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Hyposensitization therapy with APP extracts was found to be effective in 80% of 185 patients allergic to animals (96 to cats, 84 to dogs and 5 to horses) with a minimum of reactions (2.5 local and 0.2% constitutional). Lower respiratory symptoms were the most common complaints, followed by nasal, ocular and respiratory, singly or in combination.
The contribution of allergenic components of dander and serum from individual dog breeds in human hypersensitivity and the different responses to the various breeds in vivo and in vitro were examined. Differences in IgE antibodies directed against 13 individual dog breed danders and five different breed-specific sera were measured in groups sensitive and nonsensitive to dogs by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Cross-reactivity between dander extracts and sera was examined by RAST inhibition. Mean RAST binding to dog danders and sera was 15.9% and 14%, respectively, for the dog-sensitive group versus 0.6% for both danders and sera in the nonsensitive group. The mean difference in binding between groups was statistically different for all dander extracts and sera. The variances in binding were statistically greater for danders than sera in six of eight dog-reactive subjects. RAST binding and intradermal skin tests at a 1:10,000 w/v dilution correlated well (p < 0.05) for seven of nine breed-specific extracts. RAST inhibition studies showed that dog serum proteins were relatively poor inhibitors of dander extracts, and vice versa. Variability of skin test and RAST responses to different dog breed dander extracts support the existence of breed-specific allergens.
This epidemiological study is based on all schoolchildren (n = 40,010) in a Swedish county (population: 270,000) and analyses by questionnaire, 1) the prevalence of regular direct contact with furred animals, 2) the prevalence of allergy to animal danders, 3) the prevalence among child asthmatics of regular direct contacts with furred animals correlated to the efforts made to impart information on allergy. 4) A comparison between levels of medical care/medicine-intake in dander-allergic and non-dander-allergic child asthmatics. This method gave the following results: 1) 52% of schoolchildren have furred pets in their homes (urban area: 39%, rural area: 77%), and 24% ride and/or have contact with animals in barns and stables. 2) The overall prevalence of dander allergy was 5.3%, in child asthmatics 57%; and in children with allergic rhinitis 30%. 3) Non-dander-allergic child asthmatics have more regular direct contact with furred animals than non-asthmatics. The incidence of domestic pet-keeping by dander-allergic child-asthmatics is less than half that of non-asthmatics. 4) Dander-allergic child-asthmatics have a higher level of medical care/medicine-intake, than the non-allergic. It is stressed that the family with an atopic child should be informed as soon as possible of the furred animal problem, i.e. before they have bought such a pet.
Freeze-dried extracts from cat dander and the corresponding rabbit antibodies were used for establishing the CIE reference pattern for cat dander extracts. Anti-Cat Ag 1 and anti-cat albumin were used for identification of the corresponding antigens. CRIE on sera from selected groups of American and Danish cat-allergic patients demonstrated antigen-specific IgE binding to 10 of 15 cat dander antigens (Cat Ag 1 being the major allergen). Only minor differences were found between the two groups. Four of these allergens were serum proteins. Variable amounts of many of the 10 allergens were measured by QIE in saliva, serum, urine and three cat pelt extracts. However, extremely wide ranges for content of the serum allergens and the non-serum allergens were found. This was exemplified by an albumin/cat Ag 1 ratio between 1 and 400, smallest in cat dander. Immunoabsorption using anti-cat dander, anti-cat albumin and anti-Cat Ag 1 indicated that the anti-cat dander, anti-cat albumin, and the anti-Cat Ag 1 absorbed approximately 90%, 25%, and 56%, respectively, of the dander RAST activity, and 87%, 11%, and 45%, respectively, of the saliva RAST activity, confirming the major importance of Ag 1. It is concluded that cat allergenic extracts should contain only modest amounts of serum albumin and other serum-derived antigens and that any relevant standardization must include quantification of at least Cat Ag 1 and cat albumin.
In 90 sera from patients with specific allergies (i. e. to guinea pig dander, cat dander, horse dander, dog dander, human dander or ipecac) and with positive skin tests to the allergenic preparations, the presence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies was determined by radioallergosorbent test (RAST). A correlation between IgE RAST scores and IgG4 RAST scores to the individual allergens was established. In patients allergic to guinea pig dander, a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores but positive IgG4 RAST scores was found. This was less often the case in the group with cat dander allergy. IgG RAST scores determined in 51 sera proved to have some predictive value with respect to IgG4 or other IgG subclasses involved in the allergic reactions. Because a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores was found, IgE RAST inhibition does not seem to be the method of choice for the standardization of allergenic preparations in general.
The antigenic and allergenic characteristics of three bovine epithelial extracts, dander, skin scrapings and whole skin, were compared using IgE-ELISA inhibition and SDS-PAGE with immunoblotting. Cow dander extract was shown to contain more allergenic activity than skin scrapings or whole skin extracts which were needed in about three times higher amounts than cow dander extract to induce the same degree of inhibition in ELISA. Skin scrapings and whole skin extracts contained more high-molecular weight components than dander extract. These components were at least partly serum-derived and reacted often with the IgG but not with the IgE of both the cow-asthmatics and their control subjects. The antigenic characteristics of the low-molecular weight components as well as the allergenic qualities of these three epithelial preparations were generally similar. Using the sera of 49 cow-asthmatic farmers, two major allergens were detected at 20 and 22 kD in all three extracts. Our results show that the highest amount of allergenic material and all the essential allergens are present in cow dander extract. In addition, the normally non-allergenic high molecular weight components are detected in low concentrations in dander extract. Therefore it is concluded that cow dander extract is the best alternative for allergen purification and allergen extract preparation.