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PubMed1992

Policy arguments in a public church: Catholic social ethics and bioethics.

This paper is an analysis of the relationship of social ethics and bioethics in Roman Catholic theology. The argument of the paper is that the character of both Catholic moral theology and ecclesiology shape the broadly defined interest of the church in bioethics. The paper examines the common elements of social ethics and bioethics in Catholic teaching, describes how ecclesiology shapes Catholic public policy and uses the examples of abortion and health care to illustrate the relationship of Catholic social thought and bioethics. In developing the relationship of these two dimensions of Catholic moral argument the article highlights how the appeal to natural law categories differs in social ethics and bioethics and how the two topics are received differently in the theological community. It also seeks to illustrate how the premises of Catholic social ethics remain central to public positions taken on bioethics.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Talking ethics with strangers: a view from Jewish tradition.

The work of H. Tristram Engelhardt provides an important set of reflections for bioethics in a secular context. Taking Engelhardt's work as its point of departure this article explores the challenges that Jewish ethicists face in contributing to bioethics in a secular context. The article explores how the Jewish tradition can address issues in bioethics in ways that are true to its tradition and at the same time accessible and relevant to "moral strangers" in a secular society.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1993

The common good in a secular society: the relevance of a Roman Catholic notion to the healthcare allocation debate.

This essay analyzes Roman Catholic social teaching on the right to health care and the legitimacy of healthcare rationing. It considers that discussion at two levels: (1) the specific warrants that undergrid key terms; and (2) the accessibility and applicability of those warrants to policy choices in a secular society. The essay concludes with a number of broader reflections meant to reserve an appropriate place for religious voices in the process of policy-making, as distinguished from its justification.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1994

Health care reform and abortion: a Catholic moral perspective.

The Catholic Church in the United States provides extensive health care service through its more than 600 health facilities. The Church, on the basis of its moral teaching, sees health care as a basic human right and supports universal coverage. At the same time, the Church considers abortion morally wrong and opposes coverage of abortion as a health service in a national health plan. Mandated coverage of abortion would violate the moral commitments of Catholic hospitals and the consciences of Catholics who would be required to financially support provision of abortion services.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1995

Back to the basics: reflections on moral discourse in a contemporary Hindu community.

Instead of searching through Hindu sources for appropriate insights into the questions related to "playing God" in biomedicine, the author seeks rather to understand why some Hindus at least are not inclined to ask such questions. Using examples from the Srĩvaisnava sect of south India, the author shows how Srĩvaisnava Hindus focus primarily on character formation and the practice of the virtues encoded in the classical texts, thereafter leaving it to the individual to "act as he or she will" in the world outside the community-a world which is neutral vis à vis religious values, neither governed by such values nor able to instigate the adjustment of religious values to fit changing times. The question then becomes, "What do modern ethicists have to learn from the moral discourse of the Srĩvaisnava community."

Ethical Analysis↗
PubMed1996

Medical ethics in the developing world: a liberation theology perspective.

Standard medical ethical analyses typically focus on the physician/patient relationship, patient autonomy, and the clinical encounter. For Liberation Theology this amounts to neglecting the larger context of social injustice. Medicine is a social institution. Any medical ethics which purports to provide an ethics of medicine and medical practice must necessarily address the larger social issues of class structure, poverty and access to adequate health care. Liberation Theology provides a very specific perspective that draws on the needs of the poverty stricken, assesses the relationship among social classes, and focuses on societal conditions. Given such an analysis, medical ethics is reconfigured as concerned not only with clinical encounters but also with background cultural conditions and social justice.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1996

The Catholic physician and the teachings of Roman Catholicism.

The relationship between Catholic physicians and the teaching authority of the Church is inquired into through an exploration of the special relationship which exists between medicine and religion. Evolution of the relationship between Church subject and Church authority, with a view to a correct interpretation of the relationship between the Catholic physician and the Church, is characterized by the healthy, moderate autonomy recognized by the Second Vatican Council.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1997

Persons, practices, and the conception argument.

The argument that human life should be fully protected once conception is complete has been challenged by the claim that at that time such life is not genuinely individuated in the morally required sense. This essay analyzes the "conception versus individuation" exchange and directs attention to the communal contexts within which the relevant arguments and counter-arguments arise.

Beginning of Human Life↗
PubMed1983

Some letters on Jewish Medical Ethics.

