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Computer Graphics↗
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Results for “Programming Languages”
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Internet↗
Computer programs for calculation of median effective dose (LD50 or ED50) using the method of moving average interpolation.
Over the past 40 years, toxicologists and pharmacologists have used tables published by Weil for the determination of LD50 (or ED50) values and their associated 95% confidence intervals. With the advances in computer technology, it is now common for investigators to have personal computers in their laboratories. Therefore, two identical programs were developed for determination of the LD50 (or ED50) which may be run on a personal computer. One of these programs was written in BASIC, and the other in FORTRAN. The programs are easy and rapid to use, requiring minimum computer hardware and little, if any, knowledge of programming. They also offer more user flexibility than the previously published tables of Weil, in that there are fewer restrictions on the number of animals and number of dosage levels used in an experiment. The output of the programs may be typed on the screen of a computer monitor, and may be sent to a printer. The two programs calculate the LD50 and 95% confidence intervals for the LD50. These programs should be valuable for many investigators.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
The thought translation device: a neurophysiological approach to communication in total motor paralysis.
A thought translation device (TTD) for brain-computer communication is described. Three patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with total motor paralysis, were trained for several months. In order to enable such patients to communicate without any motor activity, a technique was developed where subjects learn to control their slow cortical potentials (SCP) in a 2-s rhythm, producing either cortical negativity or positivity according to the task requirement. SCP differences between a baseline interval and an active control interval are transformed into vertical or horizontal cursor movements on a computer screen. Learning SCP self regulation followed an operant-conditioning paradigm with individualized shaping procedures. After prolonged training over more than 100 sessions, all patients achieved self-control, leading to a 70-80% accuracy for two patients. The learned cortical skill enabled the patients to select letters or words in a language-supporting program (LSP) developed for inter-personal communication. The results demonstrate that the fast and stable SCP self-control can be achieved with operant training and without mediation of any muscle activity. The acquired skill allows communication even in total locked-in states.
Adult↗
PROFILE: Using GIS to Identify Functionally Significant Wetlands in the Northeastern United States.
/ Of the several automated wetland assessment methods currently available, none are comprehensive in considering all of the primary functions a wetland can perform. We developed a methodology particularly suited to the Northeastern United States that enumerates spatial predictors of wetland function for three primary wetland functions: flood flow alteration, surface water quality improvement, andwildlife habitat. Predictors were derived from several wetland assessment techniques and directly from the literature on wetland structure and function. The methodology was then automated using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The resulting Automated Assessment Method for Northeastern Wetlands (AMNEW) consists of a suite of eight Arc Macro Language (AML) programs that run in the ARC/INFO GRID module. Using remotely sensed land use information and digital elevation models (DEMs), AMNEW produces three separate grids of wetlands that perform each function. The method was tested on four watersheds in Vermont's Lake Champlain Basin. Results and preliminary verification indicate that the method can successfully identify those wetlands in the Northeastern region that have the potential to be functionally important.
Journal Article↗
SOMMER: self-organising maps for education and research.
SOMMER is a publicly available, Java-based toolbox for training and visualizing two- and three-dimensional unsupervised self-organizing maps (SOMs). Various map topologies are implemented for planar rectangular, toroidal, cubic-surface and spherical projections. The software allows for visualization of the training process, which has been shown to be particularly valuable for teaching purposes.
Algorithms↗
Integrating multiple clinical information systems using the Java message service framework to enable the delivery of urgent exam results at the point of care.
The aim of this study is to determine if network-enabled personal digital assistants (PDAs) can be used to facilitate the timely delivery of urgent radiological exam results by reducing the interval from when the radiologist's initial interpretation is available to when it is first viewed by an emergency department (ED) physician. A web- and Java message service (JMS)-based application was built to replace the original fax-based wet-read procedure. The new system allows radiologists to enter wet-reads from the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) display station and to track discrepancies between the wet-read and final report. It also notifies the ED physicians when exam results are available via the PDAs and permits them to view the full text of the wet-read and final reports from the devices. The new system is compared to the original procedure with the results showing improvements with the wireless method. Furthermore, feedback from a qualitative survey of PDA users was positive, suggesting that PDAs may provide one means for accessing urgent clinical data at the point of care.
Computer Communication Networks↗
Developing a medical image content repository for e-learning.
The integration of medical informatics and e-learning systems could provide many advanced applications including training, knowledge management, telemedicine, etc. Currently, both the domains of e-learning and medical image have sophisticated specifications and standards. It is a great challenge to bring about integration. In this paper, we describe the development of a Web interface for searching and viewing medical images that are stored in standard medical image servers. With the creation of a Web solution, we have reduced the overheads of integration. We have packaged Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) network services as a component that can be used via a Web server. The Web server constitutes a content repository for searching, editing, and storing Web-based medical image content. This is a simple method by which the use of Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) can be extended. We show that the content repository can easily interact and integrate with a learning system. With the integration, the user can easily generate and assign medical image content for e-learning. A Web solution might be the simplest way for system integration. The demonstration in this paper should be useful as a method of expanding the usage of medical information. The construction of a Web-based repository and integrated with a learning system may be also applicable to other domains.
Computer Security↗
A modular framework for development and interlaboratory sharing and validation of diffusion tensor tractography algorithms.
