[Cross section anatomy of mediastinal lymph nodes for CT evaluation--based on lymph nodes mapping of Japan Lung Cancer Society].
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Adenocarcinoma↗
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Metachronous seeding of lymph node metastases in rats bearing the MT-100-TC mammary carcinoma: the effect of elective lymph node dissection.
Following the introduction of cancer cells into the lymphatic system, metastases in 'down-stream' lymph nodes often appear in a sequential manner. This could be due to synchronous seeding of the in-line nodes with progressively diminishing numbers of tumorigenic cancer cells, or alternatively, by discrete, stepwise (metachronous) seeding of 'down-stream' nodes by 'up-stream' nodal metastases acting as 'generalizing' sites. Metachronous seeding to local lymph nodes is potentially curable by elective lymph node dissection; synchronous seeding is not. Synchronous versus metachronous seeding of lymph node metastases was investigated using the MT-100-TC mammary carcinoma injected into the hind foot-webs of rats. When the primary tumor was removed by amputation one week after injection, 1/15 animals survived; in contrast, removal of the draining popliteal lymph node in addition to the primary lesion, resulted in 8/19 long-term survivors. At this time, occult metastases detectable by bioassay but not by conventional histology, were present in all draining popliteal nodes and in 60 percent of lungs. The fact that some amputees were cured when the popliteal node was removed, indicated the metachronous nature of nodal metastases in this system. Further, recurrence of nodal and lung metastases in those amputees in which the popliteal node was left intact, identified the popliteal node as a 'generalizing' site. By the time popliteal node involvement was evident by conventional histology, micrometastases were present in 'down-stream' nodes, and accordingly, removal of the popliteal node and the primary lesion at this time was not curative.
Amputation, Surgical↗
[Antigen-specific lysis in vitro of lymph node cells of intact mice injected with RNA from viable lymph node cells of immunized animals].
Supernatant fluid obtained after centrifugation of the suspension of viable lymph node cells of immunized animals proved to induce in vivo in the lymph node cells of intact mice sensitivity to lysis with a specific antigen in vitro. This property was possessed after chromatography of the supernatant fluid on Sephadex G-200 by the 3rd fraction (MW about 30000 dalton). DNA-ase, trypsin or deproteinization failed to influence whereas RNA-ase inactivated this fraction in respect to the inducing properties.
Animals↗
[Lymph node staging in prostatic carcinoma Lymphography, pedal and intraprostatic lymphoscintigraphy, transcutaneous fine-needle lymph node biopsy and pelvic "guided" lymphadenectomy. Considerations on a series of 20 cases (1 September 1978-31 January 1980)].
Evaluation of lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the prostate is an essential step in staging when radical management is still possible. For this purpose, lymphography, lymphoscintigraphy, thin-needle transcutaneous lymph node biopsy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy have been variously combined since 1978 in 20 new cases (T1-T2-T3/Mo). Pedal lymphography displayed a good correlation with the histological data offered by adenectomy, and proved indispensable for the execution of transcutaneous biopsy under fluoroscopic control. Pedal lymphoscintigraphy is less invasive than lymphography. It provided suggestive morphological pictures of the lymph node chains, including those outside the pelvis; these, however, were difficult to interpret and must be regarded as of great, but complementary utility. Intraprostatic lymphoscintigraphy by injecting the radionuclide into the gland capsule permitted visualisation of the periprostatic nodes and confirmed previous experimental and clinical data. Lymph node metastases were seen in 50% of cases. Their frequency was inversely proportional to the degree of histological differentiation. In all cases, the external iliac and "obturator" (internal chain of external iliac group) notes were involved. Voluminous metastases were observed in two cases of "incidental" (To) carcinoma. The lymphography contrast medium was always found in the "obturators". It is suggested that these findings underscore the need for careful lymph node examination, even in the earliest stages of prostate cancer. They also raise further queries with regard to the treatment of incidental carcinoma.
Acid Phosphatase↗
[A clinical study of 76 cases in carcinoma of the colon and rectum with metastasis to the peri-aortic lymph nodes. With particular reference to the skip metastasis in carcinoma of the sigmoid colon to the peri-aortic lymph nodes].
The therapeutic result by tumorous site were evaluated in 76 cases of carcinoma of the colon and rectum with the confirmed presence of metastasis to the peri-aortic lymph nodes. The results revealed that significant good out-comes were noted in the relatively non-curative cases of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon, with particularly good prognosis being found in six cases with skip metastasis. There was a 26.1% (6/23) incidence of the skip metastasis in carcinoma of the sigmoid colon with the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis. We confirmed two lymphatic routes of the skip metastasis; one route was from the lymph nodes near the tumor to the para-aortic lymph nodes directly, and the other was from the lymph nodes near the tumor to the lymph nodes at the aortic diffract directly and finally to the para-aortic lymph nodes. In the all six cases, the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis occurred only in inferior site of the inferior mesenteric artery. The average number of the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis were as few as 1.7 in these cases. The prognosis was favorable with three of the six cases scoring a three-year survival and included a five-year survival case.
