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PubMed1985

Computerized analysis of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test.

The method proposed by Farnsworth for scoring the 100-Hue test is reviewed, and measures of the orientation and strength of the error axis are proposed. The error axis and its magnitude are determined by the phase and amplitude, respectively, of the best-fit sinusoid to the function that results from Kitahara's transformation of the subject's arrangement of the colors. In addition, a computer program, written in BASIC, that scores the 100-Hue test according to those methods is described, and a listing of that program is provided in the Appendix.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1989

[Color vision under different luminosity in various fundus diseases].

Reports on the utilization of the color vision test as a method for detecting early abnormality in fundus diseases have been published. The author performed the 100-hue test at five luminous stage levels set between 10 and 2000 lux in cases of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and central chorioretinopathy. The progressive degree of each disease and the level of disorder seen in color vision were assessed comparatively at each luminous level to determine adequate luminosity for performing the 100-hue test. For classification of the degree of progression in each disease, visual acuity, visual field and C/D ratio were used for glaucoma. Visual acuity, type of retinopathy and the period of contracting the disease were used for diabetic retinopathy, and visual acuity was used for central chorioretinopathy. As a result, the total error score in the 100-hue test closely correlated to the degree of progression of each disease and the luminosity for performing the most effective 100-hue test was found to be 100 lux.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absence of binocular summation, eye dominance, and learning effects in color discrimination.

We evaluated binocular summation, eye dominance, and learning in the Trivector and Ellipses procedures of the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). Subjects (n = 36, 18-30 years old) were recruited among students and staff from the University of São Paulo. Inclusion criteria were absence of ophthalmological complaints and best-corrected Snellen VA 20/20 or better. The subjects were tested in three randomly selected eye conditions: binocular, monocular dominant eye, and nondominant eye. Results obtained in the binocular and monocular conditions did not differ statistically for thresholds measured along the protan, deutan, and tritan confusion axes (ANOVA, P > 0.05). No statistical difference was detected among discrimination ellipses obtained in binocular or monocular conditions (ANOVA, P > 0.05), suggesting absence of binocular summation or of an effect of eye dominance. Possible effects of learning were examined by comparing successive thresholds obtained in the three testing conditions. There was no evidence of improvement as a function of testing order (ANCOVA, P > 0.05). We conclude that CCT thresholds are not affected by binocularity, eye dominance, or learning. Our results differ from those found by Verriest et al. (1982) using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test and Hovis et al. (2004) using the Farnsworth-Munsell panel D-15 test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[The Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test in the Bantu population. Preliminary results].

The purpose of this work was to establish in this first report the age standards of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue in Zaire. The Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test was performed in 132 normal subjects. All subjects were Zairian blacks aged from 20 to 49 years. The test was administered binocularly, once, to each subject. Subjects were divided in three age groups. The first age group had 35 subjects aged between 20 and 29 years, the second age group had 48 subjects aged between 30 and 39 years and the third 49 subjects aged between 40-49 years. The total error scores were 7.06 +/- 2.10 for the first age group, 9.03 +/- 1.80 for the second age group and 9.80 +/- 2 for the third age group. These results were aged related (r = 0.42, p inferior to 0.05). Scores of Zairian subjects in this study were higher when compared to those reported in Europe and U.S.A. Interpretation of results of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test must take in account this difference in ethnic origin.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pigment tests evaluated by a model of chromatic discrimination.

Clinical color-vision tests are evaluated within the framework of a model of chromatic discrimination in terms of cone excitation. The motivation for this study was to derive a method for evaluation of test design, test sensitivity, and observer performance. The discrimination model is based on the assumption that chromatic discrimination is mediated in two independent channels, one for short-wavelength cones and one for long- and middle-wavelength cones. Luminance-dependent templates are derived for each channel, and they describe chromatic-discrimination behavior of the young color-normal observer. The templates incorporate receptor- and opponent-level gain controls. We show how the chromaticities of clinical tests can be calculated in cone-excitation units and how discrimination behavior on the tests can be plotted on the templates. The tests include the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue, the Farnsworth Panel D-15, the Farnsworth Panel D-15 desaturated, the American Optical Hardy-Rand-Rittler, the Farnsworth F2 plate, the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates, Part II, the Ishihara, and the Minimalist tests. Clinical-test data collected on young color-normal observers at different illumination levels show the validity of the techniques.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1991

Color vision and age in a normal North American population.

Color vision is known to change with age. We conducted the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-Hue and the Lanthony Desaturated Panel D-15 (DD-15) tests in 115 normal North American subjects aged 5-81 years to obtain age-specific norms for these procedures. For each test, color discrimination was best between the ages of 20 and 50 years. Both increasing age and the occurrence of lens changes were significantly associated with increasing 100-Hue error scores. Age-specific norms for the 100-Hue test were comparable with those obtained by Verriest in a European population, but such norms for the DD-15 test are problematic. Our data indicate somewhat greater variability in the DD-15 than in the 100-Hue test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Annular macular dystrophy.

Of 21 individuals from three generations of a single family with annular macular dystrophy, six showed only dyschromatopsia, one had dyschromatopsia and foveal hyperpigmentation, and four individuals had dyschromatopsia, foveal hyperpigmentation, and perifoveal circular pigment epithelial atrophy. Normal findings obtained on electrophysiologic testing suggest that this is a focal (macular) disorder rather than a generalized fundus disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Ishihara test performance and dementia.

