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PubMed1992

Utilization of the protoplast fusion technique to explore directional altering lincomycin producing microorganism.

Interspecific protoplast fusion between Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis (LM gamma, CTC gamma, producing lincomycin) protoplast and Streptomyces aureofaciens (LM gamma, CTC gamma, producing chlorotetracycline) protpolast which had been treated with UV radiation 40 min for inactivation was performed with PEG 6000, the fusants were obtained by directly selecting from the regeneration plates containing CTC 50 micrograms/ml, the fusion frequency was about 9.05 x 10(-5). From many fusants, only 4 stable recombinants were obtained. These species produced antibiotics which are different from lincomycin and chlorotetracycline. Preliminary identification of the antibiotic synthesized by one of the recombinants suggests that its basic structure might be similar to that of lincomycin. The fermentation product of recombinant No. 2 showed new chromatographic spot which is similar to that of clindamycin. Though the products remain to be identified further, this strategy seems to be worthy of exploring for screening new antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1992

[The efficacy of lincomycin in tick-borne encephalitis].

Lincomycin was found to inhibit tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. To test antiviral potential of this drug, a clinical trial was initiated entering TBE patients from known focuses of the disease (Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Perm and Irkutsk Provinces). The drug was given to 23 patients with meningeal and meningoencephalitic TBE. A control group of 22 matched subjects received specific immunoglobulin. Resultant efficacy of lincomycin appeared not inferior to that of anti-TBE immunoglobulin. Lincomycin can be successfully introduced in the treatment of meningeal and meningoencephalitic TBE.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

[Study of C1. perfringens resistance to lincomycin].

A possibility of developing resistant forms of C1. perfringens during treatment of experimental anaerobic (gaseous) infection with lincomycin was studied. It was shown that treatment of the animals for 7 days resulted in an increase in the resistance by 33-41 times. It was noted that strains with decreased sensitivity to lincomycins had changed morphology and biochemical activity (decreased lecitinase activity, changed biochemical properties), decreased virulence and pathogenicity for animals. So as to obtain the protective effect of the antibiotics in experimental anaerobic (gaseous) infection caused by resistant variants of C1. perfringens it was necessary to increase 1.5-3 times the doses of lincomycin or chlolincocin as compared to the processes induced by sensitive strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Lincomycin injections for upper respiratory tract infections: a comparison of findings in a rural clinic with analysis of a national data base.

A review of the records of patients attending a rural family practice clinic indicated that 13% had received "cold shots" (lincomycin with or without chlorpheniramine). The providers who assumed management of the clinic when the previous physician retired judged these injections inappropriate, but patients believed that they were effective and expected to continue to receive them. This study included 51 consecutive patients seen in the clinic for treatment of a cold and compared those who expected an injection with those who did not. Thirty-four patients (67%) expected an injection but instead received education about upper respiratory tract infections and symptomatic treatment. Half of these patients (17) were not satisfied with this alternative, and 10 reportedly went to another provider for an injection. Compared with patients who did not expect an injection, patients who did were older (P less than .001), had longer duration of symptoms (P less than .02), and were more likely to have tried nonprescription remedies (P less than .001). Analysis of the 1985 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey indicates that the administration of lincomycin is not uncommon (an estimated 800,000 injections were given in 1985) and that lincomycin is more likely to be administered by a rural solo physician practicing in the north central or southern regions of the United States.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Randomised comparative efficacy of clindamycin, metronidazole, and lincomycin, plus gentamicin in chronic suppurative otitis media.

Chronic suppurative otitis media is major health problem seen frequently in the ENT clinics in Nigeria and the outcome of most medical management in the past have been disappointing. A comparative randomised clinical trial involving combination therapies with systemic clindamycin, metronidazole, lincomycin, each with gentamicin, was conducted on a total of 14 patients. At the end of one week, and three-week, follow-up end points the clinical response with bacteriological cure were, for clindamycin and gentamicin 21%, metronidazole and gentamicin 33%, lincomycin and gentamicin 22%, and the control (aural toilet alone) 14%. However, when the clinical response was measured only by the ceasation of discharge, the outcome was more impressive. By this assessment the clinical response with clindamycin and gentamicin was 52% of the 140 patients, metronidazole and gentamicin 69%, lincomycin and gentamicin 47%, and the control 24%. The metronidazole and gentamicin regime was significantly more effective than the other regimes and it is suggested for use in prophylactic treatment of CSOM patients undergoing surgical procedures.

Clindamycin↗

PubMed1989

[Production of lincomycin by Micromonospora halophytica culture].

A Micromonospara culture designated as 991/78 with activity against gram-positive cocci and bacteria was isolated from samples of silt-covered substrates from the Amu-Darya. Directed screening on a selective medium supplemented with lincomycin in an amount of 50-100 micrograms/ml was used. Identification of the antibiotic produced by the culture showed it to be lincomycin. By its taxonomic features the culture was classified as belonging to Micromonospora (subgroup II, Cinnamomea) and in particular to M. halophytica (Weinstein, Luedemann, Oden, Wagman, 1968). Up to now, it was known that lincomycin was produced only by Streptomyces cultures.

