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PubMedDate not supplied

[Age-specific and sex-specific reference values for the excretion of free amino acids in the 24-hour urine of children].

Free amino acids were determined quantitatively by ion exchange column chromatography in 24 h urine of 354 (male = 187, female = 167) "healthy" infants, children and adolescents. Urine was deproteinised by 5% sulphosalicylic acid (1:1, v/v). The results - 95% confidence range - are presented age-dependent (groups: up to 1 month, 1-24 months, 2-6 years, 6-10 years, 10-14 years) and sex-dependent in table 3 and 4.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[New drinking water reference values for monocyclic nitro compounds].

Nitro compounds are important industrial chemicals with a broad range of applications. During their commercial production or practical use and through leaching from military waste sites they may be released into the environment and thus lead to a contamination of drinking water resources. In the last 15-20 years, the wider public first became aware of nitro compounds as contaminants in groundwater and drinking water resources that originated from manufacturing and processing of secondary explosives during World War II. In 1980, the former Bundesgesundheitsamt (BGA; Federal Health Office) had based its first risk assessment of monocyclic nitro compounds in drinking water on the known carcinogenicity of some aromatic amines in the working environment. On this basis, the BGA recommended for metabolites of aromatic nitro compounds a guide value of 0.1 mug/l for the sum of aromatic amines. From the beginning to the middle of the 1990s, the BGA established a more specific health-related assessment for the individual compounds, but not on the basis of tolerable or acceptable body doses but of dimensionless risk assessment scores ranking their combined toxic and carcinogenic potential on a scale from 1 to 100. In this contribution, we derived new health-based drinking water guide values for 19 nitro(aromatic) compounds and nitramines, including hexogen, octogen, and tetryl as well as the O-nitro compound PETN. All compounds under consideration have been detected within the last 15 years in Germany at contaminated sites close to or directly in groundwater resources for drinking water. For toxicological evaluation and derivation of guideline values for the nitro compounds of interest, the tolerable daily intake (TDI) approach was used for chemicals exhibiting a threshold for toxic effects. This was done by using established tolerable body doses for humans based on an identified NOAEL/LOAEL for the most sensitive toxic endpoint. In the case of non-threshold chemical substances, suitable estimates of excess lifetime cancer risk have been applied.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed1992

Reference values for glucose tolerance test in the urban Zimbabwean pregnant woman.

A 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on normal pregnant urban Zimbabwean women at 26-28 weeks (n = 65) and 36-40 weeks (n = 72) gestation. Women with factors predisposing to impaired glucose tolerance were excluded. The fasting, one hour and two hours values were compared to the North American standards as proposed by O'Sullivan and Mahan which are currently in use. The mean fasting levels were significantly higher and those at one and two hours significantly lower than the standards. The study also failed to demonstrate impairment of glucose tolerance with advancing gestation. These may have implications in the screening for impaired glucose tolerance in our African population.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Reference values for FEV1 and FVC in male adolescents and young adults of Ibo origin.

Forced vital capacity (FVC) and one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were measured in 245 healthy Nigerian Ibo males aged 12-23 years. Analysis showed strong correlation between anthropometric factors (age, height, weight) and spirometric measurements (r----0.808-0.994). In the young adult group (18-23 years), FEV1 did not correlate so strongly with weight, however (r----0.654). Prediction equations, based on age and height have been developed for use among male Ibo adolescents and young adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Reference values and limited serological survey for the Iriomote cat in Japan.

Clinical investigations and hematological, serum biochemical, and serological surveys were carried out on 11 male and 6 female Iriomote cats (Felis iriomotensis) in Japan. Examined Iriomote cats were considered clinically healthy by the inspection for the general physical conditions. However, urinalysis suggested the inflammation of the urinary tract in all the cats. Antibody for feline panleukopenia virus was positive in one of the examined Iriomote cats, which suggested a previous infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Reference values and variability of plasminogen in healthy blood donors and its relation to parameters of the fibrinolytic system.

