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PubMed1997

Helicobacter pylori in an institution for disabled children in Hong Kong.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies were determined in 157 institutionalised Cantonese children, mean age 9.5 +/- 3.9 (SD) years, with profound neurodevelopmental disabilities. Eighty-seven (55.4%) were H. pylori seropositive compared with four of 50 (8%, P > 0.0002) of an age-matched control group, mean age 7.2 +/- 4.3 (SD) years. Eight of 15 seropositive children with a recent history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding underwent endoscopy and in all cases gastric infection with H.pylori was confirmed. Anthropometric data from institutionalised children revealed marked malnutrition but showed no significant difference between seropositive and seronegative children. Disabled children receiving long-term residential care in Hong Kong are confirmed to be at increased risk of H.pylori infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes of registered nurses and student nurses to disabled children.

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the attitudes of registered nurses and student nurses towards disabled children. A convenience sample consisting of 99 registered nurses employed in paediatric hospitals and 189 student nurses was selected. The instrument used for data collection was the 'Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons' (ATDP) scale. Descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance were performed to test for significant differences. On the whole subjects' attitudes appeared to be poor. Student nurses had more positive attitudes in comparison to registered nurses; however, the difference was not statistically significant. There were significant differences between the different age groups and between student groups within different education settings. There were no significant differences in gender. Actions to improve subjects' attitudes towards disabled children are discussed and suggested.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Hypouricemia in severely disabled children: influence of valproic acid and bed-ridden state.

Although hypouricemia does not directly elicit clinical symptoms, it is a sensitive indicator for detecting renal tubular involvement. To determine the influence of valproic acid (VPA) and a non-ambulatory state on the serum uric acid level in epileptic children, we performed a cross-sectional study of laboratory data including serum and urinary uric acid levels and renal tubular function levels in epileptic children. We studied 93 patients in our outpatient clinic. They were divided into four groups according to two factors; VPA administration and the ambulatory state: non-ambulatory patients taking VPA (24 cases), non-ambulatory patients not taking VPA (18 cases), ambulatory patients taking VPA (29 cases), and ambulatory patients not taking VPA (22 cases). The laboratory data including uric acid levels and renal tubular function in each group were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance. Both VPA (P<0.05) and a non-ambulatory state (P<0.01) significantly decreased the serum uric acid levels with its increased urinary excretion of uric acid. However, in ambulatory patients, the uric acid level was not decreased. Serum uric acid levels was significantly decreased in non-ambulatory, severely disabled children treated with VPA. It should be borne in mind that VPA-induced renal tubular dysfunction may be present in severely disabled children. However, further investigation is necessary to determine the factor in severely disabled children that causes hypouricemia

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Normal and learning disabled children's central auditory processing skills: an experimental test battery.

The performance of normal children (N = 13) and learning disabled children (N = 26) on an experimental battery of central auditory processing (CAP) tasks was examined. The battery included low-pass filtered speech (LPFS), binaural fusion (BF), time-compressed speech (TC), and dichotic monosyllables (DM) tests. The learning disabled subjects were classified as having normal (LD/N) or significantly impaired (LD/LD) auditory perceptual skills on the basis of a pretest battery of auditory language tests. The normal (N/N) subjects and nonauditory learning disabled (LD/N) subjects tended to perform alike across measures. The auditorily impaired (LD/LD) subjects tended to perform significantly poorer than their normal agemates. The results emphasized the heterogeneity of the learning disabled population. In addition, the results suggested a potentially useful "at risk" criterion when a CAP test battery is used in the assessment of auditory perceptual impairment among children.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗

PubMed2006

[Setting up of a day group service system for severely disabled children, the "Koala Club"].

This is a report of the setting up of a day group service system for severely disabled children, the "Koala Club". The "Koala Club" was started in 1993, and has been running outside of the hospital since 1997. A support group for the "Koala Club" was established in 1999. Currently 13 children attend the "Koala Club". The staff of the "Koala Club" consists of one coordinater, four nurses and eight care workers. The medical care is fulfilled by nurses. The "Koala Club" open two days a week. It has been supervised by a doctor and a case worker. There is an important role for physicians in the regional care of disabled children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Measuring processes of caregiving to physically disabled children and their families. I: Identifying relevant components of care.

