SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Infant Development”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Psychotropic drugs in mothers' milk: a comprehensive review of assay methods, pharmacokinetics and of safety of breast-feeding.

Many mentally ill women want to breast-feed their babies but, if they are taking psychotropic drugs, there is very little systematic data upon which to base decisions about whether or not it is safe to do so. We therefore attempt to provide a comprehensive and critical summary of existing case reports and of studies of breast-feeding in relation to commonly used psychotropic drugs. The literature review focuses on the following drugs: antidepressants: tricyclics and serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); antipsychotic drugs: chlorpromazine, perphenazine, haloperidol and clozapine; mood stabilizers: lithium and carbamazepine; and benzodiazepines. The research literature consists mainly of single case reports and there have been very few attempts at controlled, longitudinal investigations. Findings are often difficult to compare because of differences in methods or because of lack of key information. Most data are available about the tricyclic antidepressants but even here we have found that the reports cover only a grand total of 66 mother-infant pairs. Dilemmas about whether or not to contraindicate breast-feeding arise most commonly in relation to postnatal depression. The findings to date suggest that provided that infants are healthy at the outset it is likely that the benefits of breast-feeding will outweigh potential hazards if their mothers are taking established tricyclic drugs at recommended dose levels. Much less is known about risks associated with SSRI antidepressants or about antipsychotic drugs such as phenothiazines and butyrophenones or mood stabilizers such as carbamazepine, all of which enter breast-milk. Safeguards are suggested for future single case studies, which, as they accumulate, will provide a platform for mounting controlled prospective studies properly to test for any acute toxic effects and for possible long-term adverse effects of such drugs on infants' development. Appendix 1 is a review of assay methods. Appendix 2 examines pharmacokinetic factors in newborn preterm and sick infants with special reference to contraindications to breast-feeding. Appendix 3 is a review of methods for assessing infant health and development.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Infant behavior and development in relation to fetal movement and habituation.

Fetal movement and habituation were examined in relation to behavior and development in early infancy. 39 fetuses were evaluated between 28 and 37 weeks gestation. A vibrating stimulus was repeatedly applied to the maternal abdomen until the fetus habituated (i.e., ceased moving in response). Fetal movements were observed on an ultrasound monitor by 2 observers who recorded their observations onto a strip chart. Using a median split, fetuses were placed into high- or low-movement groups and fast- or slow-habituating groups. The groups were compared after birth on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Preliminary evidence is presented that fetal rate of habituation predicts some aspects of infant behavior and development.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Cognitive functioning in 8- to 18-month-old drug-exposed infants.

This study examined the cognitive functioning in 236 infants at 8 and 18 months of age. Thirty-seven infants were heavily exposed to cocaine in-utero, 30 were lightly exposed, and 169 were not exposed to cocaine. Cognitive functioning was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd ed.; N. Bayley, 1993) at both ages. Infant information processing was also assessed with an infant-controlled habituation procedure. Results indicated that (a) infants of cocaine-abusing women had higher neonatal medical and environmental risk scores; (b) at 8 months, exposure groups did not differ in Psychomotor Development Index, Mental Development Index (MDI) scores, or recovery to a novel stimulus; and (c) infants heavily exposed to cocaine or high environmental risk had a decrease in MDI scores from 8 to 18 months. These results were obtained when neonatal medical and environmental risk, as well as polydrug exposure, were controlled.

Child Development↗

PubMed1990

Effects of birth weight and sociodemographic variables on mental development of neonatal intensive care unit survivors.