During a survey of four month's duration the following parameters were determined in 43 healthy blood donors (22 males, 21 females; mean age 29 years/20-49/): plasminogen activity, plasminogen concentration, alpha 2-antiplasmin (alpha 2-AP) activity, alpha 2-AP concentration, tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, t-PA concentration, plasminogen activator inhibitor--I (PAI-I) activity, AT III activity, AT III concentration and heparin cofactor II (HC II) activity. Normal values including standard deviation (x +/- 2s) were: plasminogen activity: 96.3% (65.9-126.8), plasminogen concentration: 12.2 mg/dl (7.7-16.8), alpha 2-AP activity: 99.9% (83.8-116), alpha 2-AP concentration: 108.1% (84.5-131.8), t-PA activity: 0.85 IU/l (0.0-1.92), t-PA concentration: 10.3 ng/ml (2.5-18.1), PAI-I activity: 15.2 AU/ml, AT III activity: 111.4% (87.8-134.9), AT III concentration: 31.6 mg/dl (24.2-39.1) and HC II activity: 110.7% (81.4-140.0). Concerning plasminogen values no sex related difference could be stated. Women who were smokers and used oral contraceptives tended to present elevated t-PA activity levels due to a lower activity of PAI-I, although this tendency was not significant. Determining concentration and activity of components in the fibrinolytic system plays an important part in the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of thrombophilic disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Clinical hematology. In-clinic analysis, quality control, reference values, and system selection.

An increasing number of veterinary practices are performing in-office hematology testing. Historically, this involved time-consuming, labor-intensive manual methods. A number of automated and semiautomated hematology instruments are now available for analysis of veterinary samples, which, when used properly, offer more efficient, precise testing than can be achieved through manual methods. This article reviews manual methods for performing a complete blood count and describes some of the available automated hematology instruments. Factors that affect test results and the importance of a quality assurance program are also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Reference values of fasting serum levels of free amino acids in children].

Concentrations of free amino acids were determined quantitatively by ion exchange column chromatography in serum from the fasting blood of 352 (male = 177, female = 175) "healthy" infants, children and adolescents. Serum was deproteinised by 5% sulphosalicylic acid (1:1, v/v). The results -95% confidence range-are presented age-dependent (groups: up to 1 month, 1-24 months, 2-6 years, 6-10 years, 10-14 years) and sex-dependent in table 4 and 5.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Reference values of total respiratory resistance, determined with the "opening" interruption technique.

In a large epidemiological survey of lung function the subjects performed maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) manoeuvres. They were also interviewed by trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire. In a random subset of the subjects the resistance of the respiratory system was measured with the "opening" interruption technique, in which the mouth pressure before the end of the interruption period is divided by the flow shortly after the end of it. The subset contained men and women, and smokers as well as nonsmokers, 229 of whom were considered to be healthy because they had no history of complaints and a "normal" flow-volume curve. In this group mean inspiratory and expiratory resistances did not differ significantly (0.27 and 0.29 for men and 0.39 and 0.38 kPa.l-1.s for women). The averages of in- and expiratory resistance were 0.28 +/- 0.10 kPa.l-1.s for men and 0.39 +/- 0.11 kPa.l-1.s for women. The resistance values were slightly but significantly correlated with body height, FEV1 and MEF50, but not with smoking habits. Due to the considerable variability the method does not permit sharp discrimination between normal and abnormal subjects. However, it appears to be useful in histamine challenge testing, to detect and monitor bronchial asthma, being not subjected to the disturbing effect of forced ins- and expirations.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Analysis of haemorheological variables--methodology and reference values.

Routine methods are proposed for the analysis of haemorheologic variables with only one instrument, a Low Shear 30 rotational couette viscometer. The variables are plasma viscosity, whole blood apparent viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation tendency and erythrocyte fluidity. These variables, in addition to erythrocyte volume fraction, were analysed in a population of 83 healthy hospital staff subjects. The following means and standard deviations were found: Erythrocyte volume fraction, women 42 +/- 3%, men 46 +/- 2%; Plasma viscosity 1.31 +/- 0.07 mPa.s; Whole blood apparent viscosity, women 4.3 +/- 0.4 mPa.s, men 4.8 +/- 0.3 mPa.s; Erythrocyte aggregation tendency 1.00 +/- 0.10; Erythrocyte fluidity 122 +/- 10 Pa-1.s-1.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed1992

[Reference values of selected parameters of lung functions in the population of Bogdanka coal miners].

