Acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and polyacrylic acid.
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Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
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Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity of inhaled methyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate in Sprague-Dawley rats.
No exposure-related clinical signs or lesions of systemic toxicity and no oncogenic responses were observed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by inhalation to methyl acrylate (MA) or n-butyl acrylate (BA) vapours, at concentrations of 0, 15, 45 and 135 ppm. The rats were whole-body-exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 24 consecutive months. There was a 6-month post-exposure observation period for subgroups of BA-exposed rats. Atrophy of the neurogenic epithelial cells and hyperplasia of reserve cells were observed in the nasal mucosa of all MA- and BA-exposed groups. These changes were dose related and mainly affected the anterior part of the olfactory epithelium. Opacity and neovascularization of the cornea were seen in all MA-exposed groups and in the group exposed to 135 ppm BA. These toxic effects of the olfactory epithelium and cornea were attributed to the known irritancy of MA and BA. In the BA subgroups kept for a 6-month post-exposure observation, reconstructive effects, such as replacement of altered olfactory epithelium with respiratory epithelium, and partial regression of corneal neovascularization were observed.
Acrylates↗
[Acrylic or resilient acrylic orthopedic prosthesis for the nursing infant with fissure and with or without palatal cleft].
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Acrylic Resins↗
Physical and mechanical properties of acrylic and modified acrylic denture resins.
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Acrylic Resins↗
[Migration of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters from acrylate latexes].
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Acrylates↗
The influence of morphological variation on Candida albicans adhesion to denture acrylic in vitro.
Using denture acrylic pieces coated with either whole human stimulated saliva or oral streptococci, the binding ability of three different Candida albicans strains was investigated. The C. albicans strains include a clinical isolate with the commonly observed, smooth, round colonial morphology (strain 613p), a morphological variant spontaneously derived from the clinical isolate strain 613p (strain 613m1BK) and a clinical isolate from an oral lesion that was also a morphological variant upon primary isolation (strain 228). Levels of adhesion to the acrylic pieces were determined radiometrically using C. albicans cells metabolically labelled with [35S]-methionine. Whole stimulated saliva significantly increased the binding of all strains compared to uncoated acrylic. However, the level of binding of strain 613p to saliva-coated acrylic was significantly greater than the levels observed for the morphological variant strain 613m1BK. Coating acrylic pieces with either Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 10904, Strep. mutans GS-5 or Strep. sobrinus ATCC 27352 instead of saliva resulted in significantly greater binding by strain 613p compared to uncoated acrylic. Pre-coating the acrylic with the oral streptococci did not significantly increase the binding of morphological variant strains 613m1BK and 228 compared to uncoated acrylic. In general, preincubation of adherent streptococci with sucrose to induce the synthesis of extracellular carbohydrate polymers did not significantly increase the binding levels of the C. albicans strains above those observed using streptococci in buffer alone. Compared to its parental strain 613p, morphological variant strain 613m1BK adhered poorly to denture acrylic coated with either salivary constituents or oral streptococci, while strain 228 adhered to the same substrates at an intermediate level. Furthermore, physical disaggregation of clusters of the morphological variant strain 613m1BK did not appear to increase its binding capacity to saliva-coated denture acrylic. The effect of whole stimulated saliva on the adherence of C. albicans 613p to a variety of plastic substrates in addition to denture acrylic was examined. Overall, saliva pre-coating of the various plastics promoted C. albicans 613p adhesion. The adhesion of strain 613p to denture acrylic coated with whole stimulated saliva from each of five different donors or with parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva from each of two donors was also examined. Regardless of donor, a coating of whole stimulated saliva significantly increased the binding of strain 613p to denture acrylic compared to uncoated acrylic. In addition, a coating of parotid saliva significantly increased the binding of strain 613p to denture acrylic compared to submandibular/sublingual saliva.
Acrylic Resins↗
In vitro measurement of bone-acrylic interface pressure during femoral component insertion.
Bone-acrylic interface pressure measurements were recorded at the medial interior rasped surfaces of fresh cadaver femurs during digital packing of acrylic bone cement and during insertion and seating of a Trapezoidal-28 femoral total hip component. Plugging of the femoral canal below the tip of the prosthesis stem was an effective means for increasing pressure in the distal femoral canal when the stem was inserted in the early stages of acrylic polymerization (i.e. immediately after dough time). At surgery, this can be accomplished by inserting a small bolus of acrylic down the canal to a depth below the tip of the seated stem and allowing it to polymerize in place. This forms an effective seal which prevents distal extrusion of the acrylic when the cavity is then packed prior to prosthesis insertion. Elimination of cement in the distal canal also avoids any future difficulty of acrylic removal should revision become necessary due to loosening or infection. No significant pressure differences were observed between one and two millimeter thicknesses of acrylic between the metal and bone. Interface pressures developed during finger packing were of the same order of magnitude as those achieved during seating of the femoral component. Use of a rubber diaphragm stretched tightly over the margins of the rasped femoral cavity helped to contain the acrylic and prevent extrusion during finger packing but was ineffective in increasing interface pressure. When this method is used, the acrylic can be poured or injected into the canal and packed before dough stage and thus facilitate increased cancellous penetration when the acrylic is in a state of low viscosity.