This study was undertaken to determine the relative importance of components of caregiving for children with developmental disabilities. Health-care professionals and parents rated the importance and relative priority of 22 aspects of caregiving. Among the seven highest-ranked aspects of care, both parents and professionals identified Parent involvement, Education/information, Treatment, Accessible/available care and Co-ordination. Parents also ranked Continuity/consistency and Family-centred care as being particularly important to them. The components' relevance to the organization of services for children with disabilities and their application to further studies of processes of caregiving are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[The effect of a child abuse prevention program for parents with disabled children].

PURPOSE: This study describes the ecological variables effect on child abuse potential and the results from a prevention program for parents with disabled children aiming at decreasing child abuse potential. METHOD: Data was collected from 30 parents with disabled preschoolers attending an early education center in a community. The program consisted of handouts, small group lectures, support group meetings on understanding the disabled child-parents relationship, communication skill improvement, non-punitive discipline techniques, and influences of child abuse. A non equivalent pre-post test design was employed. RESULT: Ecological variables, and parenting self-efficacy, had a significant effect on child abuse potential in parents with a disabled child. By regression parenting self-efficacy showed (27.1%) child abuse potential. Both parenting self-efficacy and beliefs in corporal punishment directly related to (52.0%) child abuse potential in parents. The program was effective in bringing some positive changes on parenting self-efficacy beliefs in corporal punishment, and child abuse potential toward disabled children. However, marital discord was not significantly effected. CONCLUSION: Child abuse prevention programs should decrease the child abuse potential in parents. Thus I recommend a child abuse prevention program development; for parents with disabled adolescents, and teachers in disabled child education.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Neuroimmaturity of learning-disabled children: a controlled study.

A 46-component neurological exam was administered to 119 learning-disabled children and to 152 control children, and a Neuroimmaturity Index (NI) was constructed. The results were compared by age and sex. Neuroimmaturity decreased significantly with age, and after controlling for age and sex there were statistically significant differences in NI between the learning-disabled and control children. Male children from both groups, controlling for age, tended to have a higher NI than females. Patterns of disability were related to communication skills; older learning-disabled males had difficulty writing and spelling, whereas younger female learning-disabled children had difficulty with spoken language.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Stability of WISC-R scores for a sample of learning disabled children.

The study was designed to assess the stability of WISC-R profiles of 36 learning disabled children given the WISC-R two times. The mean time between tests was 2.5 yr. The pattern reported for learning disabled children on Bannatyne's categories was evident for the group at both times, however, this pattern was not found for the majority of subjects. Analysis indicated a decrease over time in Verbal IQs, Full Scale IQs, and Bannatyne's Conceptual category, confirming previous findings. Possible reasons for the changes in scores are discussed.

Child↗

PubMed1979

Association between nystagmus hyporesponsivity and behavioral problems in learning-disabled children.

This study explored the hypothesis that an association exists between postrotary nystagmus hyporesponsivity and behavioral problems in learning-disabled children. Supporting this conclusion was the finding that the learning-disabled boys rated by teachers as displaying the most socially inappropriate behaviors had significantly lower postrotary nystagmus durations than other learning-disabled boys. In addition, near significant associations were obtained between subnormal nystagmus functioning and socially inappropriate responding for boys and girls combined. Learning-disabled girls were evaluated as responding significantly more appropriately than learning-disabled boys, while having significantly shorter postrotary nystagmus durations; thus, sex of a child may be an important variable in determining relationships between psychological characteristics and hyporesponsive nystagmus. Additional research is needed in this area because of a number of limitations to this study; however, these results present further suggestive evidence that learning-disabled children can be categorized according to characteristics of their postrotary nystagmus.

Child↗

PubMed1987

Risk of cytomegalovirus infection among educators and health care personnel serving disabled children.

