[Significance of a case study. Case studies in social welfare services-the importance of compilation of the records].
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Health Planning↗
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Results for “Case Studies”
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School-based theories of pupil assessment: a case study.
Case study design was used in this investigation of the pupil assessment theories of two middle school physical education teachers whose program was identified as a good program in which pupil assessment was taking place. An assumption guiding the study was that teachers' actions are rational and are designed to produce desired results. Therefore, a comparison is made only between two theories of action (espoused and enacted) rather than between theory and practice. Informal and semistructured interviews were employed to elicit teachers' espoused theories, and enacted theories were identified during field visits over a semester in which classes were observed and school documents examined. Teachers' theories of assessment are identified for the categories of participation, effort, and improvement; grading; written tests; fitness testing; performance tests; and formative recordkeeping. Espoused and enacted theories are then examined for congruency. The highest level of incongruency was found in the areas of performance tests and formative recordkeeping. Barriers to the use of pupil assessment techniques in this program include organizational, knowledge, and contextual factors. Change in the assessment practices of secondary teachers may be facilitated, however, through the identification and examination of teachers' theories of assessment by both preservice and inservice teachers.
Case-Control Studies↗
Persistent gaps and errors in reference databases impede ecologically meaningful taxonomy assignments in 18S rRNA studies: a case study of terrestrial and marine nematodes.
In metabarcoding studies, Linnaean taxonomy assignments of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) or Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) underpin many downstream bioinformatics analyses and ecological interpretations of environmental DNA (eDNA) datasets. However, public molecular databases (i.e., SILVA, EUKARYOME, BOLD) for most microbial metazoan phyla (nematodes, tardigrades, kinorhynchs, etc.) are sparsely populated, negatively impacting our ability to assign ecologically meaningful taxonomy to these understudied groups. Additionally, the choice of bioinformatics parameters and computational algorithms can further impact the accuracy of eDNA taxonomy assignments. Here, we use two in-silico datasets to show that taxonomy assignments using the 18S rRNA gene can be dramatically improved by curating Linnaean taxonomy strings associated with each reference sequence and closing phylogenetic gaps by improving taxon sampling. Using free-living nematodes as a case study, we applied two commonly used taxonomy assignment algorithms (BLAST+ and the QIIME2 Naïve Bayes classifier) across six iterations of the SILVA 138 reference database to evaluate the precision and accuracy of taxonomy assignments. The BLAST+ top hit with a 90% sequence similarity cutoff often returned the highest percentage of correctly assigned taxonomy at the genus level, and the QIIME2 Naïve Bayes classifier performed similarly well when paired with a reference database containing corrected taxonomy strings. Our results highlight the urgent need for phylogenetically-informed expansions of public reference databases (encompassing both genomes and common gene markers), focused on poorly sampled lineages which are now robustly recovered via eDNA metabarcoding approaches. Additional taxonomy curation efforts should be applied to popular reference databases such as SILVA, and taxon sampling could be rapidly improved by more frequent incorporation of newly published GenBank sequences linked to genus and/or species level identifications.
18S rRNA metabarcoding↗
[Significance of a case study: current trend in case studies and future problems].
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Humans↗
An evaluation of pre-registration midwifery education in England. Research design: a case study approach.
In this paper some aspects of research design are described and discussed. A national study to evaluate pre-registration midwifery education in England is currently in progress. As part of that study six case study sites have been selected. How those sites were selected and the theory and method of the case study approach are discussed in this paper. The value of the case study approach is discussed as are methodological issues of the case study method. What is a case? Are case studies representative? How can you generalise from case studies? What is theoretical sampling? What is the difference between statistical and logical inference? These are some of the questions raised and examined. It is suggested that an understanding of these theoretical issues and the research process is important to understand the research findings. By making the research design explicit and describing the research process the study also adopts a reflexive approach.
Education, Nursing↗
Rehabilitation of alexia: a case study.
This case study described the success of a technique labeled Multiple Oral Rereading (MOR) in the remediation of a case of acquired alexia in an adult male. Unusually slow visual-verbal processing characteristic of this patient is sometimes noted in dyslexic children. The possibility that MOR might prove effective for other selected cases of acquired alexia and "developmental" dyslexia is considered.
Adult↗
Number impairments following hypokalemia: a case study.
A case study is reported of a 55 year old female (B.B.) who complained of significant difficulty manipulating and remembering numbers. Twenty-four years prior to the present complaint, B.B. had been hospitalized for idiopathic hypokalemia and secondary hyperaldosteronism. The present study examined the nature and extent of B.B.'s cognitive impairments. On standardized and experimental tests of intelligence and general cognitive ability, she scored quite well. However, she demonstrated significant impairments in digit span, number processing and calculation, memory for biographical details involving numbers and general number knowledge. The implications of such a constellation of impairments are discussed from both cognitive and neurological perspectives.