Adult↗
Lymphocyte recognition of lymph node high endothelium: adhesive interactions determining entry into lymph nodes.
Our interpretation of these results is that lymphocyte surface HEBF is composed of high endothelial adhesion molecules which mediate cell-cell interactions that result in lymphocyte entry from blood into lymph nodes. The evidence that anti-HEBF antibody does not interfere with lymphocyte entry into PP is intriguing, since migration into this tissue as well as LN, occurs via HEV. This suggests that high endothelial cells differ in LN and PP at least with respect to the specificity of surface molecules involved in lymphocyte adherence. It could be that separate lymphocyte subpopulations express receptors for these two types of high endothelium. If this explanation is correct, then cells negatively selected using this antibody should be capable of binding to HEV of PP but not HEV of LN. However, if receptors for both high endothelial types are present on the same lymphocyte, then it is unlikely that such selection would yield cells exhibiting tissue specificity. Our observations are consistent with previous findings which suggested that high endothelial cells of mouse LN and PP exhibit differences in lymphocyte binding properties. For example, it has been reported that certain murine lymphomas bind to HEV of either peripheral LN or PP and that, to a limited degree, this preference is a property of most B and T cells [Butcher et al, 1980; Stevens et al, 1982]. Thymus and bone marrow cells show only low levels of HEV binding and less than 10% of such cells react with anti-HEBF antibody. During differentiation lymphocytes appear to acquire surface components which mediate high endothelial adhesion and this event is associated with the appearance of surface molecules recognized by anti-HEBF antibody. This suggests that it is the expression of these surface molecules during differentiation which confers high endothelial recognition properties on lymphocytes and that this mechanism plays a role in adhesive interactions leading to entry of both T and B cells into LN.
Animals↗
Lymph node macrophage heterogeneity: the phenotypic and functional characterization of two distinct populations of macrophages from rat lymph node.
The isolation and characterization of lymph node macrophages (M phi) has shown a hitherto unknown heterogeneity. Two types of M phi were distinguished by morphology, monoclonal antibody staining and functional assays. The type I M phi failed to express surface Ia even when activated, a characteristic which has only previously been reported for splenic marginal zone M phi; despite studies suggesting an antigen presentation role for the M phi, the failure to express surface Ia would seem to eliminate an interaction with T helper cells for the type I M phi in the lymph node. In contrast, the type I M phi, other characteristics of clustering with activated B cells in vitro, the colocalization of the type I M phi and activated B cells in situ, the specific uptake of thymus-independent type 2 antigens and the failure to undergo respiratory burst activity all suggest a M phi-B cell interaction, possibly of a trophic nature. The defective microbicidal activity of the type I M phi may have been compensated for by the type II M phi, which expresses both strong respiratory burst activity and surface Ia expression when freshly isolated. However, unlike the inflammatory M phi the activated phenotype of the type II M phi did not appear to be interferon-gamma dependent because type II M phi could also be isolated from nude rat lymph nodes.
Animals↗
The migration of lymphocytes across specialized vascular endothelium. VI. The migratory behaviour of thoracic duct lymphocytes retransferred from the lymph nodes, spleen, blood, or lymph of a primary recipient.
Thoracic duct lymphocytes labelled with 51Cr were injected into a primary recipient and then were transferred for a second time from the lymph nodes (cervical and/or mesenteric), spleen, lymph, or blood into a series of final recipients. Measurement of the organ distribution of labelled lymphocytes in the final recipients enabled three main conclusions to be drawn. (1) Lymphocytes that had localized in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (LN), or cervical LN of the first recipient showed no tendency to return in increased numbers to the same organ in the final recipient. (2) Lymphocytes that had recently entered the spleen or LN were temporarily impaired in their ability to reenter LN. This capacity was recharged when the cells returned to the lymph and the blood. (3) Lymphocytes that had been passaged from blood to lymph and collected for up to 4 hr at room temperature entered the LN of a recipient much faster than did nonpassaged thoracic duct lymphocytes collected overnight at 0 degree C. Supplementary experiments indicated that the different migratory behavior of thoracic duct lymphocytes under these two circumstances was mainly a consequence of their handling in vitro during the collecting and the labelling procedures. This functional impairment was not associated with a diminished ability to enter the spleen and bone marrow or to survive in recipients for up to 24 hr.
Animals↗
The influence of lymph node metastasis and ulceration of primary melanoma on germinal centers within draining lymph nodes: a histomorphometric study.
Microscopic counts and histoelectronic measurement of germinal centers in regional lymph nodes of melanoma patients showed a significant progressive increase in average number, as well as area, of germinal centers with occurrence of (adjacent) metastasis and presence of primary-tumor ulceration. The findings confirm in a quantitative manner the stage-dependent effect of progressive liberation of tumor antigen [10] on lymph node centers of humoral immune response.