Agar↗

PubMed1989

[Lincomycin therapy of streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis in cattle].

Lincomycin has a good influence on mastitis caused by gram positive bacteria especially streptococci and staphylococci. Applied parenterally lincomycin is very toxic. Therefore it is not a regular therapeutic drug. The tubes for intramammary application are completely non-toxic. Lincomycin is very useful for treating dairy herds with galt mastitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Drug residues in milk after intrauterine injection of oxytetracycline, lincomycin-spectinomycin, and povidone-iodine in cows with metritis.

A study was conducted to document the maximum retention times of antimicrobial residues in milk after their use in intrauterine treatment of metritis in lactating cows and to evaluate several risk factors hypothesized to influence the retention time of these drugs. Oxytetracycline (3 g), lincomycin-spectinomycin (2 g of one-third lincomycin and two-thirds spectinomycin), or povidone-iodine (6 g) were given to cows with metritis by intrauterine route. The Bacillus stearothermophilus var calidolactis disk assay was performed on each milk sample. Of the 61 cows treated with oxytetracycline, 30 had residues in their postinjection milk for variable periods (range, 12.5 to 44.0 hours; mean, 26.6 +/- 10.3). Of the 47 cows treated with lincomycin-spectinomycin, 17 had residues in their postinjection milk for various periods (range, 14.5 to 24 hours; mean, 19.5 +/- 8.9). Povidone-iodine was not detected in milk. Because a high number of cows (n = 61) were treated with oxytetracycline, only data from these cows were used in testing the influence of 3 factors (severity of metritis, time after parturition when cows with metritis were treated, and parity) on maximum retention of the drug in milk. Severity of metritis did not have a significant influence (P greater than or equal to 0.1) on the maximum retention time of the drug. The retention time decreased linearly with the increase of time after parturition when the cow with metritis was treated. First lactation cows had a significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) shorter retention time than did older cows.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Determination of lincomycin in the air].

A procedure for determination of lincomycin levels in ambient air of production premises based on formation of molybdenum blue heteropoly complex was developed. The reaction requires the Folin reagent and heating in the presence of a saturated solution of sodium carbonate. The forming blue solutions are measured photometrically at 660 nm. The upper limit of lincomycin detection in the ambient air is 0.25 mg/m3. The proposed method was used in determination of the permissible concentration of the antibiotic in the ambient air of production areas. It may be used in routine sanitary supervision with respect to lincomycin levels in the ambient air of production premises.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1983

Microbiological determination of lincomycin in feeds and supplements containing high concentrations of bentonite.

A microbiological method is described for determining lincomycin in complete feeds, supplements, and pre-mixes greater than 100 g/ton and containing high levels of bentonite. The AOAC method currently used is unsatisfactory for analyzing feeds with concentrations of bentonite greater than 5.5%. Study indicates that low lincomycin recoveries from high level bentonite feeds are a function of aqueous contact and subsequent binding. The present method involves an alternative extraction technique using formamide as the primary extractant. A binary solvent system of ethanol and phosphate buffer aids in the extraction, miscibility, and conversion to water solubility for subsequent testing. Forty-one feeds containing as high as 60% bentonite were assayed by the reported method and gave a mean recovery of 106% and a range of 94-114%. An inter-laboratory confirmation study produced a mean recovery of 103%, with a range of 93-114%. A factorial analysis of variance of the interactive effects between lincomycin level and bentonite level within the AOAC method and within the bentonite method showed no interactions which would influence percent recovery in either assay method.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1983

Comparative pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in newborn calves: chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and tylosin.

The pharmacokinetics of 3 antibiotics--chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and tylosin--were determined in newborn calves. The kinetic determinations, using 2-compartment open models, were made at increasing ages from 1 day to 42 days and compared with those made from 9-month-old calves. Although all 3 antibiotics require a degree of hepatic metabolism, there were marked differences in the development of elimination processes for the individual drugs. Elimination of tylosin, which was slow in the calves at birth, increased rapidly and was equal to that in older calves by the end of 1 week. Lincomycin elimination was not markedly reduced in calves at birth. Chloramphenicol elimination was slow in calves at birth and only by 4 to 6 weeks attained the rate found in older calves. Dosage adjustments would not be required for the antibiotics tylosin or lincomycin when given to newborn calves, but may be necessary for chloramphenicol given to calves before they are 4 to 6 weeks old.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1981

Prophylactic and antimicrobial therapy using lincomycin in patients undergoing emergency caesarean section.

The influence of prophylactic antimicrobial therapy with lincomycin and metronidazole on the vaginal carriage rates of anaerobes and the development of postoperative infection was studied in 60 women who underwent emergency surgery. Lincomycin prophylaxis in 20 patients led to a decrease in the vaginal carriage rate from 85% pre-operatively to 20% on both the 3rd and the 5th postoperative day. Metronidazole prophylaxis resulted in a similar decrease. In the placebo group of 20 patients no significant decrease in anaerobic yield was noted, the corresponding figures being 100%, 75% and 80% respectively. Furthermore, 6 of the placebo group had wound infections, compared with one each in the lincomycin and metronidazole groups.