Neonatal intensive care unit survivors (N = 494) from 10 tertiary care centers were evaluated over the first 4 to 5 years of life to determine the relative contributions of birth weight and sociodemographic factors to mental development. Six sociodemographic factors were studied: sex, race, family income, and mother's marital status, age, and educational level; the last five factors also are known to be associated with premature birth. Mental development was measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (12 to 24 months) and the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test (4 to 5 years). Each factor's influence was assessed by multivariate analysis. Birth weight had limited long-term implications; at 4 to 5 years, only infants with birth weights less than 1000 gm had significantly lower scores than those in other birth weight categories. Sociodemographic variables had a greater impact on mental development, with age-dependent differences found between nonwhite and white children and between children with mothers of low, medium, and high educational levels.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Cerebral glucose metabolism measured by positron emission tomography in term newborn infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Total and regional cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRgl) was measured by positron emission tomography with 2-((18)F) fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)FDG) in 20 term infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) after perinatal asphyxia. All infants had signs of perinatal distress, and 15 were severely acidotic at birth. Six infants developed mild HIE, twelve moderate HIE, and two severe HIE during their first days of life. The positron emission tomographic scans were performed at 4-24 d of age (median, 11 d). One hour before scanning, 2-3.7 MBq/kg (54-100 microCi/kg) (18)FDG was injected i.v. No sedation was used. Quantification of CMRgl was based on a new method employing the glucose metabolism of the erythrocytes, requiring only one blood sample. In all infants, the most metabolically active brain areas were the deep subcortical parts, thalamus, basal ganglia, and sensorimotor cortex. Frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex were less metabolically active in all infants. Total CMRgl was inversely correlated with the severity of HIE (p < 0.01). Six infants with mild HIE had a mean (range) CMRgl of 55.5 (37.7-100.8) micromol.min(-1).100 g(-1), 11 with moderate HIE had 26.6 (13.0-65.1) micromol.min(-1).100 g(-1), and two with severe HIE had 10.4 and 15.0 micromol.min(-1).100 g(-1), respectively. Five of six infants who developed cerebral palsy had a mean (range) CMRgl of 18.1 (10.2-31.4) micromol.min(-1).100 g(-1) compared with 41.5 (13.0-100.8) micromol.min(-1).100 g(-1) in the infants with no neurologic sequela at 2 y. We conclude that CMRgl measured during the subacute period after perinatal asphyxia in term infants is highly correlated with the severity of HIE and short-term outcome.

Brain↗

PubMed2005

Prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B to babies at high risk: an evaluation.

We aimed to determine factors associated with successful vaccination coverage and development of infection in high-risk infants born to hepatitis B infected women. Immunisation of 860/932 (92%) of babies was started within 48 h of birth and three doses of vaccination completed for 794/921 (86%). Only 543 (58%) infants were tested and 26 (4.9%) were found to have evidence of current infection. Delayed start of immunisation was significantly associated with unbooked pregnancy, maternal hepatitis B e-markers and year. Current infection in the baby was strongly associated with maternal hepatitis B e-status, ethnicity and year of vaccination. The proportion of infants developing infection declined after 1998, coinciding with the publication of national recommendations and the wider use of the accelerated schedule.

Disease Transmission, Infectious↗

PubMed1978

Longitudinal studies of infants with the Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Clinical, radiological and mechanical correlations.

Simple clinical measurements were performed on a group of 23 very low birth weight babies (less than 1500 g and less than 32 weeks gestation), and combined with pulmonary function studies in 13 cases. The studied included a special single-breath analysis, or Tidal Resistance Profile, which enabled us to detect air trapping. 2 infants developed classical Wilson-Mikity syndrome and 2 further infants exhibited a milder, shorter form of the same disorder. All 4 survived. Results suggest that all infants in this maturity group are at risk of developing Wilson-Mikity syndrome, and that it comprises a wide spectrum of respiratory dysfunction.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in twins.

We report the successful treatment of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia with repeated infusions of high-dose immunoglobulin G (400 mg/kg/d for 5 days) in twins. Platelet counts increased within 3 days from less than 20 x 10(9)/l to more than 70 x 10(9)/l. The first twin survived without neurological or other sequelae. The second twin had probably developed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in utero. This infant developed long-term neurological sequelae with blindness, cerebral palsy and infantile spasms. Implications of the therapeutic approach and prevention of severe complications in pregnancies with known risk for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia are discussed.

Autoimmune Diseases↗

PubMed2006

Lower oxygen saturation alarm limits decrease the severity of retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE: To determine whether lowering oxygen saturation alarm limits for infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) reduces its incidence and/or severity. METHODS: Oximetry alarm limits were lowered to 85% and 93% for all infants with a birth weight 1250 g or less and/or gestational age 28 weeks or less, and maintained until 32 weeks' postmenstrual age or until oxygen saturations were consistently greater than 93% in room air. The new policy was effective for infants born on or after June 1, 2003. ROP data were prospectively collected, and we compared the rate and severity of ROP in the year after the oximeter alarm policy change to the rates in the immediately preceding 3 years. RESULTS: In the year after the oximeter alarm limit policy change, 4 of 72 infants developed prethreshold ROP compared with 44 of 251 infants in the previous 3-year epoch (17.5% vs 5.6%, p=0.01). Similarly, only 6 of 144 eyes developed prethreshold ROP in the year after the policy change, compared with 84 of 502 in the previous 3 years (16.7% vs 4.2%, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A simple change in oximeter alarm parameters in the first weeks of life for infants with a birth weight 1250 g or less may decrease the incidence of prethreshold ROP.

Disease Progression↗

PubMed1983

Motor assessment tools: their concurrent validity in evaluating children with multiple handicaps.

