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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Comparative speech audiometry studies with compact disk].

We compared the results of speech audiometry, performed with recorded tape and CD, respectively, in 21 subjects with bone conduction hearing loss, and in 27 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. In all cases, speech audiometry was performed by using the German Freiburg speech test material, recorded in 1969 on the basis of the German DIN standard 45626. In subjects with an air-bone gap, the hearing loss for speech is 2.3 dB smaller if tested by use of CD, and the speech recognition is 10.5 points better, respectively. Smaller differences could be found in sensorineural HL: For CD, the hearing loss is 1.2 dB smaller, and the speech recognition score is raised by only 1 point. These differences are statistically not significant, and the calculation of hearing impairment and individual hearing handicap from the tables commonly used in Germany in medicolegal expert opinions must not be corrected, if records on CD are used basing on the recordings from 1969 according to DIN 45626. The handling of compact discs has many advantages in relation to the handling of tapes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Multianalyte microspot immunoassay. The microanalytical 'compact disk' of the future.

Throughout the 1970s, controversy centered both on immunoassay 'sensitivity' per se and on the relative sensitivities of labelled antibody and labelled analyte methods. Our own theoretical studies in this period revealed that radioimmunoassay (RIA) sensitivities could be surpassed only by the use of very high specific activity non-isotopic labels in 'non-competitive' designs, preferably based on the use of monoclonal antibodies. The time-resolved fluorescence methodology known as Delfia - developed in collaboration with the instrument manufacturer LKB/Wallac - represented the first commercial 'ultra-sensitive' non-isotopic technique based on these theoretical insights, the same concepts being subsequently adopted in comparable methodologies relying on the use of chemiluminescent and enzyme labels. However, a second advantage of high specific activity labels is that they permit the development of 'multi-analyte' immunoassay systems combining ultra-sensitivity with the simultaneous measurement of tens, hundreds or thousands of analytes in a small biological sample. This possibility relies on simple, albeit hitherto unexploited, physicochemical concepts. The first is that all immunoassays rely on measurement of Ab occupancy by analyte. The second is that, provided the Ab concentration used is 'vanishingly small', fractional Ab occupancy is independent of both Ab concentration and sample volume. This leads to the notion of 'ratiometric' immunoassay, involving measurement of the ratio of signals (eg fluorescent signals) emitted by two labelled Ab's, the first ('sensor' Ab) deposited as a microspot on a solid support, the second a 'developing' Ab directed against either occupied or unoccupied sensor Ab binding sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1991

Multianalyte microspot immunoassay--microanalytical "compact disk" of the future.

Throughout the 1970s, controversy centered both on immunoassay "sensitivity" per se and on the relative sensitivities of labeled antibody (Ab) and labeled analyte methods. Our theoretical studies revealed that RIA sensitivities could be surpassed only by the use of very high-specificity nonisotopic labels in "noncompetitive" designs, preferably with monoclonal antibodies. The time-resolved fluorescence methodology known as DELFIA--developed in collaboration with LKB/Wallac--represented the first commercial "ultrasensitive" nonisotopic technique based on these theoretical insights, the same concepts being subsequently adopted in comparable methodologies relying on the use of chemiluminescent and enzyme labels. However, high-specific-activity labels also permit the development of "multianalyte" immunoassay systems combining ultrasensitivity with the simultaneous measurement of tens, hundreds, or thousands of analytes in a small biological sample. This possibility relies on simple, albeit hitherto-unexploited, physicochemical concepts. The first is that all immunoassays rely on the measurement of Ab occupancy by analyte. The second is that, provided the Ab concentration used is "vanishingly small," fractional Ab occupancy is independent of both Ab concentration and sample volume. This leads to the notion of "ratiometric" immunoassay, involving measurement of the ratio of signals (e.g., fluorescent signals) emitted by two labeled Abs, the first (a "sensor" Ab) deposited as a microspot on a solid support, the second (a "developing" Ab) directed against either occupied or unoccupied binding sites of the sensor Ab. Our preliminary studies of this approach have relied on a dual-channel scanning-laser confocal microscope, permitting microspots of area 100 microns 2 or less to be analyzed, and implying that an array of 10(6) Ab-containing microspots, each directed against a different analyte, could, in principle, be accommodated on an area of 1 cm2. Although measurement of such analyte numbers is unlikely ever to be required, the ability to analyze biological fluids for a wide spectrum of analystes is likely to transform immunodiagnostics in the next decade.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1991

[Literature searching on CD-ROM disks].