The aim of the study was to construct and test new equations for calculating FEV1, ITGV and FVC predictive values. Our examined population consisted of 2058 coal miners working underground in Bogdanka colliery (Lublin Basin). The following persons were excluded from out considerations: 1. smokers, 2. miners with pulmonary or allergic diseases history, 3. patients with chronic cough, sputum production or symptoms of chronic rhinitis, 4. persons with bronchial hyperreactivity. Finally, our standard group consisted of 353 coal miners. On the basis of our standard group data, new equations for calculating predictive values were formulated using the multiple regression model. According to these new equations and to equations elaborated by other authors, we calculated predictive values for FEV1, FVC and ITGV in our standard population and expressed results of measurements in percentages of different predictive values. Our predictive values in the standard population were significantly higher than the other authors' values. Percentages of predicted values were lower in the same comparison. We believe that observed differences are linked to a possible self-selection phenomenon in occupationally exposed population, relatively small maximum age of our standard group, possible differences in anthropometric features among examined populations and excluding hyperreactives. Our results seem to emphasize the need of greater attention to the paid on more restrictive use of the specially formulated equations in separate age compartments.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Systolic time interval recordings as a measure of cardiac function in the healthy rabbit: reference values.

Results of systolic time interval recordings obtained serially on 104 female New Zealand White rabbits were analyzed for reproducibility, variation with respect to changes in heart rate (HR), and interrelationship of the various systolic time intervals. A table of values for systolic time intervals in the healthy rabbit was constructed. The preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and PEP/LVET ratio were 0.040 +/- 0.008 s, 0.119 +/- 0.014 s, and 0.337 +/- 0.066 respectively. The major systolic time intervals, PEP and LVET, varied with respect to HR according to the regression equations: PEP = 0.057--0.000078 HR and LVET = 0.175--0.000251 HR. The QS2 interval, S1S2 interval and isovolumic contraction time also varied with changes in HR.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Clinical biochemical determinations in the Mangalarga-Paulista horse: reference values.

Biochemical values are widely related with environmental agents, sex and age, and are used in disease diagnosis. Numerous reports have been published on the biochemical parameters of different breeds of horses. However, there is a paucity of information concerning Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), ceruloplasmin, copper and zinc determinations in the serum. Blood samples from a total of 60 horses of the Mangalarga-Paulista breed, representing three age groups (0 to 4 months old, 6 to 18 months old and adult) were examined. Male horses have a higher mean value of SOD, ceruloplasmin and copper than do females. No significant sex-related difference was observed in serum zinc content of weaned and adult horses. SOD activity was significantly higher in adult animals. Since SOD has a protective effect against superoxide free radical toxicity and possesses anti-inflammatory activity, it is reasonable to assume that the increased activity of this enzyme may be due to an adaptation mechanism which protects the adult animal against oxygen toxicity.

Aging↗

PubMed1985

Reference values of the brainstem auditory evoked response of methoxyflurane anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs.

The brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) was recorded from 7 unanesthetized and 27 methoxyflurane anesthetized dogs. A 0.1 msec, 70 dB stimulus delivered at 10 Hz evoked the expected seven wave BAER. Mean peak wave latencies and standard deviations were calculated. Differences were not found between neither right and left ears, nor male and female dogs. The anesthetized dogs had a significantly longer latency for all waves, except wave I, than the unanesthetized dogs. Use of the BAER as a diagnostic technique for brainstem lesions is recommended.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2004

[Body condition and metabolic stability as the basis for high milk yield and undisturbed fertility in dairy cows--a contribution for deduction of reference values].

The target of this study was to describe the interactions between body condition and various descriptors of yield and fertility. It was aimed to identify an optimal conditional range to be used in herd management which combines high milk yield with acceptable fertility traits and general health. For this purpose, backfat thickness was measured by ultrasound at 46111 dairy cows on 78 different farms and was subsequently related to production variables. Negative energy balance is getting more intense and prolonged with increasing milk yield. However a conditional nadir below 10 mm leads to decreased milk production. To reach a high production level without an increasing incidence of health disorders, conditional nadir should not decline below 13 mm backfat thickness on herd average. Lower value only lead to negligibly higher milk yield but cause a distinctively higher risk of fertility problems and culling. High herd yields do not have to be at expense of reproduction performance and can be achieved without extreme body condition losses. An efficient herd management can offset depression in fertility, which commonly is combined with increasing milk yield. A standard curve for backfat thickness throughout lactation is suggested to be used in dairy herd management.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

Arterial oxygen status determined with routine pH/blood gas equipment and multi-wavelength hemoximetry: reference values, precision, and accuracy.