Three developmental motor assessment tools were administered concurrently to 17 children with severe multiple handicaps in an effort to examine the relationship of developmental age equivalent scores among the 3 tools. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development, a standardized and norm-referenced infant assessment tool, was used as criterion for concurrent validity in evaluating the other 2 tools, the Callier-Azusa Scale and the Fircrest Deaf-Blind Motor Assessment Tool. In spite of variations in quantity and type of behaviors assessed on each of these 3 instruments, highly significant positive correlations were shown between age equivalent scores on the Bayley and those on each of the other 2 tests. These findings support the application of objective, quantifiable measurement tools for determining developmental motor age levels of severely disabled children with multiple handicaps.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Standardized test performance of children with a history of prenatal exposure to multiple drugs/cocaine.

Twenty-four children, age 14 to 50 months, with a history of prenatal exposure to multiple drugs including cocaine, were matched by adjusted birth age and sex to 24 children with no history of drug exposure. All children had been living in stable, drug-free environments from at least the age of 11 months. Tests administered included the Sequenced Inventory of Communicative Development-Revised (SICD), the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R). Results indicated significant differences between groups and genders on the SICD when age was covaried and between groups on the Bayley. No groups or genders differed on the PPVT-R. Many (45.8%) of the children in the drug-exposed group qualified for intervention services according to Washington state criteria. Subject characteristics, other than age, did not play a significant role in the findings of group differences. It is concluded that, due to the cumulative effects of prenatal history, these children should be considered at risk for language delay.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2006

Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Lung disease in preterm infants is often complicated with lung edema. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to assess the risks and benefits of aerosolized diuretic administration in preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease (CLD). Primary objectives are to assess effects on short term outcome (changes in need for oxygen or ventilatory support) and effects on long-term outcome. Secondary objectives are to assess changes in pulmonary mechanics and potential complications of therapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We used the standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We used the following keywords: { or } and , limited to and limited to or . We searched MEDLINE (1966 - 1998), EMBASE (1974 - 1998) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006). In addition, we hand searched several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies. The search of MEDLINE and of CENTRAL was last updated in March 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: For the purpose of this analysis, we included trials in which preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease and at least five days of age were all randomly allocated to receive an aerosolized loop diuretic. Eligible studies needed to assess at least one of the outcome variables defined a priori for this systematic review. Primary outcome variables included need for ventilator support, chronic lung disease, mortality and other important clinical outcomes. Secondary outcome variables included pulmonary mechanics and potential complications of therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used the standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration which is described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study, using a form that was designed specifically for this review. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion. We combined parallel and cross-over trials and, whenever possible, transformed baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale into change scores using Follmann's formula. MAIN RESULTS: We identified eight studies that met selection criteria. Most studies focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review or the potential complications of diuretic therapy. No study assessed the amount of diuretic effectively delivered to the patient. Furosemide was the only diuretic used in the eight studies included in this review. Among preterm infants < 3 weeks of age developing CLD, not enough information is available to assess the effect of aerosolized furosemide on outcome or lung function. Among infants > 3 weeks with CLD, a single aerosolized dose of 1 mg/kg of furosemide may transiently improve pulmonary mechanics. Not enough information is available to assess the effect of chronic administration of aerosolized furosemide on oxygenation and pulmonary mechanics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In preterm infants > 3 weeks with CLD administration of a single dose of aerosolized furosemide improves pulmonary mechanics. In view of the lack of data from randomized trials concerning effects on important clinical outcomes, routine or sustained use of aerosolized loop diuretics in infants with (or developing) CLD cannot be recommended based on current evidence.More double-blinded randomized trials are needed (1) to analyze factors likely to affect the response to aerosolized furosemide, e.g., washout period and delivery of furosemide to distal airways, and (2) to assess the effects of chronic administration of aerosolized furosemide on mortality, O2 dependency, ventilator dependency, length of hospital stay and long-term outcome.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1994

Effects of pediatric HIV infection and prenatal drug exposure on mental and psychomotor development.

Examined the effects of HIV infection and prenatal drug exposure on infant neurodevelopmental functioning. Three groups of infants were compared: HIV-infected infants, seroreverters, and a comparison group who were prenatally exposed to drugs, but not HIV. Two thirds of the HIV-infected and seroreverter infants were prenatally drug-exposed. Infants (ages 4-30 months) were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Children who were both HIV-infected and prenatally drug exposed performed significantly lower on both the mental and psychomotor scales of the Bayley. Drug exposure and neurological dysfunction were associated with mental development, whereas neurological dysfunction, drug exposure, and HIV status were associated with psychomotor development.

Child Development↗

PubMed1975

Nosocomial and maternally acquired herpesvirus hominis infections. A report of four fatal cases in neonates.