Specializing in Jewish Medical Ethics--a term, I believe, first used as the title of my doctor's thesis (1955) subsequently condensed and revised in book form (1959)--I frequently receive inquiries from individuals and organizations seeking guidance on the Jewish attitude to moral issues in medicine. After a review of my voluminous correspondence on many phases of this subject, I have made a small selection on a variety of topics. The correspondence on the last of the four topics, 'Medical Experimentation on Animals', is the longest, because it contains an element of polemics. Since this might make it of special interest to the Journal's readers, and since this subject is infrequently discussed in the literature of Medical Ethics, I decided to include it in this brief selection.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1983

The traditionalist Jewish physician and modern biomedical ethical problems.

Recent advances in biomedical technology and therapeutic procedures have generated a moral crisis in modern medicine. The vast strides made in medical science and technology have created options which only a few decades earlier would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction. Man, to a significant degree, now has the ability to exercise control not only over the ravages of disease but even over the very processes of life and death. With the unfolding of new discoveries and techniques, the scientific and intellectual communities have developed a keen awareness of the ethical issues which arise out of man's enhanced ability to control his destiny. In response to the concern for questions of this nature, there has emerged the rapidly developing field of bioethics. Jews, to whom all such questions are quests not only for applicable humanitarian principles but for Divine guidance, must, of necessity, seek answers in the teaching of the Torah. "The Torah of God is perfect" (Psalms 19: 8), and in its teachings the discerning student will find eternally-valid answers to even newly-formulated queries. As physicians and patients turn to Rabbinic authorities for answers, Jewish scholars seek to elucidate and expound the teachings of the Torah in these vital areas of concern. The present essay highlights some of the ethical issues faced by the Jewish physician who faithfully observes his tradition in all matters including his daily practice of medicine. Although more questions are raised than answered, the aim of this essay will have been achieved if the reader is stimulated to pursue these issues in the extending writings on the subject now available in English.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1983

The doctor-patient relationship.

This essay focuses on the doctor-patient relationship as a measure of ethical behavior by the physician. The perspective is derived from commitment as a religious humanist to the Judaic heritage, and experience in hospitals. The ethical responsibility to be competent professionally is presupposed. Emphasis is placed on the need of the physician to respect the autonomy of the patient as person, thus to limit the paternalism inherent in the physician's position, and to re-enforce this with compassion. Judaic sources supporting such conduct are cited. Exception is taken to decisions by civil and rabbinic judges which disregard the intimacy of the doctor-patient relationship.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1983

Preventive vs. curative medicine: perspectives of the Jewish legal tradition.

From the perspectives of Jewish tradition, particularly that of the Halakhah (Jewish law), this paper considers the policy problem of the balance in health care allocations between preventive and curative or crisis medicine. Since the value of human lives has a high degree of supremacy, and the duties to rescue imperiled life and to treat the sick are recognized, it might be argued that a basically curative policy should be favored. On the other hand, the duty of personal health maintenance and safety would appear to argue in favor of a preventive policy. In balancing these considerations, it is suggested that the halakhic tradition can accommodate a preventive policy of health care because the duty to rescue is lessened or negatived by risk to the as-it-were rescuers. It is further suggested that Halakhah permits a non-divertable allocation of tax-generated funds to preventive health care.

Death↗
PubMed1983

The use of Halakhic material in discussions of medical ethics.

In this paper questions are raised about the use of Halakhic material in discussions of medical ethics. Three ways in which one might use Halakhic material in such discussions are distinguished: (a) as a source for ideas about medical ethics which can be defended independently of their origin; (b) as a basis for mandating certain forms of behavior for members of the Jewish faith; (c) as the basis for claims about the Jewish view on disputed topics in medical ethics. The first two raise no methodological problems. The third use raises a number of theoretical and practical issues, with which the paper is concerned. The problems stem from the fact that Halakhah distinguishes between obligations, the fulfillment of which is required of the Jewish people, and obligations, the fulfillment of which is required of all people. With rare exceptions, the obligations imposed upon the Jewish people are more stringent. The pitfall lurking in the third of the three uses is that authors using Halakhic material may incorrectly conclude that obligations that are supposed to fall only upon the Jewish people fall upon all people. An analysis of this problem follows, along with a plea for a responsible use of Halakhic material in the third way, so as to avoid certain real pitfalls.

Ethical Relativism↗