Arthroplasty↗
Rates of ethyl acrylate binding to glutathione and protein.
Ethyl acrylate is a monomer used extensively in polymer manufacturing. Although ethyl acrylate is toxic at high concentrations, it is metabolized and detoxified rapidly at low concentrations. In the current studies, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that [14C]ethyl acrylate reacts with both glutathione (GSH) and protein to give either [14C]3-(glutathion-S-yl)ethylpropionate or covalently bound protein adducts, respectively. The second-order rate constant for [14C]ethyl acrylate conjugation with GSH was determined by quantification of [14C]3-(glutathion-S-yl)ethylpropionate using an HPLC system equipped with a flow-through radioactive detector. The rate constant for conjugation was 32.8 M-1 min-1. Additionally, the apparent second-order rate constants were determined for [14C]ethyl acrylate binding to the protein fraction of 14 whole tissue homogenates. Estimation of total protein binding sites was performed by reacting tissue homogenates with high concentrations of [14C]ethyl acrylate, while rates of binding were determined by reacting tissue homogenates with 200 microM [14C]ethyl acrylate at 37 degrees C for various periods of time. Apparent second-order rate constants for ethyl acrylate binding to protein homogenates were similar to that observed for GSH reacting with ethyl acrylate. The role of GSH-transferase in catalyzing 3-(glutathion-S-yl)ethylpropionate formation also was evaluated with whole tissue homogenates. In most tissues, the GSH-transferases poorly catalyzed the conjugation reaction. However, a significant increase in 3-(glutathion-S-yl)ethylpropionate formation was observed with liver homogenate.
Acrylates↗
Pharmacological studies of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl chloroacetate and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate as inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase in isolated skeletal and smooth muscle preparations.
Two tertiary amine esters, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl chloroacetate (Cl-DMA) and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (acryl-DMA), which have recently been shown to be inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) were investigated to determine their actions in isolated skeletal and smooth muscle preparations. Both compounds caused neuromuscular blockade in indirectly stimulated nerve-muscle preparations (ED50 values of Cl-DMA were 6.9 -42.0 X 10(-4) M and those of acryl-DMA were 1.2-5.8 X 10(-4) M). The blockade was completely or partially reversible after drug washout. A comparison of the ED50 values for neuromuscular blockade with the ID50 values for ChAc inhibition suggested that the acryl-DMA compound might not cause neuromuscular blockade via ChAc inhibition because the potency ratios (ED50/ID50) of Cl-DMA were higher than 1, whereas those of acryl-DMA were equal to or lower than 1. This was borne out by further experiments on isolated neuromuscular preparations which showed that the site of action for acryl-DMA was post-junctional, whereas that for Cl-DMA was prejunctional. In addition, the weak stimulating properties of Cl-DMA and acryl-DMA were investigated in isolated skeletal and smooth muscle. Cl-DMA was shown to be a partial cholinergic agonist, whereas acryl-DMA was a nonspecific stimulant not involving cholinergic receptors. Although both Cl-DMA and acryl-DMA are inhibitors of ChAc, only Cl-DMA appears to have sufficient specificity for use as a possible ChAc inhibitor in vivo.
Acetates↗
Chemistry and biological activities of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, a choline acetyltransferase inhibitor.
N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (acryl-DMA) was synthesized as a tertiary nitrogen choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) inhibitor which would be able to penetrate biological membranes to inhibit ChAc in the nerve terminal. The synthesis from dimethylaminoethanol and acrylyl chloride was described and the hydration with times in an aqueous medium measured by NMR spectroscopy was presented. The autohydrolysis in water was found to be 1.75 x 10(-8) mol/min at pH 7.4 and 5.0 mM concentration. The enzymatic hydrolysis was unaffected by cholinesterases. Acryl-DMA was capable of inhibiting ChAc extracted from rat brain with I50 of 5.02 x 10(-4) M. The inhibition was reversible and displayed uncompetitive kinetics with respect to both substrates, choline and acetyl-CoA. Neither the hydrolysis nor the hydration products of acryl-DMA could inhibit ChAc. Although acryl-DMA was hydrated rapidly and completely within 1 hr at high pH (9.0), the time course of inhibition ability of acryl-DMA in aqueous medium at physiological pH was found to decrease rather slowly and by 36% in 1 hr, indicating that acryl-DMA can survive from hydration at physiological pH. Acryl-DMA was also tested for its ability to block electrically induced muscle contractions in both isolated skeletal and smooth nerve-muscle preparations. The ED50's obtained were less than 5 x 10(-4) M in both cases.