CD-ROM, Compact Disk Read Only Memory, is a powerful resource which combines the best features of both online and print access to the literature. In 1988 the Medical Library in Trondheim installed the Medline database from Dialog on CD-ROM for library users, and used the opportunity to launch a study to evaluate the new medium in the library (use, users, costs, etc.). The results are based on 651 questionnaires answered by 185 different users. Totally they searched for more than 1,200 different subjects during first six months that the library subscribed to the CD-ROM-disks. All users said that the system was easy to learn and to use (even the 50% who were not familiar with a PC). The study shows that retrieving information from CD-ROM databases is an easy and popular way to keep updated in a particular field.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1992

[Compact disk-read only memory].

The new technology has made possible the new information methods development. Isn't erasable, it is compatible with personal computers, and without additional online charge. The CD-ROM, Compact Disc Read Only Memory. These electronic media, used in the information digital storage, come from the compact audio disc. One CD-ROM covers over 250,000 text's pages, or 300,000 book's cards or 1,500 diskettes of 360 kbytes. In a compact disc there could be words, sounds, charts and images. MEDLINE database on compact disc, allows to search the current year on one CD-ROM, covering over 300,000 citations from 3,200 publications, material drawn from both English and foreign language publications.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1991

Carcinogenicity evaluations and ongoing studies: the IARC databases.

Many thousands of chemicals are produced industrially and many more occur naturally. Information on the toxicology of these chemicals is often minimal or absent. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has published evaluations of the carcinogenic risk to humans of over 700 chemicals, groups of chemicals, and complex mixtures as a regular series of monographs. A database has been created containing summaries of all the relevant epidemiological, animal carcinogenicity, and other relevant biological data for each chemical or mixture evaluated. Additional databases have been created for ongoing epidemiological studies of cancer in humans and for long-term carcinogenicity studies in rodents, as well as a database containing information on genotoxic and related effects of chemicals. Some of these databases have been published in print form. IARC now plans to publish them electronically, together with other databases, in the form of a CDROM (compact disk, read-only memory). The objective will be to make the entire IARC database of cancer information as widely available as possible in an integrated format conducive to efficient and combined exploitation of all the component databases.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison and evaluation of nine bibliographic databases concerning adverse drug reactions.

Few evaluations and statistical comparisons of bibliographic databases have been published. As a drug information center, we were particularly interested in databases providing references on adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Ten drugs were randomly chosen from the 2000 files at our center. Nine databases were selected according to the high frequency of references concerning ADRs: eight online systems (MEDLINE, BIOSIS, TOXLINE, Iowa Drug Information System, PASCAL, EMBASE, PHARMLINE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts [IPA]), and one Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) system (Core MEDLINE). The total number of references, the number of references from 1987 to 1989, and the number of relevant references from 1987 to 1989 were analyzed using the Friedman two-way ANOVA by ranks. The overlap between databases for only one drug, carboplatin, and the quality:cost ratio were also studied. Considering the total number of references, TOXLINE and EMBASE were significantly superior to IPA, PHARMLINE, PASCAL, and Core MEDLINE. For the period 1987-1989, EMBASE was significantly superior to PASCAL, IPA, PHARMLINE, and Core MEDLINE with regard to total number of references, and significantly superior to PASCAL, Core MEDLINE, and IPA with regard to relevance. MEDLINE, TOXLINE, and EMBASE had the best quality:cost ratio. EMBASE had the slightest overlap of references, with 53 percent of the unique references on carboplatin. This comparative evaluation showed that the ability of bibliographic databases to provide information on ADRs is dependent on both the size and the quality of each database.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1992

Instructing occupational therapy students in information retrieval.

The effectiveness of a brief program designed to teach occupational therapy students enrolled in a graduate research methods class to conduct searches of four electronic databases was investigated. Students in the experimental class read an instructional booklet and received approximately 1 hour of supervised practice time using compact disk--read-only memory (CD-ROM) equipment. Questionnaire data revealed that compared with the students in the control class, the students completing the training program reported being significantly more familiar with six of seven key concepts and indicated significantly higher levels of usage of the four databases studied in the program.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1991

Computer applications in diagnostic imaging.

This article has introduced the nature, generation, use, and future of digital imaging. As digital technology has transformed other aspects of our lives--has the reader tried to buy a conventional record album recently? almost all music store stock is now compact disks--it is sure to continue to transform medicine as well. Whether that transformation will be to our liking as physicians or a source of frustration and disappointment is dependent on understanding the issues involved.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1990

Improving access to computer-based library and drug information services in patient-care areas.