To determine the risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection for personnel who provide services to young disabled children, we studied the prevalence of CMV infection among such children and determined the seroconversion rate among exposed personnel. The prevalence of CMV excretion was 9.8% among children aged 0 to 5 years in a University-based outpatient program vs. 3.3% in 3- to 5-year-old children attending community-based preschools. Initial serologic studies of personnel demonstrated no differences in CMV seropositivity rates among staff with occupational child contact vs. staff without such contact (40% (40 of 99) vs. 34% (26 of 77] (P = 0.37). However, 21 of the 31 personnel 40 years and older who had occupational child contact were seropositive vs. 10 of 26 personnel of comparable age who had no occupational child contact (P = 0.026). During a 1-year follow-up, 2 of 86 (2.3%) susceptible personnel seroconverted. Rates were 4.4% (2 of 45) among staff with occupational child contact vs. no seroconversions (0 of 41) for those without (P = 0.27). These results indicate that the risk of CMV infection for personnel who work with disabled children is low. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that there may be a small cumulative risk of CMV infection that may exceed that of adults who do not have occupational contact with children.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Neuropsychological clusters within intelligence levels for learning disabled children.

The present study assessed 1142 learning disabled children with the Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Subjects were divided into four groups based upon Full Scale IQ (i.e., 70-79; 80-89; 90-99 and 100-110). Subsequent clustering of the test data within each group suggested that while the students in the 70-79 IQ range were represented by a single Impaired Cluster, each of the other IQ groups had both an Impaired Cluster and a Non-Impaired Cluster.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Essential fatty acids in the nutrition of severely neurologically disabled children.

Essential fatty acids (EFA) are important for the normal development and functioning of the brain, retina and immune competent cells. Severely neurologically handicapped children often have feeding difficulties, and the composition of the diet may be critical with respect to an optimal nutrient content. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate if the dietary intakes and serum phospholipid concentrations of EFA were adequate in a group of severely neurologically impaired children in an institution. To achieve this, a prospective study was done. The investigation showed low dietary intakes of both n-6 fatty acids (FA) and n-3 FA. The serum concentrations of total n-6 FA, linoleic acid and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) as proportions of the total serum phospholipid FA concentration were initially low. The serum concentrations of 20:3n-9 and 22:5n-6 cholesterol, triacylglycerol, total saturated FA, total monounsaturated FA and apolipoproteins A-I and B were high compared with levels in a reference group of healthy children. Following supplementation with fish oil and soyabean oil, the serum lipid profile approached normal. We conclude that the study children had suboptimal intakes of EFA and that elevated serum concentrations of 20:3n-9 and 22:5n6 were useful serological markers of suboptimal EFA status. Recommended dietary allowances for EFA given as a percentage of energy underestimate EFA requirements in children with a low energy intake. Severely disabled children with feeding difficulties should probably be monitored with serum phospholipid FA measurements or calculation of dietary absolute intakes of EFA.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Key worker services for disabled children: the views of staff.

Provision of 'key workers' for disabled children and their families, working across health, education, and social services, has been recommended in the Children's National Service Framework. This study investigated the views of staff of key worker services concerning the organisation and management of the services. Interviews were carried out with key workers (N=50), managers (N=7) and members of multi-agency steering groups (N=32) from seven key worker services in England and Wales. A response rate of 62% was obtained. Major themes emerging from the interviews were identified, a coding framework was agreed upon, and data were coded using the qualitative data analysis programme Max QDA. Results showed that although the basic aims of the services were the same, they varied widely in the key workers' understanding of their role, the amount of training and support available to key workers, management and multi-agency involvement. These factors were important in staff's views of the services and inform recommendations for models of service.

Child↗

PubMed1994

Visual recognition memory in specific learning-disabled children.