Acetyltransferases↗
Contact dermatitis from acrylate and methacrylate compounds in Lowicryl embedding media for electron microscopy.
This report is about occupational contact dermatitis found in 3 out of 6 workers of a chemistry laboratory using Lowicryl embedding media, which contain (meth)acrylate monomer mixtures of known composition. The notation (meth)acrylates is used to refer to both acrylates and methacrylates. (Meth)acrylate monomers will polymerize in the absence of oxygen when induced by metal ions, peroxides, heat or ultraviolet light. The monomers are of low viscosity and remain in the liquid state at temperatures far below 0 degree C. The volatile compounds, some of which exhibit a most pungent odour, have a tendency to penetrate all tissue and to permeate into the finest fissures, a property which makes them suitable as sealants, glues, embedding material, etc. This and their toxicity may represent a danger to the health of individuals who need to work with them, especially if no precautions are taken. We show with patch testing that one patient reacted strongly to the compound 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate at the dilutions tested (0.5 and 1% v/v), but not at all to 10 other (meth)acrylates. In the same test, 3 volunteer controls were negative to 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. We demonstrate that at maximum working concentration, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate penetrates both latex and vinyl gloves and elicits irritant/allergic reactions on the patient and irritant reactions on a control. Finally, we discuss the necessary protective measures.
Acrylic Resins↗
Acrylic cement stabilized joint replacements.
Surgical management of osteoarthritis, aseptic necrosis and rheumatoid arthritis has been revolutionized by the introduction of acrylic cement-stabilized joint surface replacement. Although single joint surface replacements have been employed extensively for more than half a century, total surface replacement operations with a wear-resistant high-density polyethylene and noncorrosive stainless steel stabilized by acrylic cement were introduced only a little more than 12 years ago. This evolved with Charnley's discovery of the high level of bone tolerance for acrylic cement. Acrylic cement made it possible mechanically to bond artificial joint surfaces to the bone ends and produce an insensitive Charcot-like functioning joint. A barium sulfate additive makes the cement radiopaque for visualizing the bone-cement interface. Barium sulfate additive also lowers the polymerization temperature and opens the polymer for influx of interstitial fluids. Antibiotics have also been added to the cement for prevention and treatment of infection of the surrounding tissues. In aged individuals with cardiovascular disease, the absorption of the acrylic monomer depresses cardiac output and produces hypotension for 2-5 minutes after impaction of acrylic cement into spongy bone. The hypotension has been minimized by cautious fluid replacement and maintenance of adequate blood volume before, during and after the operation. Approximately 30,000 total hip arthroplasties are performed in the United States annually in patients older than 50 years of age with fractured femoral head replacements, bilateral rheumatoid arthritis, old neglected congenital dislocations of the hip or osteonecrosis with and without osteoarthritis. The pain relief is more complete and the functional improvement more predictable than in any other previously recommended surgical operation for the purpose. For this reason, total hip arthroplasty has almost completely supplanted mold-arthroplasty, osteotomy, capsulotomy (hanging hip) and resection of the femoral head. Hemiarthroplasty in the form of femoral head replacement still is the procedure of choice in patients with fractures of the neck of the femur and a normal acetabular articular cartilage, irrespective of age. As a countermeasure against loosening of the prosthesis in patients with osteoporosis and a hollow proximal end of the femur, the stem can be stabilized with acrylic cement. A standard replaceable femoral head for subsequent conversion of femoral head replacement to total hip arthroplasty is an important consideration and presently is under investigation in several medical centers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Acrylates↗
Inhibition of adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic by a chitin derivative.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a chitin derivative (CSE) on the adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic. Fungal adherence to acrylic dentures is considered an essential step in the development of denture stomatitis. Adherence of C. albicans to acrylic pieces (5 x 5mm) was assessed microscopically using a calibrated ocular objective and expressed as number of adherent yeasts/mm2 of acrylic. CSE was prepared from commercial chitin (crab shell) and from chitin isolated from C. albicans blastospores. The effect of both CSE types on the adherence of C. albicans to acrylic was examined in two experimental systems: CSE present during the adherence assay and acrylic pieces pretreated with CSE prior to the assay. Both CSE types exerted a significant inhibitory effect when tested in the two experimental systems. These findings are significant for possible prevention of denture stomatitis.
Acrylic Resins↗
Effects of laboratory disinfecting agents on color stability of denture acrylic resins.