A project to increase access to drug and biomedical information through electronic linkage of drug information and library services to three patient-care areas is described. In February 1987, microcomputer work stations were installed in the Bexar County Hospital District's hospital emergency department, medical residents' office, and ambulatory-care clinic, as well as in The University of Texas Health Science Center's library reference area and drug information service office. Drug information was available on compact disk through the Micromedex Computerized Clinical Information System (CCIS) database, which includes DRUGDEX, POISINDEX, EMERGINDEX, and IDENTIDEX. Each work station was also connected to the library's computer via modem, allowing access to the Library Information System, books, journals, audiovisual materials, miniMEDLINE, and an electronic mail system. During the six-month project, the system was used 5487 times by 702 people. The system was successful in providing drug and other information in clinical settings and in introducing clinical staff members to new information technology. To increase access to the system after the project ended, the CD-ROM version was discontinued, and the distributed tape version of CCIS for VAX computers was added to the library's online information system, making drug information more available throughout the campus and teaching hospitals. In 1988-89 an average of 200 people accessed the tape version of CCIS each month. Although it is difficult to replace the convenience of an onsite library, at least some drug and biomedical information needs in the clinical setting can be met through computer networking.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1992

The electronic information revolution and how to exploit it.

Medical information is increasingly stored in electronic format, enabling faster and more flexible access to the literature. Online, compact disc and floppy disc databases are widely available. The origins and development of these different database media are described. The strengths and weaknesses of each, and the ways in which they complement each other, are examined. Ease of access to medical information can result in data management problems; the role of bibliographic software in ensuring full exploitation of the electronic information revolution is therefore emphasized.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1990

Normative data in quiet, broadband noise, and competing message for Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 by a female speaker.

Two descriptive experiments were performed on a version of the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU No. 6) recorded by a female speaker that is included on an audio compact disc recently produced by the Department of Veterans Affairs. In Experiment 1, normative psychometric functions for the female speaker version of the NU No. 6 materials were established on 24 young adults for three monaural listening conditions (in quiet, in 60-dB SPL broadband noise, and in 60-dB SPL competing message). The 60-dB SPL broadband noise shifted the psychometric function for the NU No. 6 words 33 dB, whereas the 60-dB SPL competing message shifted the function only 18-22 dB. In contrast to the slopes of the quiet and noise conditions (4.5%/dB), the slope of the competing message function was more gradual (3.5%/dB). In Experiment 2, comparisons between the psychometric functions for the female and the original male speaker versions of NU No. 6 in quiet and in broadband noise were made on 8 young adults. In comparison to the psychometric functions for the male speaker version of NU No. 6, the functions for the female speaker version of NU No. 6 were displaced between the 10-90% correct points to higher sound-pressure levels by 10-13 dB in quiet and by 12-16 dB in noise. The difference in performance on the two versions of NU No. 6 is attributed to spectral differences between the two sets of materials that produced a calibration anomaly.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Spondaic word detection and recognition functions for female and male speakers.

The Department of Veterans Affairs recently produced a compact disc of speech audiometry materials. The compact disc, which is available commercially, includes the W-1 spondaic words recorded by a female speaker. Two experiments were conducted. The purposes of experiment 1 were to obtain normative detection and recognition data on the female recording of the spondaic words and to compare the detection and recognition functions for the original male speaker version of the W-1 words. No significant differences were found between the recognition functions for each speaker. The recognition functions for both speakers were displaced to higher sound-pressure levels by 8 dB above the detection functions. Clinically, the two versions of the W-1 spondaic words should produce equivalent results. In experiment 2, slopes of the individual spondaic word recognition functions for the female speaker were obtained from two listeners and are discussed in terms of interstimulus, intertrial, and intersubject variability.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Oral diagnostic reporting and synchronized image filing using magneto-optical disks.

An experimental radiologic reporting system has been developed and tested. The rewritable and compact magneto-optical disk (MOD) is applied to storing medical images with oral diagnostic reports of these radiologic images. The disk is 5.25 inches in diameter, has 600 MB memory capacity, is erasable, light and compact. Advantages are simultaneous recording of radiologic images and their oral reports by radiologists, and application to circulation of media inside the hospital as well as to filing of medical images. The MOD has a multimedia function of communication and filing. When medical images are taken and stored, oral interpretation by radiologists can be simultaneously added. Physicians can get information of the images and their reports by oral speech at the same time in front of computer workstation. Furthermore, integration of a voice recognition capability is now being undertaken.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted↗