Adult↗
Iliac lymph nodes as a primary lymph center draining the testicles.
The visceral radioisotopic lymphography, as a new technic, reveals new possibilities to investigate the lymph system of the testicle. The testicular lymph center is regularly visualized at the level of the para-aortic lymph nodes. But in 16.9% of the patients, respectively in 10.8% of the examined testes, iliac lymph nodes are demonstrated as a primary lymph center, draining the testicle. A preoperative scintigraphic search can be made for every patient with testicular neoplasma in the intention to obtain a more correct determination of the stage, the prognosis and the proper treatment planning.
Humans↗
[Analysis of the process of developing sarcoid granulomas in lymph nodes--a comparison with tuberculous granulomas of the lymph node].
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Granuloma↗
[Lymph nodes in the zebu (Bos indicus). 1: Lymph nodes of the head, neck and chest area].
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Animals↗
[Natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes in patients with genitourinary malignant tumors. 2. NK activity and T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes].
We investigated natural killer (NK) activity and T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and regional lymph nodes in order to examine the host's defence mechanisms against cancer. The materials were obtained from 26 patients with genitourinary cancer and 9 patients with benign diseases, who were used as controls. NK activity was measured by ATP-chemiluminescence (ATP) assay, a new method which is well correlated to the 51Cr-release assay, and T-lymphocyte subsets were stained with anti-Leu-2, -3, -4, -7, and -11 monoclonal antibody. The NK activity of regional lymph nodes was lower than that of the peripheral blood in all 35 cases, and the percentage of Leu 7+ and Leu 11+ cells was in agreement with that of the NK activity detected by ATP assay. In the peripheral blood, the percentage of Leu 3+ cells was lower in high stage patients than it was in low stage patients and controls, but in the regional lymph nodes it was paradoxically higher. The NK activity of regional lymph nodes against autologous tumor cells was low in 8 patients with bladder cancer. It appears from this study that the regional lymph nodes have no function as immunological barriers for metastasis and we therefore conclude that they should be dissected during surgery.
Adult↗
[Attempt to determine the metastatic invasion of the jugulo-carotid, spinal and transverse cervical lymph nodes from the examination of an elective lymph node].
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Head and Neck Neoplasms↗
Studies on the effect of aspiration biopsy on aspirated cells. Determination of cell viability by dye permeability and trypsin digestion tests on aspirates from lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow and by lymph node cell cultures with phytohemagglutinin.
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Biopsy↗
Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. 3. Response of regional lymph node cells from breast and colon cancer patients to PHA stimulation.
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Adolescent↗
[Preoperative treatment of lymph node metastases of gastric cancer by local injection of 5-FU adsorbed on activated carbon--clinical study of 5-FU concentration in resected lymph nodes].
The concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in blood and lymph node of 55 patients with gastric cancer who were endoscopically injected 250 mg of 5-FU alone or adsorbed on activated carbon into the gastric wall or 300 mg of 5-FU dry syrup orally before operation, were measured chronologically. The concentration of 5-FU in blood were similar in all cases but higher in lymph node in the group given adsorbed preparation than other cases. In the cases given adsorbed preparation, the lymph node concentration was remained high 7 days after injection, and in 37% cases more than the minimum inhibitory concentration of 5-FU remained. Therefore, for the purpose to elicit anticancer effect on micrometastasis in lymph nodes in the patients with gastric cancer, endoscopically preoperative injection of 5-FU adsorbed on activated carbon seemed to be useful.
Adsorption↗
Role of the regional lymph node in neoplasia: cellular mediated reactivity in vitro by autologous regional or distant lymph nodes or peripheral blood lymphocytes of dogs with spontaneous neoplasms.
This report concerns the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes obtained from regional (draining) lymph nodes, distant nodes and peripheral blood against autochthonous spontaneous neoplasms. Tumors, blood and lymph nodes were collected aseptically prior to necropsy. Primary tumor cultures were established. Viable tumor cells were first incubated with media or autologous sera and then various numbers of lymphocytes were added. The mixtures were rotated for 60 minutes and then plated. Two and/or five days later cultures were terminated and viable target cells counted. The results of the tests were similar regardless of the lymphocyte source utilized. In vitro tumor cell cytotoxicity by high numbers (1000:1 lymphocytes to tumor cells) of any autologous lymphocytes and interference of such reactivity by autologous sera were demonstrated. Low numbers (100:1) of any lymphocyte source lead to tumor growth stimulation. Animals with spontaneous neoplasms are probably the best model for the study of human clinical oncology. Our data demonstrate that in these animals lymphocytes obtained from regional nodes were not unique in their reactivity to tumors. It is possible that early in the disease the draining node may play a vital role in initiation of host response; however, later its importance probably diminishes.
Adenocarcinoma↗