This study determined the effects of chemical disinfecting agents on denture acrylic resins. Tested resins included the products CH Lucitone, Triad VLC, and Truliner. The disinfecting agents were sodium hypochlorite, Exspor, Cidex, and Wescodyne-D. Acrylic resin samples were placed in the various disinfecting agents and then evaluated for color changes at time intervals ranging from 15 minutes to 72 hours. No observable color change of any acrylic resin was seen before 2 hours. Both 1% sodium hypochlorite and 2% Cidex disinfectants produced the least discoloration of the acrylic resins, and Wescodyne-D disinfectant produced the most acrylic resin discoloration. Truliner resin discolored more than Triad VLC resin, and both underwent more color change than CH Lucitone resin. If manufacturers' recommended disinfecting times are followed, clinical and laboratory disinfection of acrylic resin dentures should cause no observable color change.
Acrylic Resins↗
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to describe the oral dosing of rats with ethyl acrylate and its implications for risk assessment.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model has been developed to describe the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of orally dosed ethyl acrylate. The model describes the metabolism of ethyl acrylate in 14 tissues based on in vitro metabolic studies conducted with tissue homogenates. The routes of metabolism included in the model are carboxylesterase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis, conjugation with glutathione, and binding to protein. To adequately describe the rate and extent of glutathione depletion following gavage dosing, the steady-state rate of glutathione synthesis in the organs of interest was included. In vivo validation of the model was conducted by comparing the predictions of the model to the results of a variety of gavage dosing experiments with ethyl acrylate, including (1) the time course of glutathione depletion in a variety of tissues up to 98 hr following dosing at three dose levels, (2) the rate and extent of radiolabeled carbon dioxide excretion, and (3) protein binding in the forestomach. The very rapid metabolism predicted by the model was consistent with the observation that ethyl acrylate was metabolized too rapidly in vivo to be detected by common analytical techniques for tissue metabolite analysis. The validation data indicated that the model provides a reasonable description of the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamic response of specific rat tissues following gavage dosing of ethyl acrylate. A dose surrogate, or measure of delivered dose, for ethyl acrylate was calculated and correlated with the incidence and severity of contact site toxicity (edema, inflammation, ulceration, and hyperplasia). The model provides a quantitative tool for evaluating exposure scenarios for their potential to induce contact-site toxicity, and it provides a quantitative approach for understanding the lack of toxicity in tissues remote from the dosing site.
Acrylates↗
[Effect of acrylate industry wastes on the environment and the prevention of their harmful action].
Acrylic and methacrylic++ acids and monomers as raw materials for production of polymers and copolymers are highly and extremely dangerous substances causing chronic intoxication. At low concentrations, acrylates and methacrylates++ have been found to produce not only systemic toxic, but embryotoxic effects. Manufacture of methacrylic++ and acrylic acids and monomers yields waste gases and waters that contain various acrylic compounds as impurities. The sewage treatment system introduced prevents the pollution of reservoirs with these compounds. High concentrations of acrylates and methacrylates are recorded in the sources of waste gases. It is required that fundamentally new waste--free technological processes for production of methacrylates++ and acrylates be designed and introduced and that the waste gas decontamination systems be improved in order to enhance the efficiency of measures to prevent environmental pollution.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
Biomechanical evaluation of acrylic external skeletal fixation in dogs and cats.
Acrylic external skeletal fixators (ESF) were compared with Kirschner ESF in biomechanical tests. A 2-cm unilateral acrylic ESF was found to be superior to medium Kirschner ESF in compression and shear loads. Acrylic ESF performed as well as Kirschner ESF in torsion loads. Acrylic ESF were used on 11 dogs and cats for repair of long bone fractures, for arthrodesis, or for immobilization of joints following ligament or tendon surgery. There were no complications associated with the use of acrylic ESF. Acrylic ESF offers the advantage of reduced cost, improved versatility, and simplified application technique when compared with Kirschner ESF.
Animals↗
Effects of laminations and blood entrapment on the strength of acrylic bone cement.
The tensile and shear strengths of surgically mixed acrylic bone cement were measured for intact specimens and for special two-part cylindrical specimens containing single laminations perpendicular to their longitudinal axes. Laminations were formed at times ranging from 3 1/2 to 6 1/2 minutes after initial mixing of the powder and liquid for dry interfaces and for interfaces containing fresh blood at the time of lamination formation. In additon, special tests were conducted to measure the bond strength between freshly mixed and pre-polymerized acrylic. The tensile and shear strengths at the lamination interface decreased significantly when the laminations were formed late in the working life of the acrylic. The presence of blood at the interface further weakened the bond to approximately 25 per cent (tension) and 36 per cent (shear) of the virgin strengths of the material. These results support early acrylic placement with dry surgical fields. The bonding of fresh acrylic to pre-polymerized material was most effective when the material was poured into the mold before dough stage. This technique would have practical application in special cases for re-cementing revision prostheses without removing the old acrylic from within the bone.
Blood↗