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PubMed1986

The South African Defence Force physical training programme. Part II. Effect of 1 year's military training on muscular strength, power, power-endurance, speed and flexibility.

The effect of the South African Defence Force (SADF) military training on recruits' muscular strength, power, power-endurance, speed and flexibility was investigated. In the entire study group, a significant enhancement by basic training was observed for the isokinetic muscular strength of the right elbow extensors alone (17% increase; P less than 0,05). Stratification of training responses on the basis of initial fitness levels revealed significant improvements with basic training for all measures of muscular strength, power, power-endurance and speed, but not flexibility, in the below-average fitness recruit. For all variables the training effect was transient and values documented on completion of 1 year's military training differed insignificantly from those recorded before conscription. In contrast, with the exception of elbow extensor muscular strength, fitness levels of the average and above-average recruits were not increased by basic training. While further research to assess physical requirements of various military work and emergency situations is needed to evaluate the desirability of this observed selective enhancement of recruit fitness levels during basic training, it is evident that greater emphasis should be placed on flexibility training, and physical conditioning after basic training.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

A nationwide survey of CPR training in Sweden: foreign born and unemployed are not reached by training programmes.

AIM: To determine the number of CPR trained adults in Sweden, and the willingness of the non-trained population to attend a CPR course. An additional purpose was to investigate differences related to sex, age, residential area, socio-economic classification and country of origin. METHODS: Five thousand adults in Sweden were surveyed, which yielded 3167 valid responses, a response rate of 63%. The sample was selected at random and stratified to correlate to the geographic distribution of the population. RESULTS: The mean (S.D.) age was 46 (16) years, 54% of the respondents were females and 11% were people of foreign origin. Forty-five percent had participated in some form of CPR training. Younger respondents, those living in rural areas, those born in Sweden, employees, students and military conscripts were trained more frequently in CPR. Of the respondents with no CPR training, 50% expressed a willingness to attend a course. The most common reason for not being trained in CPR was that the respondent did not know such courses existed or that they did not know where to go for training. CONCLUSION: Somewhere between 30 and 45% of the adult population of Sweden had participated in CPR training. Half of the non-trained population was willing to learn CPR but frequently did not know that such courses existed or where they were held. Elderly people, people of foreign origin, or those not included in the workforce were less likely to have participated in CPR training.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Training modalities: over-reaching and over-training in athletes, including a study of the role of hormones.

BACKGROUND: An imbalance between the overall strain experienced during exercise training and the athlete's tolerance of such an effort may induce over-reaching (OR) or over-training syndrome (OTS). OR is characterized by an unexpected drop in performance despite increased training load or may lead to OTS, a complex state of exhaustion and persistent fatigue. AIM: As it is important to adapt training modalities to the athletes' needs, and as there is still a lack of objective parameters suitable for the prevention and diagnosis of OTS, we studied 11 male elite cyclists, analysing the impact of training modalities ('training high-living low'; 'training low-living low') on exercise performance as well as on variable hormonal responses in order to detect early and sensitive markers for OR and/or OTS. RESULTS: Although the variable hormones varied quite substantially among the two training groups, two ratios--free testosterone/cortisol (FTCR) and insulin-like growth factor-I/cortisol (IGF-I/C)--did not differ at all. This is important because athletes' final aim is to improve in an anabolic way. In addition, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3) might be a useful screening factor for OR and OTS. CONCLUSION: First, from a critical review of the existing over-training research, it must be concluded that there has been little improvement in recent years in the tools available for the diagnosis of OTS. Second, as variable training modalities do have a major impact on isolated hormones in circulation, hormonal ratios such as FTCR and IGF-I/C have to be calculated. These ratios might be useful parameters in the early detection of a imbalance between anabolic and catabolic metabolism.

Altitude↗

PubMed1999

Beneficial effects of exercise training in heart failure patients with low cardiac output response to exercise - a comparison of two training models.

