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At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Design of a diagnostic encyclopaedia using AIDA.

Diagnostic Encyclopaedia Workstation (DEW) is the name of a digital encyclopaedia constructed to contain reference knowledge with respect to the pathology of the ovary. Comparing DEW with the common sources of reference knowledge (i.e. books) leads to the following advantages of DEW: it contains more verbal knowledge, pictures and case histories, and it offers information adjusted to the needs of the user. Based on an analysis of the structure of this reference knowledge we have chosen AIDA to develop a relational database and we use a video-disc player to contain the pictorial part of the database. The system consists of a database input version and a read-only run version. The design of the database input version is discussed. Reference knowledge for ovary pathology requires 1-3 Mbytes of memory. At present 15% of this amount is available. The design of the run version is based on an analysis of which information must necessarily be specified to the system by the user to access a desired item of information. Finally, the use of AIDA in constructing DEW is evaluated.

Computer Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A FORTRAN program for multivariate survival analysis on the personal computer.

In this paper a FORTRAN program is presented for multivariate survival or life table regression analysis in a competing risks' situation. The relevant failure rate (for example, a particular disease or mortality rate) is modelled as a log-linear function of a vector of (possibly time-dependent) explanatory variables. The explanatory variables may also include the variable time itself, which is useful for parameterizing piecewise exponential time-to-failure distributions in a Gompertz-like or Weibull-like way as a more efficient alternative to Cox's proportional hazards model. Maximum likelihood estimates of the coefficients of the log-linear relationship are obtained from the iterative Newton-Raphson method. The program runs on a personal computer under DOS; running time is quite acceptable, even for large samples.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microcomputer BASIC program to calculate the probability of graft and patient survival in renal transplantation.

A BASIC program was written for the estimation of the probability of graft and patient survival in renal transplantation on a microcomputer. The program was developed for single-centre statistics in renal transplant units and uses the life table and logrank test method for calculation of survival rates. The program structure is described in detail to make rewriting easy. It is hoped that this report will help transplant centres without access to main-frame computers to develop user-friendly software running on their own computer.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BACTID: a microcomputer implementation of a PASCAL program for bacterial identification based on Bayesean probability.

A computer program (BACTID) is described which enables the identification of bacteria based on a priori data and Bayesean probability testing. The program is not limited to a specific format, has a short execution time, can be easily applied to a variety of situations, and can be run on almost any microcomputer system operating under either 8-bit CP/M or 16-bit MS-DOS or PC-DOS. Additionally, BACTID is not limited to one type of computer (hardware independent); is not limited by size of the computer's random access memory (RAM independent); can recognize various database matrices (format independent); is able to compensate for missing data; and allows for various methods of data entry. The efficacy of the program was checked against a commercially available test system and a 99.34% agreement was obtained. Also, the execution time for a 46 x 21 data matrix was as little as 3.5 seconds. These results show that microcomputer identification programs not only are viable alternatives to code-book registers, but also offer flexibility which is not found in commercial systems.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BASIC programs to analyse minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) antimicrobial susceptibility results.

BASIC programs have been written to analyse minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) antimicrobial susceptibility results for large numbers of organisms and a wide variety of antimicrobials. The output of the programs lists the numbers, percentages, cumulative numbers and cumulative percentages of organisms inhibited at different concentrations. The distribution of MICs are additionally printed as a histogram. The range, MIC for 50% and 90% of organisms (MIC50 and MIC90 respectively), and the geometric mean MIC of each drug are also calculated.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficient storage and analysis of immunogenetic phenotypes: the phenotype-element technique.

An efficient means of representing genetic phenotype data is presented. This method employs 'phenotype elements', which are trinary indicators of observed traits. Each phenotype element describes phenotypic information such as an individual's reaction to an antiserum, and assumes a value of positive, negative or unknown. A genotype-phenotype table allows calculation of possible genotypes which correspond to a given phenotype. Applications of the technique are discussed.

Genotype↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microcomputer-assisted univariate survival data analysis using Kaplan-Meier life table estimators.

We describe a microcomputer program (KMSURV) for exploratory univariate statistical analysis of survival data which is directly applicable to the evaluation of clinical trials and to retrospective epidemiological studies of hospital registry-based data. The program calculates life-table-like information based on Kaplan-Meier's product-limit estimators of the survivorship function S(t) and provides summary measures of average survival times. In addition, two non-parametric tests for the comparison of survival distributions are performed. A report-quality, high resolution plot of the S(t) estimates for all groups being compared complements each set of analyses. KMSURV is not a simple adaptation of a mainframe statistical analysis package and, thus, it utilizes efficiently the interactive environment which is inherent in microcomputing.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

QSH: a minimal but highly portable image display and handling toolkit.

We describe a software system developed to handle images obtained from different sources, namely, computer-assisted tomography, positron emission tomography, single photon emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In developing the system, it was necessary to address the following points. (1) The types of values that were encountered in both the header information and the pixel elements, namely, integers, floating point numbers, complex numbers and strings. (2) The use of domain-dependent sets of keys, that is, how to choose keys and how to stabilize the use of keys among the user population. This is, for example, how information such as the patient name, or the activity in becquerel is kept. It is necessary to keep both the key values and the units. (3) The development of a method for providing a database using flat files, i.e. linear text. (4) The maintenance of a history of values and operations. This is necessary in order to address the problem of determining from an image how that image was produced. The connection between an image and how it was derived is analogous to describing how a secondary standard is derived from a primary one.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ENDO-LAB: an integrated, portable endocrinology laboratory software system.