Cesarean Section↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Two new types of resistance to lincomycin in pathogenic staphylococci from animals.

Staphylococcus aureus strains from poultry and S. intermedius strains from dogs were highly resistant to lincomycin and sensitive to the macrolide and streptogramin antibiotics. They were shown to degrade lincomycin and clindamycin. Their sensitivity levels to clindamycin were only marginally higher than those of sensitive control strains. S. aureus strains from pigs and cattle and one S. hyicus strain isolated from a pig showed how level resistance to lincomycin and the virginiamycin factor M. They were sensitive to clindamycin, macrolide antibiotics and virginiamycin factor S.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Effect of lincomycin on prevalence, duration, and quantity of Salmonella typhimurium excreted by swine.

Thirty-one swine (7.5 kg live wt) were fed diets which contained 0 or 110 mg of lincomycin/kg. These pigs were then inoculated with a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium and monitored for 56 days thereafter to determine (1) the quantity of S typhimurium shed in the feces, (2) the length of time the organism was shed, and (3) the number of swine which shed the organism for the 56-day period after exposure. Addition of lincomycin to diets did not alter these 3 criteria from those obtained in S typhimurium-exposed nontreated swine when results for nontreated and treated swine were compared. In addition, the sensitivity of the S typhimurium strain to 8 antibiotics, 1 nitrofuran, and 1 sulfonamide was not affected by in vivo exposure to lincomycin for 39 days. Lincomycin did not produce adverse effects in either inoculated or noninoculated pigs.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Pharmacokinetics of lincomycins in experimental staphylococcal sepsis].

Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin hydrochloride and 7-chlor-7-desoxylincomycin hydrochloride (chlolincocin) was studied on albino mice and rabbits with experimental staphylococcal sepsis caused by intravenous introduction of highly pathogenic cultures. The septic process was accompanied by impairement of the kidney function, the pathological changes in the kidneys being most pronounced. The antibiotic levels in the blood and tissues of the internal organs, i.e. liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen increased in the infected animals, while the content of the antibiotic in the urine decreased. Determination of the plasmatic, kidney and extrakidney clearance revealed the increasing role of the extrakidney clearance. The shudy of the concentrations of 7-desoxylincomycin in the bile of the animals subjected to cholecystostomy showed that the role of the liver in elimination of lincomycin increased in the animals with experimental staphylococcal infection. As the state of the animals improved the changes in the pharmacokinetics of lincomycin decreased.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Severe pseudomembranous colitis after lincomycin and clindamycin.

Four cases of severe pseudomembranous colitis following the use of lincomycin and clindamycin are described; 2 required emergency total colectomy and 2 died. Cases of such gravity after the use of these drugs have not been previously reported. On hundred and fifty-six orthopaedic cases where clindamycin and lincomycin were used postoperatively are reviewed; 34 had diarrhoea (22 per cent), and 3 of the severe cases occurred in this group. The diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis may be difficult as the latent period from initiation of drug therapy to commencement of diarrhoea may be as much as 18 days, and that from cessation of drug therapy may be as much as 11 days. The value of early sigmoidoscopy in cases of diarrhoea of obscure aetiology is emphasized, and the characteristic sigmoidoscopic and histological appearances of pseudomembranous colitis are described. As these drugs may produce a lethal condition it is suggested that they should be used with appropriate discretion, especially in the elderly female who appears to be most at risk.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Protein binding and pharmacokinetics of lincomycin following intravenous administration of high doses.

High-dose infusions of lincomycin 600, 1,200, and 2,400 mg were administered to 14 healthy, adult men. Using model-independent pharmacokinetics, it was found that the half-life, mean residence time, and steady-state volume of distribution of total drug increased with dose, whereas the same parameters remained unchanged for the unbound lincomycin. Although the mean clearance value for total drug increased, this change fell short of being significant at the 5% level and was associated with a decrease in unbound clearance following administration of the 2,400 mg dose. Protein binding studies using ultrafiltration gave direct evidence of saturable serum protein binding and indicated that binding involved at least two distinct classes of binding sites.

Absorption↗

PubMed1979

Anomalous solution behavior of 2-palmitate esters of lincomycin and clindamycin.

The aqueous solubilities of lincomycin and clindamycin 2-palmitate esters are compared. Clindamycin 2-palmitate hydrochloride has an unusually high solubility at 25 degrees, which is due to micelle formation. Both compounds are surface active with relatively low critical micelle concentrations. However, since the Krafft point of lincomycin palmitate is approximately 43 degrees, it does not form micelles below that temperature and appears to be quite insoluble until heated above 43 degrees. The experimental monomeric solubilities of the two compounds agree with calculations based on group contributions to lipophilicity. Clindamycin 2-palmitate hydrochloride solutions are quite sensitive to ions, being salted out as unprotonated base in the form of oily droplets. Salting out correlates well with anionic strength, which is quite constant for the various salts studied. A viscosity maximum occurs with increasing salt addition, with the peaks of the different salts occurring at the same anionic strengths.

Clindamycin↗