BACKGROUND: Exercise capacity of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) correlates poorly with estimates of cardiac function. Yet, it has been suggested that only patients without severely impaired cardiac output (CO) benefit from exercise training. Comparisons of different training models have not been made in the same study. AIMS: To evaluate whether the response to different training models diverges according to the cardiac output response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: Sixteen CHF patients (63 +/- 11 years) with an ejection fraction of 30 +/- 11% underwent a baseline cardiopulmonary exercise test, right heart catheterization and leg muscle biopsy. Cardiac output (CO) response to exercise was defined as the ratio between CO increase and the increase in oxygen uptake (CO response index) during exercise. Patients were randomized into two training regimens, differing with regard to active muscle mass, i.e. whole body and one-legged exercise. RESULTS: Baseline exercise capacity expressed as W kg-1 correlated with the CO response index (r = 0.51, P < 0.05). Exercise capacity on the cycle ergometer increased in both groups but more in the one-legged than in the two-legged training group (P < 0.05). The improvement in exercise capacity did not correlate with base-line exercise capacity. It correlated with CO response index in the one-legged (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) but not in the two-legged training group. CO response index correlated negatively with the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at peak exercise (r = - 0.60, P < 0.05). The increase in leg muscle citrate synthase activity after training correlated negatively with the baseline CO response index (r = - 0. 50, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The improvement of exercise capacity after one-legged training correlates with the CO increase in relation to the O2 uptake before training. In patients with low CO response, individualization of the exercise regimen is needed and the benefits of training a limited muscle mass at a time deserve further study.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Hormonal reactions during heavy training stress and following tapering in highly trained male rowers.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether fasting plasma leptin, cortisol, testosterone and growth hormone concentrations were altered with a heavy increase in training stress followed by a reduced stress in highly trained male rowers. Twelve male national standard rowers (age 20.5 +/- 3.0 years, height 187.9 +/- 6.1 cm, body mass 87.1 +/- 8.3 kg, percent body fat 10.4 +/- 3.2 %) underwent a three-week period of maximally increased training stress followed by a two-week tapering period. The fasting blood samples were obtained every week after the rest day. In addition, the maximal 2000-meter rowing ergometer performance time was assessed before and immediately after the exhaustive training period as well as after the tapering period. A 22 % increase in training stress caused a significant decrease (by 8 %) and increase (by 9 %) in leptin and testosterone, respectively. A further increase in training volume by 25 % significantly reduced leptin further by 35 %. At the same time, no changes were observed in testosterone. Growth hormone was significantly elevated only after the first week of heavy training stress compared to the pretraining level. In the first tapering week, where the physical stress was reduced by 50 %, leptin only significantly increased by 29 %. Testosterone and growth hormone were significantly reduced to almost pretraining levels by the end of the second tapering week. Leptin was further significantly increased during the second tapering week. Cortisol remained relatively constant during the whole study period. Similarly, rowing performance was not significantly changed. We conclude that leptin is more sensitive to the rapid and pronounced changes in training stress compared to measured stress hormones in athletes. In addition, fasting plasma leptin could be regarded as a key signal for metabolic adaptation to exhaustive training stress in highly trained male rowers.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effects of whole body vibration training on muscle strength and sprint performance in sprint-trained athletes.

Despite the expanding use of Whole Body Vibration training among athletes, it is not known whether adding Whole Body Vibration training to the conventional training of sprint-trained athletes will improve speed-strength performance. Twenty experienced sprint-trained athletes (13 male symbol, 7 female symbol, 17-30 years old) were randomly assigned to a Whole Body Vibration group (n=10: 6 male symbol and 4 female symbol) or a Control group (n=10: 7 male symbol, 3 female symbol). During a 5-week experimental period all subjects continued their conventional training program, but the subjects of the Whole Body Vibration group additionally performed three times weekly a Whole Body Vibration training prior to their conventional training program. The Whole Body Vibration program consisted of unloaded static and dynamic leg exercises on a vibration platform (35-40 Hz, 1.7-2.5 mm, Power Plate). Pre and post isometric and dynamic (100 degrees/s) knee-extensor and -flexor strength and knee-extension velocity at fixed resistances were measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer (Rev 9000, Technogym). Vertical jump performance was measured by means of a contact mat. Force-time characteristics of the start action were assessed using a load cell mounted on each starting block. Sprint running velocity was recorded by means of a laser system. Isometric and dynamic knee-extensor and knee-flexor strength were unaffected (p>0.05) in the Whole Body Vibration group and the Control group. As well, knee-extension velocity remained unchanged (p>0.05). The duration of the start action, the resulting start velocity, start acceleration, and sprint running velocity did not change (>0.05) in either group. In conclusion, this specific Whole Body Vibration protocol of 5 weeks had no surplus value upon the conventional training program to improve speed-strength performance in sprint-trained athletes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1997

Intraindividual variation of running economy in highly trained and moderately trained males.