This Technical Note describes a novel modular framework for development and interlaboratory distribution and validation of 3D tractography algorithms based on in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements. The proposed framework allows individual MRI research centers to benefit from new tractography algorithms developed at other independent centers by "plugging" new tractography modules directly into their own custom DTI software tools, such as existing graphical user interfaces (GUI) for visualizing brain white matter pathways. The proposed framework is based on the Java 3D programming platform, which provides an object-oriented programming (OOP) model and independence of computer hardware configuration and operating system. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach, a complete GUI for interactive DTI tractography was developed, along with two separate and interchangeable modules that implement two different tractography algorithms. Although the application discussed here relates to DTI tractography, the programming concepts presented here should be of interest to anyone who wishes to develop platform-independent GUI applications for interactive 3D visualization.
Algorithms↗
A powerful graphical pulse sequence programming tool for magnetic resonance imaging.
A powerful graphical pulse sequence programming tool has been designed for creating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. It allows rapid development of pulse sequences in graphical mode (allowing for the visualization of sequences), and consists of three modules which include a graphical sequence editor, a parameter management module and a sequence compiler. Its key features are ease to use, flexibility and hardware independence. When graphic elements are combined with a certain text expressions, the graphical pulse sequence programming is as flexible as text-based programming tool. In addition, a hardware-independent design is implemented by using the strategy of two step compilations. To demonstrate the flexibility and the capability of this graphical sequence programming tool, a multi-slice fast spin echo experiment is performed on our home-made 0.3 T permanent magnet MRI system.
Animals↗
Interactive cell modeling web-resource, iCell, as a simulation-based teaching and learning tool to supplement electrophysiology education.
An interactive cell modeling web site, iCell (http://ssd1.bme.memphis.edu/icell/), that integrates research and education, was developed to present and to disseminate JAVA-coded models of cellular activities, and to supplement physiology education. iCell can be used to supplement the text-book material as a simulation-based teaching and learning tool. Specifically, iCell allows the students to supplement their learning experiences of the text-book cellular physiology material by running simulations in an interactive environment. The site consists of JAVA-coded models of various cardiac cells and neurons, and provides simulation data of their bioelectric transport activities at cellular level. Each JAVA-coded model allows the user to go through menu options to change model parameters, run and view simulation results. The site also has a glossary section for the scientific terms. iCell has been used as a teaching and learning tool for seven graduate courses at the Joint Biomedical Engineering Program of University of Memphis and University of Tennessee. This modeling tool was also used as a collaboration site among our physiology colleagues interested in simulations of cell membrane activities. Scientists from the fields of biosciences, engineering, life sciences and medical sciences in 17 countries have tested and utilized iCell as a simulation-based teaching, learning and collaboration environment. iCell provides us with an interactive, platform-independent, and user-friendly teaching and learning resource, and also a collaboration environment for electrophysiology to be shared over the Internet. The usage of simulations for teaching and learning will continue advancing simulation-based engineering and sciences for research and development.
Animals↗
Incorporating an EPR system with a universal patient record.
Electronic Patient Record (EPR) systems could be built or changed to share a distributed universal patient medical record that would benefit health care in many ways.
Internet↗
Design and implementation of a clinical data management system.
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Computers↗
Using SEEK for multichannel pattern recognition.
The author's work on computerized analysis of the 2-channel, 24-hr electrocardiogram has previously resulted in the development of multichannel signal processing systems that learn by observation. A new tool for implementing such algorithms is described: the pattern recognition language SEEK. Programs written in SEEK build a knowledge base containing treelike data structures, each of which stores acquired information about a particular multichannel waveform. Input data are interpreted by performing an efficient parallel evaluation of the structures in the knowledge base. The work is applicable to a wide variety of pattern recognition problems that arise in medical signal processing. The approach is illustrated with examples drawn from ECG analysis.
Computers↗
BREASTCAN: an expert system for postoperative breast cancer therapy.
An expert system, named BREASTCAN and designed to assist physicians giving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, is described. The system is based on frames, each corresponding to one stage of treatment--either a decision-making stage or a therapeutic stage. The system has been designed to allow fast and easy consultation by general practitioners lacking computer knowledge.
Breast Neoplasms↗
PITMAN: a FORTRAN program for exact randomization tests.
PITMAN performs exact randomization tests. It also performs Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U tests in the presence of an arbitrary number of ties in the data. PITMAN requires an IBM PC with 256K of memory. The source code is available for those who wish to compile smaller or larger versions or wish to move PITMAN to another computer.
Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
Prolog-based system for nursing staff scheduling implemented on a personal computer.
An approach to the problem of nursing staff scheduling in a hospital is presented. For scheduling nurses, a variety of requirements with varied levels of significance has to be taken into account simultaneously. Because of the nature of the problem, where it is difficult to define what is the optimal solution in a strict sense, we aimed at automating scheduling by following the manual method in a faithful manner. A system for nurse scheduling has been implemented on a personal computer using Prolog. It determines favorable shift assignments on a day-to-day basis, referring to the information accumulated in the data base. In Prolog, various requirements can be expressed with relative ease, and the process of the manual method can be incorporated into the system in a natural way. The computer simulation has been conducted to test the system performance, and the obtained results demonstrated the validity of the approach.
Management Information Systems↗
Calculation of survival curves and statistical comparison of two censored populations: a computer program in BASIC.
In experimental aging research the handling of censored data imposes a serious problem in the calculation of survival curves of partly censored populations and the statistical comparison of such populations. The presented computer program combines a method to calculate a corrected survival curve and a test to compare two censored populations. In both methods, the proportion of the animals that survive or die during an interval and the number at risk at the start of that interval is used in the calculation of relative survival or death during that interval. The program is written in an elementary BASIC and will run on practically every computer programmable in BASIC. The presented method can be used for testing the difference between survival characteristics of two animal populations but might also be employed in evaluating the effect of a medical treatment.
Aging↗