BACKGROUND: Reading depends on the efficient storage and retrieval of visual and verbal information. Some studies have shown deficits of specific learning-disabled children in the recall and recognition of visual stimuli. This deficit is usually interpreted to be secondary to a verbal labelling deficiency. In this experiment, we presented serial lists of complex geometric stimuli to a group of specific learning-disabled children (LD) and a non-disabled control group (NLD) at both the elementary and secondary school levels. We hypothesized that the NLD visual recognition performance would be superior to that of the LD group at the elementary school level, but not at the secondary school level. We further hypothesized that the difference was related to inefficient primary visual rehearsal strategies. METHODS: 20 elementary school children (11 LD and 9 NLD) and 31 secondary school children (15 LD and 16 NLD) were presented serial lists of four geometric figures. A probe was presented after a 1 second delay. The subjects pressed a key if the probe was in the list ("same" response) or another key if the probe was not in the list ("different" response). Type of response (correct or incorrect) and reaction time was measured at each serial position for "same" and "different" responses. RESULTS: At the elementary school level, there was a significant visual recognition memory advantage of the NLD group over the LD group (F(1,8) = 6.83, p = 0.018), but there was no significant difference between these groups at the secondary school level. There was no significant difference in the reaction time between the groups at either of the two levels. CONCLUSIONS: LD children have poorer visual recognition memory performance than NLD children for complex geometric patterns. Since there was no difference in reaction time between the two groups, attentional or encoding deficits can not adequately explain the recognition memory differences. The results can best be explained by inefficient visual rehearsal strategies with a small pool of visual items that are unfamiliar and difficult to code verbally. The serial recognition task can be used effectively by the optometrist to discriminate the performance of LD and NLD children.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between foster care and adoption units serving developmentally disabled children.

There were few differences between developmentally disabled foster children and those who were adopted. The foster children as a group were slightly older and more likely to have intact biological families who continued to maintain contact with them. More differences were found in the agencies' structures and practices. The major problem areas identified during the site visits appeared to be within the child welfare system itself, specifically at the interface between foster care and adoption. Bridging mechanisms were needed between units to temper the differences in perception, values, role expectations, and decision-making criteria used by the specialized staffs. When bridging mechanisms were in place, specialization of function was related to increased effectiveness in placing developmentally disabled children for adoption.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Information that informs rather than alienates families with disabled children: developing a model of good practice.

The importance to families with disabled children of relevant and accessible information about services has been illustrated in numerous studies and was re-emphasised by the Department of Health's 'quality protects' initiative. Indeed, the provision of information and the importance of keeping families informed is frequently viewed as a significant factor within both the concept of empowerment and the facilitation of enabling and participatory processes for service users and their families. However, although there has been considerable research highlighting parents' information needs, there has been significantly less exploration of how parents would actually like to receive this information. This paper seeks to bridge this knowledge gap and also discusses the empowering potential of user-friendly information. Drawing upon data collected from focus group discussions with parents caring for children with a range of disabilities or chronic illnesses, this paper explores how the families of service users would like to receive information. In particular, it examines the criteria by which parents judge the quality of information and their ideas as to what constitutes good practice, especially in terms of how information is presented, its content and the way it is delivered. Using these ideas and criteria, the paper begins to develop a model of good information practice that is both three-dimensional and personally interactive. Indeed, parents' desire for a combination of personal guidance and good-quality information, whether in the form of in-depth booklets or shorter directories, is viewed as being of paramount importance and, furthermore, as having an important empowering potential.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed2000

Mothers and their disabled children: refining the concept of normalization.

Normalization refers to behaviors and intentions of the disabled to integrate into society by living life as do those without a disability. Although normal is assumed to be a desired state, the concept has not been explored from the perspective of disabled children and mothers and other family members. The objective of this study is to determine "what is normal" from the perspective of the person with the disability. Participant observation was conducted in a 6-day summer camp for 17 children with chronic, severe, life-threatening physical disabilities. The children normally received home care and were ventilator dependent. Data consisted of observations, field notes, photographs, and videos. To obtain data about the children's home life, audiotaped telephone interviews with their primary caregiver (16 mothers and 1 father) were conducted before and after the camp. This group had two distinct social reference groups: the "disabled world" of the disabled-as-normal and the "outside" world of the everyday-as-normal. Mothers identified with both reference groups according to the child's needs, abilities and capabilities, and the risk involved. Children with disabilities who normalize compare their abilities and capabilities to identify both within a disabled world ("like me") and the outside world, according to their needs. Normalization includes processes of identification with both the cultural dominant perceived as normal (with whom these children could identify cognitively) and handicapped children (with whom these children could identify both physically and cognitively).

Adaptation, Psychological↗