Previous studies of intraindividual variation in running economy have not compared within-subject variability between groups of runners differing in training level, nor have they considered the workload of the submaximal but relative to the lactate breakpoint. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess intraindividual variation in submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2) during steady rate treadmill running below the lactate breakpoint in highly trained (n = 7) and moderately trained (n = 8) male runners. Subjects completed a discontinuous VO2 max protocol with blood sampling to determine the lactate breakpoint. Three 15 minute level treadmill bouts at approximately 88% of the lactate breakpoint were then performed. Time of day, day of the week, diet, and and footwear were controlled within each subject across the three tests. Statistically significant differences were found between groups in VO2 max, relative fat, training mileage, and 10 km race time (p < 0.01), while the lactate breakpoint was similar between groups (integral of 80% of VO2 max). The difference in treadmill speed between highly trained and moderately trained runners for the submaximal bouts was statistically significant (p < 0.01) and correlated with reported training paces (r = 0.82). Although the mean coefficient of variation for steady rate VO2 was smaller for the highly trained group, the difference was not statistically significant (highly trained = 1.77%, moderately trained = 2.00%; p > 0.05). The mean coefficient of variation for all 15 subjects was 1.90%. After accounting for technological error, biological variation was found to comprise approximately 94% of the intraindividual variation in running economy. In comparison to other studies, these results suggest that workloads below the lactate breakpoint may allow more stable measures of running economy to be obtained.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Group training in patients with COPD - long-term effects after decreased training frequency.

PURPOSE: To investigate effects of decreased training frequency in patients with COPD. METHODS: Forty-three COPD patients participated in a controlled study. The intervention group (30 patients) trained 3 times a week during 3 months and once a week during 6 months. Before, after 3 and 9 months all patients performed walking tests, cycle ergometer tests and responded questionnaires on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (SGRQ, SF-36). RESULTS: At 9 months compared to 3 months there were no changes in distance walked in the groups. Both groups decreased their VO2peak and the training group deteriorated in HRQoL. At 9 months compared to baseline the training group showed increased distance walked compared to the control group. In the disease-specific SGRQ the training group tended to improve their activity score while the control group tended to deteriorate in total score. In SF-36 the control group decreased their physical component score. CONCLUSION: Training once a week does not seem to be sufficient to maintain the level achieved after the 3-month period of training in COPD patients. However, training once a week during 6 months preceded by 3 months of high frequency training seems to prevent deterioration in physical capacity and HRQoL compared to baseline. Further studies are needed to investigate how to best sustain the benefits gained after physical training.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Maximal strength training improves work economy in trained female cross-country skiers.

PURPOSE: The present study examines the hypothesis that maximal strength training improves work economy and anaerobic threshold in trained female cross-country skiers while working on a ski ergometer. METHODS: Fifteen female cross-country skiers (17.9 +/- 0.3 yr, 166.7 +/- 1.3 cm, 60.1 +/- 1.9 kg, and 55.3 +/- 1.3 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) participated in the study. Eight skiers made up the high-intensity strength-trained group, and seven served as the control group. Endurance performance was tested on a specially instrumented ski ergometer. Strength training and testing simulated double poling in cross-country skiing. RESULTS: A significant (P < 0.001) improvement in double-poling economy on the ski ergometer was observed among the strength-trained group. Anaerobic threshold did not change during the experimental period for either group. After a 9-wk training period, time to exhaustion increased from 5.2 (+/-0.9) to 12.3 (+/-1.6) min (P < 0.001) and from 4.0 (+/-0.9) to 6.3 (+/-0.9) min (P < 0.01) for the strength and control group, respectively. Time to exhaustion was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for the strength group compared with the control group after training. One repetition maximum increased 14.5% (1.8) (P < 0.001) in the strength group but was unchanged in the control group. Expressed in relation to peak force at one repetition maximum, strength training resulted in a significant reduction in the relative available force employed working on the ski ergometer (P < 0.01). Time to peak force at maximal aerobic velocity on the ski ergometer was significantly reduced in the strength-training group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that maximal strength training in the upper-body improved the double-poling performance by improved work economy. Work economy was improved by a reduction in relative workload and time to peak force while double poling.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Virtual reality simulation for the operating room: proficiency-based training as a paradigm shift in surgical skills training.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: To inform surgeons about the practical issues to be considered for successful integration of virtual reality simulation into a surgical training program. The learning and practice of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) makes unique demands on surgical training programs. A decade ago Satava proposed virtual reality (VR) surgical simulation as a solution for this problem. Only recently have robust scientific studies supported that vision METHODS: A review of the surgical education, human-factor, and psychology literature to identify important factors which will impinge on the successful integration of VR training into a surgical training program. RESULTS: VR is more likely to be successful if it is systematically integrated into a well-thought-out education and training program which objectively assesses technical skills improvement proximate to the learning experience. Validated performance metrics should be relevant to the surgical task being trained but in general will require trainees to reach an objectively determined proficiency criterion, based on tightly defined metrics and perform at this level consistently. VR training is more likely to be successful if the training schedule takes place on an interval basis rather than massed into a short period of extensive practice. High-fidelity VR simulations will confer the greatest skills transfer to the in vivo surgical situation, but less expensive VR trainers will also lead to considerably improved skills generalizations. CONCLUSIONS: VR for improved performance of MIS is now a reality. However, VR is only a training tool that must be thoughtfully introduced into a surgical training curriculum for it to successfully improve surgical technical skills.