Brain Damage, Chronic↗
Primary progressive non-fluent aphasia: a case study.
A case study of a 65 year old man is described with an eight-year history of progressive primary non-fluent aphasia accompanied by agrammatism, phonemic paraphasias and mild spelling dysgraphia. His naming ability, however, has remained at an exceptionally high level and there has been no evidence of impairment of word or sentence comprehension. Non-verbal skills and memory functions have also been preserved within the range of his very high premorbid level of abilities. Single photon emission computed tomography was consistent with bifrontal hypoperfusion. We argue that the selective language deficits in this patient are characteristic of dynamic aphasia and of other speech disturbances which are also known to be associated with left frontal lesions. The possible underlying pathology is discussed in the context of known degenerative disorders.
Agnosia↗
Building a comprehensive geriatric health care system: a case study.
This case study focuses on the efforts of three urban medical care institutions--a Health Maintenance Organization, a nursing home, and a university hospital--to form an interorganizational relationship. The purpose of the relationship was to utilize the services of the three organizations in order to respond to the comprehensive health needs of an urban geriatric population. Movements in this triadic organizational relationship are described and analyzed in terms of four conceptual stages--exploration, negotiation, interaction and performance, and termination. Problems arising during these stages were not resolved and the relationship was terminated after approximately two years of existence. A sociological discussion of the case focuses on why the relationship failed. The organizational relationship was disrupted by three stresses that occurred during the four stages of the relationship. Stresses emerged for each organization in the areas of organizational integration, professional coordination, and environmental adaptation, making it difficult for the three to become integrated into an organizational system. As a result, the HMO, the nursing home, and the hospital did not benefit from relationships that could have enabled them to develop the multi-organizational system necessary to sustain an innovative, comprehansive geriatric health project. If, as Whitehead said, the greatest invention of the nineteenth century was the invention of the method of invention, the task of the succedding century has been to organize inventiveness. The difference is not in the nature of invention or of inventors, but in the manner in which the context of social institutions is organized for their support.
Aged↗
Acoustic neurinoma in a child: a case study.
This case study reports the audiological and surgical findings for a nine-year-old boy with an acoustic neurinoma. He was suspected of having a right ear retrocochlear lesion following three audiological evaluations in four years. The initial evaluation indicated normal hearing ability. The second and third evaluations indicated a progressive right ear hearing loss, characterized by reduced word discrimination ability and absent acoustic reflexes. The patient had a 5 cm acoustic neurinoma compressing and adherent to the brain stem. The tumor was successfully removed following three operations employing an otoneurological and neurosurgical team approach through a retromastoid exposure. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Facial nerve function was not disturbed, however attempts to preserve hearing on the involved side were not successful.
Child↗
Inspiratory speech as a management option for spastic dysphonia. Case study.
A case study is reported of a subject who has used inspiratory speech (IS) for 6 years as a means of overcoming the communication problems of long-standing adductor spastic dysphonia (ASD). The subject was studied to confirm his use of IS, determine the mechanisms of its production, investigate its effects on ventilatory gas exchange, and confirm that it was perceptually preferable to ASD expiratory speech (ES). Results showed that the production and control of a high laryngeal resistance to airflow were necessary for usable IS. Voice quality was quantitatively and perceptually poor; however, the improved fluency and absence of phonatory spasm made IS the preferred speaking mode for both the listener and the speaker. Transcutaneous measurements of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the subject's blood were made during extended speaking periods. These measurements indicated that ventilation was unchanged during IS, and that ventilation during ES was similar to the "hyperventilation" state of normal speakers. The reasons for the absence of phonatory spasm during IS are discussed, and the possibility of its use as a noninvasive management option for other ASD sufferers is addressed.
Airway Resistance↗
Cleft palate. Selected case studies.
These case studies provide small, selected samples of the results of assessments of articulation skills and their phonologic applications and give some information related to velopharyngeal function during speech. These illustrations were based chiefly on perceptual assessment of speech because this type of assessment is used routinely by SLPs, and does not require instrumentation. Indicators for referral and communication to a cleft palate team were derived from the perceptual evaluation. Other articles in this issue discuss procedures for evaluation in considerable detail. Early identification of possible velopharyngeal problems and early referral to a cleft palate team can help to resolve speech, language, and hearing disorders related to cleft palate and velopharyngeal dysfunction. People who comprise cleft palate and craniofacial teams are most likely to have the experience, and the special instrumentation necessary, to make a definitive diagnosis. The team's comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation should lead to thorough consideration of the many factors that are important for treatment planning. The information and services provided by the team will assist the audiologist and SLP in the conduct of their services for these clients. In this way, the communication disorders specialist becomes an affiliate of the team. The affiliate not only acts as a referent, but also may provide the necessary longitudinal services. The best interests of the client are promoted by ongoing communication between the team and the affiliates of the team.