Four fatal cases of neonatal herpes simplex infection occurred during a two-month period in the perinatal intensive care unit of a hospital. Virus isolation or serologic studies, or both, implicated herpesvirus hominis type 2 in all four cases. Three of the infants developed symptoms in the first week of life and were probably infected in utero or at delivery. The fourth infant did not develop signs of illness until age 6 weeks, an interval much longer than that expected with disease acquired at birth. An epidemiologic investigation indicated that the most likely source of this fourth infant's herpes infection was by indirect contact with one of the other three infected neonates. Nosocomial spread of herpes simplex virus within a hospital nursery, although uncommon, may pose an added risk to the newborn infant if nursery techniques among infants are compromised.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Response of premature infants with severe respiratory failure to inhaled nitric oxide. Preemie NO Collaborative Group.

Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance is seen in premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and to improve oxygenation in some patients with respiratory failure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether premature infants with severe RDS would respond to inhaled NO with an improvement in oxygenation. Eleven premature infants (mean gestational age 29.8 weeks) with severe respiratory failure caused by RDS were treated with NO in four concentrations [1, 5, 10, 20 parts per million (ppm) NO] and with placebo (0 ppm NO). Arterial blood gas measurements were drawn immediately before and at the end of each of the 15-minute treatments and were used to determine the arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio (PaO2/PAO2). Ten of the 11 infants had a greater than 25% increase in PaO2/PAO2. Five of the 11 had a greater than 50% increase in PaO2/PAO2. Despite normal cranial ultrasound imaging prior to NO, 3 infants had intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) noted on their first ultrasound scan after this brief period of NO treatment, and 4 additional infants developed ICH later during their hospitalization. No infant had significant elevations of methemoglobin concentrations after the total 60-minute exposure to NO. NO may be an effective method of improving oxygenation in infants with severe RDS. The disturbing incidence of ICH in this small group of infants needs to be carefully evaluated before considering routine use or NO for preterm infants.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1989

Persistence of rat parvovirus in athymic rats.

Euthymic (SD or outbred rnu/+) and athymic (rnu/rnu) rats were inoculated oronasally or intraperitoneally with the RV-Y strain of rat virus when they were 2 days or 4 weeks old. Clinical signs of infection in athymic infants were similar to those in euthymic infants, but significantly more athymic infants died. Some infants developed anemia and thrombocytopenia. After inoculation of infants. RV-Y was detected in surviving euthymic rats for 7 weeks and in surviving athymic rats for at least 10 weeks. After oronasal inoculation of 4 week-old rats no clinical illness was observed. RV-Y persisted less than 6 weeks in juvenile euthymic rats but at least 12 weeks in athymic juvenile rats. Intraperitoneal inoculation of juveniles resulted in infection for at least 6 weeks. The antibody response of athymic rats to RV-Y was significantly reduced compared to that of euthymic rats. These studies indicate that T cell deficiency increases the severity and duration of RV infection and imply that T cells are required for the full expression of resistance to RV infection. They also suggest that RV-Y induced anemia could serve as a model for human parvovirus-induced anemia.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Adrenocortical function and chronic lung disease of pre-maturity: an unresolved problem?

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between adrenocortical function and chronic lung disease (CLD) of pre-term infants. Plasma F and ACTH were measured at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of life in 25 pre-term infants with gestational age < or = 32 weeks and birth weight < or = 1,250 g. Fourteen infants developed CLD (CLD group) and 11 recovered without CLD (NOCLD group). Response to ACTH stimulation was tested on days 7 and 28. The results show that at the 7th day of life plasma F and ACTH levels were similar in the NOCLD and CLD group. CLD group had significantly higher plasma F and ACTH concentrations at the 14th (p=0.006 for F and p=0.020 for ACTH) and at the 21st (p=0.008 for F and p=0.024 for ACTH) day of life, while no significant differences were detected at the 28th day of life. The response to ACTH stimulation test was similar between the NOCLD and CLD group. These data demonstrate the lack of any significant association between adrenal insufficiency and CLD and discourage the use of baseline or stimulated plasma F levels to predict the development of CLD in pre-term infants.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1997

Vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus, most probably by breast milk, to an infant with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with fatal outcome.

UNLABELLED: A 4-month-old boy with prenatally diagnosed Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome became ill with a severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, the outcome of which was fatal. The parents had isolated the infant from other children and adhered to standards of hygiene in order to avoid CMV infection because their first child had died of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and CMV infection. The mother breast-fed her child although she was CMV IgG positive. The source of infection was most probably breast milk, which contained CMV at the time the infant developed the generalized CMV infection. CONCLUSION: In infants with immunodeficiency syndromes, CMV infection may have a fatal outcome. Since the virus can be transmitted by breast milk, the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding should, therefore, be weighed in newborn infants with an immunodeficiency syndrome whose mother is a CMV carrier.

Breast Feeding↗