Attention↗

PubMed2006

Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training.

1. Although several epidemiological studies have not observed significant independent relationships between physical activity or fitness and blood pressure, others have concluded that blood pressure is lower in individuals who are more fit or active. However, longitudinal intervention studies are more appropriate for assessing the effects of physical activity on blood pressure. 2. Previously, we have performed meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials involving dynamic aerobic endurance training or resistance training. Inclusion criteria were: random allocation to intervention and control; physical training as the sole intervention; inclusion of healthy sedentary normotensive and/or hypertensive adults; intervention duration of at least 4 weeks; availability of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure; and publication in a peer-reviewed journal up to December 2003. 3. The meta-analysis on endurance training involved 72 trials and 105 study groups. After weighting for the number of trained participants, training induced significant net reductions of resting and day time ambulatory blood pressure of 3.0/2.4 mmHg (P < 0.001) and 3.3/3.5 mmHg (P < 0.01), respectively. The reduction of resting blood pressure was more pronounced in the 30 hypertensive study groups (-6.9/-4.9) than in the others (-1.9/-1.6; P < 0.001 for all). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 7.1% (P < 0.05), plasma noradrenaline by 29% (P < 0.001) and plasma renin activity by 20% (P < 0.05). Bodyweight decreased by 1.2 kg (P < 0.001), waist circumference by 2.8 cm (P < 0.001), percentage body fat by 1.4% (P < 0.001) and the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index of insulin resistance by 0.31 units (P < 0.01). High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased by 0.032 mmol/L (P < 0.05). 4. Resistance training has been less well studied. A meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials (12 study groups) on mostly dynamic resistance training revealed a weighted net reduction of diastolic blood pressure of 3.5 mmHg (P < 0.01) associated with exercise and a non-significant reduction of systolic blood pressure of 3.2 mmHg (P = 0.10). 5. In conclusion, dynamic aerobic endurance training decreases blood pressure through a reduction of systemic vascular resistance, in which the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system appear to be involved, and favourably affects concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, the few available data suggest that resistance training is able to reduce blood pressure.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1975

Reduced urinary noradrenaline excretion during rest, exercise and cold stress in trained rats: a comparison between physically-trained rats, cold-acclimated rats and warm-acclimated rats.

Physically trained rats were compared with cold-acclimated rats. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats showed cardiac and adrenal hypertrophy. Cardiac noradrenaline (NA) content was increased in both groups of rats but only the trained rats had an increased cardiac NA concentration. The adrenal NA content was increased in both groups but only the trained rats had an increased adrenal content of adrenaline (A). The spleen of trained rats had an increased NA content, while that of cold-acclimated rats had a decreased NA content. The submandibular glands of cold-acclimated rats were enlarged and had an increased NA content. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats had lower urinary NA excretions during rest, after exercise and during cold stress when compared with controls. However, only the trained rats had a reduced net increment in NA excretion after exercise, whereas there was no difference between the increments of cold-acclimated and control rats. Six months after cessation of training, ex-trained rats still had an increased heart ratio and a reduced urinary NA excretion after exercise. It is suggested that physical training induces "cross tolerance" to cold stress, while cold-acclimation does not lead to "cross tolerance" to acute exercise.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1989

Senior house officers and their training. II. Perceptions of service and training.

