral product which was further purified by means of gelpermeation chromatography. The composition and methylation analysis of the purified product were determined.

Animals↗