ENDO-LAB is an IBM PC-based system which performs calculations and record-keeping for the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Endocrinology Laboratory. It manages maintenance and quality control, and prints reports for regulatory agencies. The system was designed to minimize paperwork without changing laboratory procedures in any way. Key features of ENDO-LAB include a uniform user interface, and error detection mechanisms. The system is designed to detect data which has been incorrectly entered. In addition, where the efficacy of a test can be determined on the basis of limited data, preliminary graphs are screened as soon as possible, so that the user can terminate lengthy calculations whose outcome would be invalid or inconclusive. ENDO-LAB is an integrated system in that the same statistical and calibration programs can be applied to all of the analyses. The system is both extensible and portable; it has been successfully implemented outside Vanderbilt.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

RIAPC: a microcomputer program for the analysis of radioimmunoassay data.

A microcomputer program for analysis of radioimmunoassays has been developed for use on microcomputers which operate under MS-DOS system software. The program messages are contained in an ASCII text file in French, English, and Spanish and can be modified by the user. The parameters and data can be entered manually into screen tables, or read from external files. An unweighted log/logit transformation is used for regression analysis of the standard curve. Provision is made for correction of the sample measurements for procedural losses (recovery). All results are written to an ASCII text file which can printed and/or reduced in order to pass the sample concentrations to other programs.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biofeedback training program: multiple channels, displays, and schedules of reinforcement.

A microcomputer-based biofeedback training program is presented that can be used (with minor modifications) under different hardware configurations. The program interacts friendly with the user, providing access and recording of up to eight different channels at the same time (although only four can be visualized). Within each channel, the user has control upon eight different variables (protocol), independently of each other. Different displays, sounds, sampling speeds, schedules of reinforcement, graphical presentation of the data and statistical analysis are provided to accommodate the feedback properties to various clinical and experimental applications.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ESTAGEST: an obstetrical application program in BASIC for the computation of estimated date of confinement.

The establishment of the estimated date of confinement (EDC) is an essential element in the care of pregnant women. Unfortunately, accurate information on the last menstrual period, the usual determinant of EDC, is not always available, or clinical estimations of gestational age may be discrepant. Prior studies have demonstrated that an average of several clinical examinations can provide a useful prediction of EDC. We have developed a simple BASIC computer program which allows the clinician to input up to 20 clinical examinations and determines the average EDC based on the clinical dates. The program displays the EDC for each individual examination, which provides an indication of the dispersion, or discrepancy, among the examinations. Average intervals to delivery date from the occurrence of clinical estimators of gestation are based on observed data at our institution and can be easily modified to fit local norms.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving drug dosing in hospitalized patients: automated modeling of pharmacokinetics for individualization of drug dosage regimens.

Many clinical useful drugs have a narrow range of blood concentrations which are both safe and efficacious. Inter-individual and intra-individual variations in drug disposition are important factors causing blood concentrations of drug to fall outside of the therapeutic range. Modeling of the pharmacokinetics of the individual offers an effective approach to the problem of variation in drug disposition. Previous approaches for the modeling of individual pharmacokinetics have required either extensive computations or access to computer software and hardware in the clinical environment, and special expertise to interpret the results. This paper describes a prototype computer program, PK Monitor, which can, when connected with an appropriate interface, automatically monitor drug dosing and recommend changes that may be required to obtain blood concentrations in the therapeutic range. The software can also detect the occurrence of change in drug disposition which will lead to concentrations outside of the therapeutic range, identify potentially erroneous blood concentration measurements, and assess the need for further blood concentration measurements. This program will be an integral part of the MENTOR therapeutic monitoring system of programs. PK Monitor awaits a complete evaluation with the rest of the MENTOR system, but preliminary simulations suggest reasonable sensitivity and specificity in monitoring for unexpected data and change.

Drug Administration Schedule↗
PubMed1989

Software manipulations to speed up a real-valued fast Fourier transform algorithm.

It is described how a real-valued fast Fourier transform (RFFT) algorithm can be converted quite easily into a computer program in which loops, evaluation of subscripts, exchange of data, and logical operations are completely avoided. The resulting program runs considerably faster than the original algorithm. The actual saving of execution time depends upon both the computer system and the length of the RFFT. In the majority of the investigated cases the execution time was reduced by a factor between 1.8 and 5. The described technique can be recommended especially for critical real-time tasks and for applications requiring a huge amount of RFFT evaluations. Other algorithms as for example the complex-valued FFT, the inverse RFFT or correlation algorithms can be treated in a similar way.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

BOOMER, a simulation and modeling program for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis.

BOOMER is an improved version of an earlier non-linear regression program, MULTI-FORTE. Rather than the user writing a FORTRAN subroutine, models are defined by means of the parameters which make up the model. Models based on differential equations are specified by means of zero-order, first-order, or Michaelis-Menten-type rate constants. Doses (in units of mass) are translated into the usually observed concentration units by a reciprocal volume parameter. Integrated equation models are specified in terms of baseline terms, exponential terms, or the emax function with slope term as described by the Hill equation. Time points can be specified as parameters to specify dose times, infusion start/stop times, or lag times. With careful selection of parameters quite complex models can be specified. The user has a choice of differential equation solvers and fitting algorithms.

Computer Simulation↗