Aspects of teaching and learning at senior house officer level in South East Thames region were investigated by analysis of the responses of consultants, senior registrars, registrars, and senior house officers to a postal questionnaire. Responses to sections about who teaches senior house officers, how senior house officers learn, and the relation between the service and training elements of these posts varied significantly, according to the status of the respondents; certain grades commonly overestimated their own contribution when compared with the estimates of the other grades. Although the replies of senior house officers showed that they were taught by various grades, 47% of this group did not regard the consultant as their main teacher. Senior registrars and registrars rather than consultants were regarded by senior house officers as best at teaching (63% v 48% respectively). Consultants and registrars were considered to require more commitment to training, personal educational training, and to be more approachable. Inquiry about teaching methods used most by senior house officers showed absence of a systematic approach to training. Only about half of senior house officers cited ward rounds with consultants. Views on the relation between training and service were significantly different among grades, but there was general dissatisfaction. Overall, the findings disclosed the ineffectiveness of senior house officer training posts. This arises from lack of a clear distinction between training and service elements, of educational training for teachers, of a clear contractual obligation to teach im the consultant grade, and of allotted time for training and study for the teachers and senior house officers respectively. Reversal of these current trends is needed for senior house officer posts to fulfil their main training function.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1983

Emergency medical personnel training: II. Components of training.

Nationwide Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) training programs at both basic and advanced levels are in flux, confronting similar challenges in design and implementation. There currently exist the 81-hour Department of Transportation course of instruction as the basis for EMT-Ambulance (EMT-A) certification and the National Standard Training Curriculum (NSTC) 15-module course for training the EMT-Paramedic (EMT-P). The National Registry of EMTs has established examination and recertification guidelines as well as requirements for both levels of training. The two national training courses reflect a difference in disease focus (ie, trauma vs cardiac) and thus a difference in care rendered by the two EMT levels. Variations in both EMT-A and EMT-P training programs at the state level in areas such as length of training and requirements for certification point out a need for greater consistency in training of emergency medical personnel. Evaluation of current training programs based on the NSTC has resulted in updating the EMT-P curriculum. The proposed curriculum includes new course material with behavioral and performance objectives. An ongoing system of training, evaluation, and incorporation of new techniques found clinically relevant is recommended.

Allied Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of the influence of volume-oriented training and high-intensity interval training on serum homocysteine and its cofactors in young, healthy swimmers.