Ishihara trail-tracing (TT) and number-naming (NN) tests were administered to a clinical sample of 378 demented patients. Error counts on TT and NN tests were best fit by a negative binomial (overdispersed Poisson) distribution. TT, NN, and combined (TT + NN) error counts were regressed on patient characteristics (sex, age, and education), severity of cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Exam: MMSE), dementia stage (Clinical Dementia Rating: CDR), etiology, onset age, and symptom duration in a negative binomial generalized linear model. Patient characteristics, onset age, and symptom duration had no significant effects on any error count. The effects of MMSE, CDR, and etiology, on the other hand, were highly significant and appear to help discriminate vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease. MMSE (which taps cognitive skills) correlated with both TT and NN errors. CDR (which taps both cognitive and functional skills) correlated only with TT errors and dementia etiology correlated only with NN errors. These distinct correlational patterns reflect differences between the TT and NN tasks (i.e., trail-tracing vs. number-naming) related to specific brain loci and associated functions. This aspect of the phenomenon suggests that Ishihara tests have useful clinical applications in dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Colour vision in gyrate atrophy.

A follow-up study of colour vision in two patients with gyrate atrophy was performed. Gyrate atrophy was diagnosed in the first patient at the age of 17 years. Her colour vision was first tested at the age of 25 years; at the follow-up examination 7 years later, she correctly interpreted the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2, however, with one mistake due to lens opacity. In the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test and in the Color Vision Meter 712 (CVM) anomaloscope, the results were within normal ranges. In the second patient, gyrate atrophy was diagnosed at the age of 4 years. At the ages of 4 and 5 years, he correctly interpreted the Ishihara, AO H-R-R, and Lanthony Tritan Album plates as well as the City University test. At the ages of 6, 7, and 8 years, he correctly interpreted the plate tests, the Farnsworth Panel D 15, and Lanthony's Desaturated Panel. The CVM anomaloscope results were normal.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Multiple regression analysis of diagnostic predictors in optic nerve disease.

Demyelination is assumed to be the cause of the majority of cases of isolated optic neuritis. Because of the importance of establishing the presence of optic nerve dysfunction in patients suspected of having multiple sclerosis several new indices of optic nerve conduction have been reported including the visual evoked potential, the edge-light pupil cycle time, and the Pulfrich test. These measures purport to detect optic nerve dysfunction but with varying degrees of success. This study of 93 patients with clearly documented previous optic neuritis was conducted to determine the statistical relationship between these three measures and other clinical diagnostic indices for detection for previous optic nerve disease and the utility of the diagnostic predictors taken individually, and in combination. The other indices used were the presence of detectable optic atrophy, color vision defect and the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect. The variables were submitted to linear stepwise multiple regression analysis which indicated that the presence of optic atrophy, defective color vision and prolonged pupil cycle time when used in combination provided the most useful diagnostic prediction of previous optic neuritis in this group of patients. The addition of visual evoked potentials, the Pulfrich test or presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect did not significantly increase predictive reliability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A possible explanation as to why the newly sighted commonly perform well on pseudoisochromatic colour vision tests.

Patients whose vision has been restored after long periods of blindness commonly experience difficulty in perceiving. Parodoxically, such patients often perform well on pseudoisochromatic colour-vision tests. A well-known example is Gregory and Wallace's subject, S.B. who performance on the Ishihara test was perfect. It is suggested that restoration of vision may be associated with relatively poor visual acuity and that this, by filtering higher spatial frequencies, enhances the legibility of pseudoisochromatic test patterns. Two experiments confirm that the Ishihara plates are more legible when seen as defocused images.

Blindness↗
PubMed1990

[Anomaloscope measurement using the method of constant stimuli].

The range of the normal Rayleigh equation was evaluated using the constant stimuli method which is a psychophysical method with the Neitz anomaloscope OT. Fifteen or 21 settings around the midmatching point established beforehand by the conventional method of adjustment were presented 10 times for each setting respectively. Using a computer, the testing matches were arranged to appear at random. As was expected, the normal Rayleigh match proved to fall within 1 or 2 of the above-mentioned point. Further study is needed as to the choice of the testing points and the number of trials. The result should also be examined in reference to that of the Nagel anomaloscope.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1978

Color vision testing: an alternative 'source' of Illuminant C.

The objective of this project was to evaluate an alternative procedure for administering reflective-type color vision tests. In this procedure, the tests are illuminated by a low color-temperature, 100 W, incandescent lamp (i.e. an improper illuminant) and the patient then views the illuminated test elements through an inexpensive gelatin filter placed before his eye (e.g. a Wratten 78AA costing about $4). Since the relative transmittance of this filter is quite similar to that used in the Macbeth Easel Lamp, the tests should still be valid. In fact, this alternative procedure yields test performances for normal and deficient subjects on the 100-hue, panel D-15, and AO H-R-R tests that are virtually identical to those obtained using a standard Macbeth Easel Lamp.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1991

Methodological consideration in color research.

Color can influence physical and emotional variables, but the evidence is equivocal. Replications are often hampered by inadequate specification of colored stimuli. It is proposed that a standardized method for reporting colored stimuli should be employed to facilitate empirical testing of the effects of color, namely, the CIE chromaticity coordinates x and y or Munsell values, for both allow translation from one to the other.

Color↗
PubMed1985

Differentiation between recently resolved optic neuritis and central serous retinopathy. Use of tests of visual function.

A test battery was performed on 13 patients with resolved central serous retinopathy and on 13 patients with resolved optic neuritis to see whether the tests would help to distinguish between the two conditions. We found that the most useful discriminators were the relative afferent pupillary defect, followed by the visual evoked potential latency and the critical flicker frequency. The total error score on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test and the nature of the color vision defect were not helpful in separating the two diseases.

Adult↗