Child, Preschool↗
Community organizing among the elderly poor in the United States: a case study.
This case study demonstrates the role of community organizing as a vehicle for enhancing individual and community-level empowerment. Building on social support theory, Freire's "education for critical consciousness," and the principles and strategies of community organization practice, the 12-year-old Tenderloin Senior Organizing Project reflects the World Health Organization definition of health promotion as a means of helping individuals and communities to take increasing control over the factors influencing their health. Through the Project, low-income elders have successfully identified and addressed shared problems in such areas as crime and safety, undernutrition, and tenants rights. They further have developed ongoing tenants' associations and other community-based organizations that have provided continuity over time and contributed to the development of a "competent community." Problems in areas such as funding, evaluation, and volunteer burnout are discussed, as are the potentials for project replication in other settings.
Aged↗
Creating changes in the corporate culture: case study.
The case study describes the experience of an OHN in starting a process of reorganization in a company. The concept was a "safety round" with a questionnaire created by safety officers and the OHS who also were responsible for getting the information to all employees, planning, carrying through, and evaluating the project. Last but not least, they should be aware of the consequences such a project could start. The results of the project were: a) the reorganization of the corporation should be evaluated for further development; b) the instruction plan should be reviewed with new employees, with better follow up and continuity; c) a survey should be done of future educational needs of the staff. Job rotation should be a priority; and d) a programmed schedule should be set for meetings in the line of production. The role of the OHN in the project was to support the changes and push for the follow up work after 1 year.
Humans↗
Developing self-instructional learning materials--a case study.
A case study in the development of a self-instructional learning unit is presented. A seven-step systems approach "Design for Learning Programs" was followed in the development of a self-instructional unit on "The Direct Coombs' Test." Each step of the process as well as the problems encountered in producing a self-instructional package is described. This model is adaptable to other learning design situations.
Coombs Test↗
Cultural perceptions and nutritional disorders: a Jamaican case study.
This case study brings out differences in the way protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in Jamaica is regarded by women who use medical services, women who do not, indigenous health practitioners, and trained health workers. The study reveals that women who utilize modern health clinics are able to identify appropriate techniques for reducing a child's susceptibility to PCM. But women who rely on indigenous medical services, as well as the actual providers of such services, frequently misdiagnose PCM as a "marasmi cold" and treat it as such. This treatment often involves actions which decrease the child's resistance to nutrition-related disorders. Both groups of women, and also the indigenous practitioners, provided more information about marasmus than about kwashiorkor, and often identified the latter as a form of robust good health. All of the mothers believed that improper prenatal and postnatal care would increase a child's susceptibility marasmus, although some mothers did not associate the condition with nutritional deficiency. These and other findings are used to recommend ways of organizing and disseminating information about PCM to the public at large. Such educational efforts should emphasize that food is a prime etiological and therapeutic factor, and that the quality and quantity of foods influence a child's susceptibility to PCM. Education programs, however, need not attempt to change indigenous practices which are neutral or harmless; ideas about PCM which parallel rather than conflict with traditional beliefs may stand the best chance of altering PCM incidence. It is also recommended that influential family members and native practitioners such as the nana be enlisted as local sources in the effort to provide health information about PCM.
Attitude to Health↗
[Significance of a case study. Importance of nursing assistance in daily activities observed in case studies].
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Activities of Daily Living↗
Biofeedback treatment of atopic dermatitis: controlled case studies of eight cases.
To investigate the feasibility of a behaviorally oriented intervention program with atopic dermatitis, 12 patients were exposed to a fixed sequence of treatment phases including a no-treatment baseline phase, a phase incorporating nonspecific treatment factors, and a phase involving frontal electromyographic (EMG) feedback and relaxation instructions. Photographic analyses of involved skin areas revealed significant remission of dermatological problems across the entire program, although significant changes could not be attributable to any specific phase. Ratings of itching level decreased within but not across treatment sessions, and variable correlations across subjects were found between frontal EMG and itching level. MMPI results from the dermatitis subjects were within normal limits. Overall, the results provided mixed support for the hypothesis that atopic dermatitis may be amenable to intervention through behaviorally oriented treatment procedures.
Adolescent↗