We measured pH, pCO2, pO2, oxygen saturation, total hemoglobin concentration, and fractions of carboxy- and methemoglobin in arterial blood samples from 35 healthy adults. We used a new algorithm to calculate active hemoglobin concentration, total oxygen concentration, actual half-saturation tension, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration, estimated functional shunt, oxygen extraction tension px (for extracting 2.3 mmol of oxygen per liter of blood, values below 4.5 kPa indicating risk of tissue hypoxia), and the oxygen compensation factor Qx (the factor by which the cardiac output should rise to maintain a normal mixed venous pO2 of 5.0 kPa, factors above 1.5 indicating an extra burden on the heart). Analytical precision was evaluated by duplicate determinations. The accuracy of the half-saturation tension was evaluated by comparison with values for simultaneously drawn venous blood, the accuracy of the calculated concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate by comparison with direct enzymatic measurements. We conclude that all the variables may be determined with sufficient accuracy and precision in healthy adults, provided the oxygen saturation is less than 0.97 and the measurements are performed according to the highest state of the art.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗

PubMed1988

On reference values for tumor markers in prostatic carcinoma.

Serum contents of prostatic acid phosphatase, neopterin, osteocalcin, tissue polypeptide antigen and CA-50 were measured before onset of treatment in 83 patients suffering from prostatic carcinoma. In an attempt to identify patients with poor prognosis the data were related to patient survival after 2 years. It was found that the standard cut off values, obtained from the upper limits of normal, healthy subjects, were sensitive but had low specificity. A better relation to prognosis was usually found at a higher discrimination limit. The degree of elevation appears more important than the elevation of the markers as such in indicating a poor prognosis. By systematic adjustment of the discrimination levels, higher specificity can be obtained with little loss of sensitivity.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinic structure and timely management of emergency cesarean section--reference values and recommendations].

GOAL: This retrospective clinical study was performed to analyze the relationship between the time course of an emergency Cesarean Section and the structural, logistic and circadian aspects of the clinical environment. METHODS: Statistical analysis was based on architectural and structural data from 132 Departments of Obstetrics in the region of Northrhine-Westfalia, Germany. Hospitals were compared in four groups of equal size defined by the number of deliveries per year. Data were available on 207 emergency C-Sections from 66 participating hospitals. The time of the day of each delivery was rounded to full hours. RESULTS: The size of the hospital was a highly significant predictor (p < 0.001) of the time elapsing between decision making and delivery (DD-interval) and of the preparation time required prior to the start of the operation: With increasing number of yearly deliveries the DD interval decreased from 31 minutes (SD = 15) to 19 minutes (SD = 7) with respective set-up times of 26 minutes (SD = 15) and 15 minutes (SD = 7) respectively. The time of the day had a significant influence on both variables (p < 0.05) with emergency C-Sections being slowest between 1:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. The mean time intervals observed may serve as a reference for the individual hospital situation: A preparation time of 15 minutes, time from start of surgery until delivery of 4 minutes and a DD interval of 19 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this study underline the importance of the immediate availability of a complete emergency team consisting of midwife, obstetrician, anesthesiologist, OR nursing staff and pediatrician. While not necessarily arguing in favor of a concentration of obstetrical practice in specialized centers, the following recommendations might be worth considering for any given clinical setting: 1. Immediate availability of a complete team is essential, especially during the night. 2. Well defined steps of urgency in agreement between all disciplines involved improve communication and save time. 3. The emergency C-Section in the delivery room may be a worthwhile alternative in the individual case. 4. Flexibility in the decision making process may increase efficiency. 5. Practice drills may help to identify weaknesses in the interaction and coordination of the team. 6. A functional hospital architecture is important to avoid unnecessary and uncontrollable delays. 7. Adequate training programs for the obstetrical team are essential with special emphasis on the early diagnosis of fetal distress and maternal complications.

Cesarean Section↗