BACKGROUND: Since homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases, it is important to know how exercise can modify it. Previous studies have suggested that endurance training influences Hcy. However, little is known about the effect of training intensity on Hcy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated Hcy, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate and methylmalonic acid (MMA) before and after 3 weeks of volume-oriented training (VOL) (30 km/week) and high-intensity interval training (HIT) (20 km/week) in 20 young swimmers (16 +/- 2 years). Afterward, the athletes completed 5 days of recovery training. RESULTS: The training induced a Hcy increase in HIT and VOL (6.47 +/- 0.95 micromol/l vs. 7.44 +/- 1.17 micromol/l and 7.33 +/- 1.92 micromol/l vs. 8.28 +/- 1.42 micromol/l, respectively) that persisted during the recovery period (8.02 +/- 1.69 micromol/l and 8.00 +/- 1.81 micromol/l, respectively). Vitamin B12 was unchanged after the training (539 +/- 166 ng/l vs. 556 +/- 192 ng/l and 480 +/- 144 ng/l vs. 491 +/- 124 ng/l, respectively) but decreased during the recovery period (459 +/- 134 ng/l and 451 +/- 116 ng/l, respectively). Folate showed an increase during the training (9.07 +/- 2.01 microg/l vs. 11.71 +/- 4.08 microg/l and 10.34 +/- 2.32 microg/l vs. 11.13 +/- 4.64 microg/l, respectively), which was reversible by the end of the recovery training (8.57 +/- 1.98 microg/l and 9.60 +/- 2.38 microg/l, respectively). Vitamin B6 and MMA did not change. For none of the measured parameters were there significant differences between HIT and VOL. CONCLUSION: Three weeks of strenuous swimming caused a prolonged Hcy increase, which was accompanied by changes in vitamin B12 and folate. The magnitude of these effects was not influenced by the training intensity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Comparing perceptions of training for medicine-pediatrics and categorically trained physicians.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the perceptions of clinical preparedness among graduates of categorical pediatric and internal medicine residency programs versus medicine-pediatric training programs and whether these varied for recent or older graduates. METHODS: A mail survey study was conducted in the fall of 2004 of a random sample of 245 and 246 internal medicine physicians who applied for or took a general certifying examination between 1980 and 1997 (older graduates) and between 1998 and 2003 (recent graduates), respectively, and a random sample of 248 and 247 pediatricians who applied for or took a general certifying examination between 1980 and 1997 (older graduates) and between 1998 and 2003 (recent graduates). Analyses compared results from a recent, similar survey of medicine-pediatric physicians. RESULTS: Response rate for pediatricians was 78% and for internal medicine physicians was 64%. Categorically trained pediatricians were more likely than medicine-pediatrics-trained physicians to report that they were very well prepared to care for infants (65% vs 50%) but less likely well trained to care for adolescents (17% vs 45%). Categorically trained internal medicine residents were less likely to feel very well prepared to care for both adults and elders than their medicine-pediatrics-trained counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Categorically trained pediatricians and internal medicine physicians believed that they were no better prepared to care for their patients than medicine-pediatrics-trained physicians. Regardless of their beliefs of their preparedness, medicine-pediatrics physicians in practice spend a significant majority of their time in the care of adults rather than children. Our findings indicate that this is not because of their perception of a lack of training or preparation in the care of children relative to categorically trained pediatricians. Other factors, including but not limited to patient demographic changes, reimbursement for care, and the job market, potentially play a significant role.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive individuals undergoing two single exercise sessions: resistive exercise training and aerobic exercise training.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of 2 single exercise sessions on blood pressure in sedentary normotensive individuals: one of resistive exercise training (circuit weight training) and the other of aerobic exercise training. METHODS: Using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, this study assessed 25 individuals as follows: in a controlled situation at rest (ABPM 1); after resistive exercise training (ABPM 2); and after aerobic exercise training (ABPM 3). Resistive exercise training was performed as circuit weight training with an intensity of 40% of each individual's maximum strength. The aerobic exercise training was performed on a cycloergometer with intensity between 60% and 70% of the maximum heart rate (HR) reached during previous exercise testing. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) values during 24 hours and during subperiods of wakefulness and sleep showed no statistically significant variations when the results obtained at rest were compared with those of ABPM2 and ABPM3, and when the results of ABPM2 were compared with those of ABPM3. The mean heart rate during 24 hours and in the wakefulness period showed significant increases (P<0.05), when ABPM2 was compared with ABPM3. CONCLUSION: A single session of resistive exercise training in normotensive individuals was sufficient to cause significant reductions in blood pressure levels after exercise in the period of sleep. The session of aerobic exercise training in these same individuals was more effective in significantly reducing blood pressure levels.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part I: short term insufficient training stimulus.

Detraining is the partial or complete loss of training-induced adaptations, in response to an insufficient training stimulus. Detraining characteristics may be different depending on the duration of training cessation or insufficient training. Short term detraining (less than 4 weeks of insufficient training stimulus) is analysed in part I of this review, whereas part II will deal with long term detraining (more than 4 weeks of insufficient training stimulus). Short term cardiorespiratory detraining is characterised in highly trained athletes by a rapid decline in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and blood volume. Exercise heart rate increases insufficiently to counterbalance the decreased stroke volume, and maximal cardiac output is thus reduced. Ventilatory efficiency and endurance performance are also impaired. These changes are more moderate in recently trained individuals. From a metabolic viewpoint, short term inactivity implies an increased reliance on carbohydrate metabolism during exercise, as shown by a higher exercise respiratory exchange ratio, and lowered lipase activity, GLUT-4 content, glycogen level and lactate threshold. At the muscle level, capillary density and oxidative enzyme activities are reduced. Training-induced changes in fibre cross-sectional area are reversed, but strength performance declines are limited. Hormonal changes include a reduced insulin sensitivity, a possible increase in testosterone and growth hormone levels in strength athletes, and a reversal of short term training-induced adaptations in fluid-electrolyte regulating hormones.

Blood Volume↗